(全)高考英語語法-難點(diǎn)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)歸納

高考英語語法-難點(diǎn)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)歸納解析一、定語從句引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who（賓格whom）,所有格whose）和關(guān)系副詞wherewhenwhy等，關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom等在從句中分別作主語或賓語，whose在從句中作定語，而關(guān)系副詞when,where,why等在從句中作狀語。如：Iwillneverforgetthedayswhen/inwhichweworkedtogether.解析：在句①中，表示時(shí)間的名詞thedays在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z，所以用關(guān)系副詞when來代指，引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞thedays；而在句②中，表示時(shí)間的名詞thedays在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖莿釉~spent的賓語，所以用關(guān)系代詞that或which來代指。同樣，表示地點(diǎn)或原因的名詞如果在從句中作狀語，則用關(guān)系副詞where或why來代指；如果在從句中作動詞的賓語，則用which或that來代替。如：①Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichIworked.（作狀語）②Thisisthefactorythat/whichIvisitedyearsago.（作賓語）注：當(dāng)先行詞為time,reason,place時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞可以省略。如：Thiswasthefirst（when/what）Ihadserioustroublewithmyboss.Thatisthereason（why）Ididit.Thisistheplace（where）wemetyesterday.另外，定語從句中謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)相一致。如：①M(fèi)r.Jacksonistheonlyforeignerthatispresentattheparty.②Heisoneofthestudentswhowerepraisedbytheteacher.解析：在句①中，先行詞foreigner被only修飾，強(qiáng)調(diào)只有一個(gè)，所以從句中謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，而在句②中，who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞thestudents,為復(fù)數(shù)，所以從句謂語動詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)。二名詞性從句中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)（一）that引導(dǎo)的定語從句與同位語從句定語從句與前面的的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系，“……的名詞”，而同位語從句是用來說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容。與that從句同位的名詞必須是一些表示事實(shí)或概念的抽象名詞，如：fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。That在定語從句中必須作成分，可用which或who/whom代替，而that在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接作用。如：AlongwiththeletterwashispromisethathewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarmthatwevisitedthreemonthsago.解析：在句①中，that引導(dǎo)同位語從句解釋說明promise的內(nèi)容，that不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接作用，而在句②中，that在其引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作動詞visited的賓語，對先行詞thechickenfarm起修飾作用。（二）名詞性從句中，關(guān)于it作形式主語和形式賓語的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1）名詞性從句作主語或賓語時(shí)，為保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主語或形式賓語。如：It'sapitythathedon'tcometogiveaspeech.（形式主語）Wethinkitpossiblethatyoucanfinishthejobtoday.（形式賓語）2）謂語動詞appreciate,dislike,hate,like,love,make等接由if或when引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí)往往在從句前加上形式賓語it.例如:Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldcometomybirthdayparty.3）動詞hare,take,hide,punish,put等,后接由that引導(dǎo)的病因從句式，往往在從句前加形式賓語it.例如：ItakeitthatyouwillbeleavingShanghaisoon.wepunisheditthatwehadfinishedtheprojectaheadoftime.4）短語動詞answerfor,countondependon,insiston,seeto等后接有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí)，必須冠以形式賓語it.例如：①I'mcountingonitthatyouwillcome.②She’llseetoitthathegoesahead.注：作形式主語和形式賓語時(shí)只能用it.三、代詞it、one、that的用法與區(qū)別One泛指，指代前面提到的那類人或物，用于指代可數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)于a+名詞單數(shù)，其復(fù)數(shù)形式ones前一般要有定語，否則就要用some.That（those復(fù)數(shù)）即可指代不可數(shù)名詞，表特指，相當(dāng)于the+名詞，后面經(jīng)常與介詞修飾語連用。It指代上文出現(xiàn)的名詞，表示同類同物，另外還可表示時(shí)間、距離、天氣、還可指代人稱代詞，表示性別身份不明，可作形式主語，形式賓語，引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式以及一些固定搭配，如：getit,catchit,makeit.例如：①Ihavelostmywatch.IthinkImustbuyone.我丟了只表，我想我必須再買一只。（代指上文指到的同類事物，但不指同一個(gè)）Whereismypen?Haveyouseenit?我的鋼筆不知弄到哪去了，你見了嗎？（代指上文提到的同一事物）ThelandofChinaislargerthanthatofAmerica.Tomehasaredpenandablueone（或twoblueones）Hehasnochild,andhewantstoadoptone（或some）四、虛擬語氣I虛擬語氣在if引導(dǎo)的條件句中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。①ifmylawyerhadbeenherelastSaturday,hewouldhavepreventedmefromgoing.ifyouhadstudiedhardatschool,youwouldbeacollegestudentnow.句子①②都是虛擬語氣在條件句中的使用，從句中都是假設(shè)過去的情況，所以用過去完成時(shí)，但在主句中，句①依然指代過去的情況，謂語動詞是wouldhavedone，而②中含有一個(gè)表示現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間狀語now,這樣就必須將其理解為假設(shè)現(xiàn)在的情況，所以謂語動詞必須為would/should/might+動詞原形，學(xué)生在這一點(diǎn)上經(jīng)常會忽略now的存在，從而按句①的形式填寫答案?？谔摂M語氣在名詞性從句中的用法.在itisimportant(strange,natural,necessary )+that句子或者Itisdecided(ordered,suggested,demanded,advised)+that句子中，主語從句中的謂語動詞常用(should)+動詞原形結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被決定”等例如：itisimportantthateveryone(should)obeytherulesalldayandallnight.itisdecidedthatthemeeting(should)beheldtomorrowafternoon..suggest,insist后面指賓語從句時(shí)需注意的地方1)①suggest當(dāng)“建議”“提出”講時(shí)，其后賓語從句的謂語動詞常用“should+動詞原形”例如：Hesuggestedthatthework(should)bestartedatonce他建議立即動工。類似的動詞還有insist堅(jiān)持，demand要求，desire要求、請求，request請求，require要求、需要，order命令，propose建議，command命令，ask要求，advise建議，prefer寧愿等。這些動詞變被動語態(tài)(如：Itissuggested+that主語從句)形式后，主語從句謂語動詞仍用“(should)+動詞原形”這些動詞變名詞(如suggestion)后，其后的表語從句和同位語從句中的謂語部分仍用“(should)+動詞原形”?suggest當(dāng)“提出(某看法)，暗示，啟發(fā)”講時(shí)，其后賓語從句的動詞不用虛擬語氣。例如：Thepolicesuggestedthatthethiefmightbeoneofthefamilymember警察局提出竊賊可能是一名家庭成員。Heryawnssuggeststhatsheissleepy.她打哈欠表明她困了。Althoughhedidn’tsuggestthatwe__thedecisiontoswimacrosstheriver,buthislooksuggestedthatourdecision__wrong.雖然他沒提出我們應(yīng)該終止游過這條河的決定，但他的表情表明我們的決定是錯(cuò)誤的。A：stop;wasB:shouldstop;beC:stopped;wasD:stopped;shouldbe在這個(gè)句子中，前一個(gè)suggest當(dāng)“建議”“提出”講，而后一個(gè)作“表明”講，所以答案為“A”2）①insist作“堅(jiān)決要求…該…；堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為…定要…”講時(shí)，其后賓語從句的謂語動詞用“（should）+動詞原形”例如：Iinsistedthatyou（should）bethereontime.我堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)時(shí)到那里去②insist作“堅(jiān)持（意見，看法）；堅(jiān)持說，確信”講時(shí)，其后從句不用虛擬語氣。如：Hesuggested（that）heheardsomeoneinthenextroom.他堅(jiān)持說他聽到隔壁屋子里有人。五.反意疑問句中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn).在一般疑問句中，無論肯定的問或是否定的問，如果回答為肯定則用yes，反之則用no.特別注意如果出現(xiàn)省略則看下文所暗示的意義。①一Areyouanewcomer?—Yes,Icamehereonlyyesterday.②一Isn'tTomagoodstudent?-Yes,heisexcellent.③一Don'tyouthinkthecompositiongood?一No,Itcan'tbeanyworse.注意：在②③句中，當(dāng)回答的意思與問句相一致時(shí)，則用No,譯為“是的”，當(dāng)回答的意思與問句相反時(shí)，則用Yes，譯為“不”.情態(tài)動詞mustImustleavenow,mustn'tI?Hemustbeintheclassroom,isn't?（表推測）Hemusthavefinishedhishomework,hasn'the?（表現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果）Hemusthavefinishedhishomeworkyesterdayafternoon,didn'the?（表過去）當(dāng)句子中有表示猜測的情態(tài)動詞時(shí)，其反意疑問句的構(gòu)成不能再用原句中的情態(tài)動詞，而應(yīng)根據(jù)原句在去掉情態(tài)動詞的情況下的主謂關(guān)系來確定其反問形式。六、非謂語動詞中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)非謂語與其邏輯主語（即動作的執(zhí)行者或承受者）之間有三種關(guān)系，如為主謂關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞或不定式的主動式；如為被動關(guān)系則用過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動（強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行）或不定式的被動式（動作將進(jìn)行）；如既無主動也無被動關(guān)系則只能用狀語從句或獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（即非謂語加上自己的邏輯主語）Judging/considering/genrallyspeaking/supposing指說話者的動作，故只用主動式。如：Havingbeenillinbedfornearlyamonth,hehadahardtimepassingtheexam.解析：從這個(gè)句子可以看出，句詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語he一致，并且是主謂關(guān)系，所以用了現(xiàn)在的分詞作狀語，同時(shí)，分詞的動作明顯地發(fā)生在句子的謂語動詞動作之前，故采用了現(xiàn)代分詞的完成式。InordertoimproveEnglish, .Jenny’sfatherboughtheralotoftapes.Jenny’sfatherboughtalotoftapesforherself.AlotoftapeswereboughtbyJenny.AlotoftapeswereboughtbyJennyfather.解析：根據(jù)不定式短語我們可以推知，句子的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是人而不是物，所以，應(yīng)該排除CD,再就是應(yīng)該是Jenny提高自己的英語，而不是她爸爸，故答案先B.———，wedecidedtogooutforawalk.A.ItisfineB.ItfineC.BeingfineD.Itbeingfine解析：主句主語we與動詞短語befine之間既無主動關(guān)系與無被動關(guān)系，所以要加上自己的邏輯主語It，由于不存在主、被動關(guān)系，故不能選C項(xiàng)，而應(yīng)該選D項(xiàng)?！猰oreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiving解析：give與主句的主語之間是被動關(guān)系，故選A.如為主動關(guān)系則選C.附贈-100個(gè)中國成語的英文版愛屋及烏Loveme,lovemydog.百聞不如一見Onelookisworthathousandwords.比上不足，比下有余Tofallshortofthebest,butbebetterthantheworst.笨鳥先飛Aslowsparrowshouldmakeanearlystart.不遺余力Sparenoeffort;goallout;doone'sbest.不打不成交Nodiscord,noconcord.拆東墻補(bǔ)西墻RobPetertopayPaul.辭舊迎新Bidfarewelltotheoldandusherinthenew.大事化小，小事化了Tryfirsttomaketheirmistakesoundlessseriousandthentoreduceittonothingatall.大開眼界Broadenone'shorizon;beaneye-opener.國泰民安Thecountryflourishesandpeopleliveinpeace.過猶不及Goingbeyondthelimitisasbadasfallingshort;excessisjustasbadasdeficiency;toomuchisasbadastoolittle.好了傷疤忘了疼Onceonshore,onepraysnomore.好事不出門，壞事傳千里Badnewstravelsfast.和氣生財(cái)Harmonybringswealth;friendlinessisconducivetobusinesssuccess.活到老學(xué)到老Nevertoooldtolearn.既往不咎Letbygonesbebygones.金無足赤，人無完人Therearespotsevenonthesun.金玉滿堂Treasuresfillthehome.腳踏實(shí)地Bedown-to-earth.腳踩兩只船Sitonthefence;beafence-sitter;haveafootineithercamp.君子之交淡如水Ahedgebetweenkeepsfriendshipgreen.已成定局Cutanddried.禮尚往來Courtesycallsforreciprocity.留得青山在，不怕沒柴燒Wherethereislife,thereishope.馬到成功Achieveimmediatevictory;wininstantsuccess.名利雙收Gainbothfameandwealth.茅塞頓開Besuddenlyenlightened.沒有規(guī)矩，不成方圓Nothingcanbeaccomplishedwithoutnormsorstandards.每逢佳節(jié)倍思親Onfestiveoccasionsmorethaneveronethinksofone'sdearonesfaraway.謀事在人，成事在天Manproposes;Goddisposes.弄巧成拙Makeafoolofoneselfintryingtobesmart.賠了夫人又折兵Sufferadoubleloss;losethebaitalongwiththefish.拋磚引玉Amodestspurtoinduceotherstocomeforwardwithvaluablecontributions;throwasprattocatchamackerel.破釜沉舟Cutoffallmeansofretreat;burnone'sownwayofretreatandbedeterminedtofighttotheend.搶得先機(jī)Takethepreemptiveopportunities.巧婦難為無米之炊Onecan'tmakebrickswithoutstraw.千里之行始于足下Athousand-lijourneybeginswiththefirststep--thehighesteminenceistobegainedstepbystep.前事不忘，后事之師Pastexperience,ifnotforgotten,isaguideforthefuture.前怕狼，后怕虎Fearwolvesaheadandtigersbehind;hesitateindoingsomething.強(qiáng)龍難壓地頭蛇Themightydragonisnomatchforthenativeserpent.瑞雪兆豐年Afallofseasonalsnowgivespromiseofafruitfulyear.人逢喜事精神爽Peopleareinhighspiritswheninvolvedinhappyevents.世上無難事，只怕有心人Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.世外桃源Aretreatawayfromtheturmoiloftheworld.人之初，性本善Humansareborngood.上有天堂，下有蘇杭Justasthereisparadiseinheaven,thereareSuzhouandHangzhouonearth塞翁失馬，焉知非福Ablessingindisguise;Everycloudhasasilverlining.三十而立Amanshouldbeindependentattheageofthirty./Atthirty,amanshouldbeabletothinkforhimself.水漲船高Ashipriseswiththetide時(shí)不我待Timeandtidewaitfornoman.殺雞用牛刀Useasteam-hammertocracknuts.實(shí)事求是Seektruthfromfacts;bepracticalandrealistic;betruetofacts.說曹操，曹操到Speakofthedevil.實(shí)話實(shí)說Speaktheplaintruth;callaspadeaspade;tellitasitis.實(shí)踐是檢驗(yàn)真理的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Practiceisthesolecriterionfortestingtruth.韜光養(yǎng)晦Hideone'scapacitiesandbideone'stime.糖衣炮彈Sugar-coatedbullets.天有不測風(fēng)云Anythingunexpectedmayhappen.aboltfromtheblue.團(tuán)結(jié)就是力量Unityisstrength.跳進(jìn)黃河洗不清EvenifonejumpedintotheYellowRiver,onecannotwashoneselfclean-there'snothingonecandotoclearone'sname歪風(fēng)邪氣Unhealthytrendsandvulgarpractices.物以類聚，人以群分Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.望子成龍Holdhighhopesforone'schild.唯利是圖Seeknothingbutprofits;beblindtoallbutone'sowninterests.無中生有Asheerfabricationoutofnothing;fabricaterumorsoutofthinair.無風(fēng)不起浪Therearenowaveswithoutwind.Nothingcomesofnothing.徇私枉法Twistthelawtosuitone'sownpurpose.新官上任三把火Anewbroomsweepsclean.蓄勢待發(fā)Accumulatestrengthforatake-off.心想事成Mayallyourwishcometrue.心照不宣Haveatacitunderstanding;thoroughlyunderstandeachother,withouthavingexchangedawordofexplanation.先入為主Firstimpressionsarefirmlyentrenched.先下手為強(qiáng)Hewhostrikesfirstgainstheadvantage.Thebestdefenseisoffense.熱鍋上的螞蟻Antsonahotpan現(xiàn)身說法Warnpeoplebytakingoneselfasanexample.息事寧人Pouroilontroubledwaters;patchupaquarrelandreconcilethepartiesconcerned.循序漸進(jìn)Proceedina