(完整版)國(guó)際交流英語(yǔ)視聽說(shuō)4第一單元聽力原文及翻譯(修正版)

1.Listening1OK,everyone,whatIwanttodotodayiscontinueourdiscussionaboutcitiesandthechallengestheyface,and,I’dliketofocusonthecityofVenice,inItaly,whichisanextraordinaryexample.So,tobeginwith,let’sreviewafewofthepointswe’vediscussedsofar.Rememberthat,forcenturies,thecityhasbeenstrugglingwiththeproblemofflooding.Asyouknow,theregularfloodwaters—calledtheacquaalta—areabigprobleminthecity.Youmayalsorecall（想起）thatthegovernmenthasstartedtheinnovative（創(chuàng)新的）MOSEprojecttobuildwaterbarriersandstopfloodingfromtheocean.Now,floodingisanimportantissue,butmanyVenetianssaythatthecityhasmoreseriousproblemsthantheacquaaltaortheMOSEproject.Andmostoftheseproblemshavetodowithtourism.Ofcourse,tourismhasboththepositiveandnegativeside—tourismisextremelyprofitable.ButtheprobleminVeniceistoomanytourists.Forexample,in2007thenumberofVenetianresidentswas60,000.AndwhatdoyouthinkthenumberofvisitorstoVenicewasinthatyear?Twenty-onemillion!Recently,onasingleholidayweekendinMay,80,000touristsvisitedthecity.Publicparkinglotsfilledupandwereclosed.Andtouristswalkedthroughthestreetseatinganddrinkingandleavingalotoftrashbehind.TheresultisthatVenice’scityservicesjustcan’thandle（處理，應(yīng)對(duì))somanypeople.Thecityhastopaymoreandmoremoneyforgarbagecollectiontocleanupallofthetrash.Inaddition,publictransportationonthefamousboatsandgondolas(平底船)issocrowdedthatVenetianresidents（居民）canbarelyfindroomtogeton.Alongwithtrashandcrowdedtransportation,cityresidentsalsohavetodealwithhigherpricesforfoodandforhousing.Foodpricescontinuetorisearoundthecity.Somecaféschargeasmuchas13U.S.dollarsforasoftdrink!IntheRialtoMarket—anareawithmanyshopsandstores—someofthegrocery（食品，雜貨）storeshavebeenreplacedbysouvenirshops,whichmeansthatVenetianshavefewerplacestobuytheirgroceries.Inpopulartouristareas,renthasalmosttripled(三倍),andmanysmalllocalbusinesses—forexample,toy（玩具）storesandhardware（五金）stores—can’taffordtopay.LetmeaddthatthereisaserioushousingprobleminVenice.Atonetime,therewereregulations（規(guī)章）makingitillegaltoconvert（改裝）residentialbuildingsintohotels.Butalawin1999removedthoseregulations,andthehousingproblemgotevenworse.Sincethen,thenumberofhotelsandguesthouseshasincreasedby600percent,andthenumberofhousesthatareavailableforlocalresidentshasgonedown.Thesedays,housingisonlyaffordablefortheveryrichorforpeoplewhoalreadyownhousesbecausethey’vebeenpasseddownbyfamily.YoungVenetianssimplycan’taffordtobuyanyproperty（財(cái)產(chǎn)）inthecity.ThishasforcedahugenumberofVenetianresidentstomoveoutofthecity.Thirtyyearsago,thepopulationofVenicewasaround120,000.Nowit’slessthan60,000.So,whydoesVenicecontinuetoencouragetourismwhenitcausessomanyproblems?Mainlyit’sbecausetourisminVenicegenerates（產(chǎn)生）morethantwobillionU.S.dollarsayearinrevenue（稅）—andmanythinkthattheamountismuchhigher.Also,there’salotoffinancialpressureonVenice.Thecleaningofcanals（水道）,restoration（恢復(fù)）ofoldstructures,andtheMOSEprojectareallveryexpensive.Tourismbringsinmoneytohelpthecitysolvetheseproblems.AnotherpointIwanttomakeisthatmanypeopleinVenicehavejobsrelatedtotourism.Asmoretouristscometothecity,hotels,restaurants,andmuseumsneedtohiremoreworkers.Infact,thecityofVenicehasalowerunemploymentratethantherestofItaly,andit’slikelyaresultofthetourismindustry.SomepeoplethinkthatVeniceistoblameforitsownproblems—thattheseproblemsaretheresultofgreedfortourists’money.There’salotoftalkaboutlimitingtourists,taxingtourists,andevenaskingtouriststoavoidthebusyseasonsofEasterandCarnival.However,asyoucansee,maximizingthenumberoftouristsinVeniceisalsonecessary.So,thereseemtobenosimplesolutionstoVenice’stourismproblem.好,大家,我今天要做的就是繼續(xù)討論城市和他們面臨的挑戰(zhàn),我想把重點(diǎn)放在意大利的威尼斯市,這是一個(gè)非常好的例子。所以,首先回顧一下我們迄今為止討論過(guò)的幾點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)記住,幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái),這座城市一直在為洪水問(wèn)題而苦苦掙扎。正如你所知道的那樣,定期的洪水稱為“獲得”-在這個(gè)城市是個(gè)大問(wèn)題。你也許還記得,政府已經(jīng)啟動(dòng)了創(chuàng)新的MOSE項(xiàng)目來(lái)建造水屏障,并阻止海洋的洪水?，F(xiàn)在,洪水是一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題,但是很多威尼斯人認(rèn)為,這個(gè)城市比俄羅斯聯(lián)邦和莫斯科項(xiàng)目有更嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。而這些問(wèn)題大部分都與旅游有關(guān)。當(dāng)然,旅游既有正面的也有負(fù)面的,副旅游是非常有利可圖的。但在威尼斯的問(wèn)題是太多的游客。例如,2007年威尼斯居民的人數(shù)是6萬(wàn)人。你認(rèn)為那年威尼斯的游客人數(shù)是多少’二千一百萬(wàn)!最近在五月的一個(gè)假期周末,有8萬(wàn)游客參觀了這座城市。公共停車場(chǎng)已滿,關(guān)閉。游客在街上走著吃喝,留下了很多垃圾。結(jié)果是威尼斯的城市服務(wù)不能處理這么多人。這個(gè)城市不得不支付越來(lái)越多的垃圾回收資金來(lái)清理所有的垃圾。此外,著名的小船和吊船上的公共交通如此擁擠,威尼斯人居民幾乎找不到空間。隨著垃圾和交通擠塞,城市居民也不得不面對(duì)更高的食物和住房?jī)r(jià)格。全市食品價(jià)格繼續(xù)上漲。一些咖啡館收取高達(dá)13美元的軟飲料!在里亞托市場(chǎng)這個(gè)擁有許多商店和商店的地區(qū),一些雜貨店已經(jīng)被紀(jì)念品商店所取代,這意味著威尼斯人沒(méi)有購(gòu)買雜貨的地方。在受歡迎的旅游地區(qū),租金幾乎增加了兩倍,許多小型的當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)(如玩具店和五金店)也無(wú)力支付。讓我補(bǔ)充一點(diǎn),威尼斯有一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的住房問(wèn)題。有一段時(shí)間,有規(guī)定將住宅改建為賓館是非法的。但1999年的法律刪除了這些規(guī)定,住房問(wèn)題變得更糟。從那以后,賓館和賓館的數(shù)量增加了600%,可供當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窬幼〉姆课輸?shù)量下降了。這些日子里,住房只有為富人或者已經(jīng)擁有住房的人才買得起,因?yàn)樗麄兪潜患彝ミz棄的。年輕的威尼斯人根本買不起這個(gè)城市的任何財(cái)產(chǎn)。這迫使很多威尼斯人居住在這個(gè)城市。三十年前,威尼斯人口約為十二萬(wàn)人?，F(xiàn)在還不到6萬(wàn)。那么,為什么威尼斯在引發(fā)這么多問(wèn)題的時(shí)候繼續(xù)鼓勵(lì)旅游呢’主要是因?yàn)橥崴沟穆糜螛I(yè)每年的收入超過(guò)20億美元,而且很多人認(rèn)為這個(gè)數(shù)字要高得多。而且,威尼斯有很大的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力。運(yùn)河清理,舊建筑修復(fù)和MOSE項(xiàng)目都非常昂貴。旅游業(yè)帶來(lái)資金幫助城市解決這些問(wèn)題。我想說(shuō)的另一點(diǎn)是,威尼斯的許多人都有旅游相關(guān)的工作。隨著更多的游客來(lái)到這個(gè)城市,酒店,餐館和博物館需要雇用更多的工人。事實(shí)上,威尼斯市的失業(yè)率比意大利其他地區(qū)要低,這可能是旅游業(yè)的結(jié)果。有人認(rèn)為威尼斯是自己的問(wèn)題,這些問(wèn)題是貪婪游客錢的結(jié)果。關(guān)于限制游客,征稅游客,甚至要求游客避開復(fù)活節(jié)和嘉年華的繁忙季節(jié),人們談?wù)摵芏?。但?正如你所看到的,最大化威尼斯游客的數(shù)量也是必要的。所以,威尼斯的旅游問(wèn)題似乎沒(méi)有簡(jiǎn)單的解決辦法。Listening2AConversationbetweenClassmatesM:Hi,Linda.I’vebeenlookingforyou.Iwantedtoreturnyournotesfromthelecture（講義）onSingapore.Thanksforlettingmeborrowthem.F:Noproblem.Sorrythatyoumissedclass.Areyoufeelingbetter？M:Yes,alotbetter,thanks.Doyouhavetimetoanswerafewquestionsforme?TherewereafewthingsinyournotesthatIdidn’tunderstand.F:Sure.M:OK.Sofirst,youwrotehere“Singapura—lion”.Whatdidyoumeanbythat？F:Oh,that’saneasyone.SingapuraistheoriginalnameforSingapore.Itmeans“l(fā)ioncity”.AndthesymbolofthecountryistheMerlion—it’sauniquecreature（生物）withtheheadofalionandthebodyofafish.TheheadofthelionrelatestothenameSingapura.AndthebodyofthefishisbecauseSingaporestartedoffasafishingvillage.M:Interesting.DoyourememberwhenmodernSingaporewasfounded？Icouldn’treallyreadyourhandwritinghere.F:Um,Ithinkitwas18something...maybe1819’So,youknow,it’sstillayoungcountry.M:OK.Idon’treallyunderstandthesection（部分）ofyournotesaboutSingapore’schallenges.Couldyouexplainthatabitmore？F:Sure.Foronething,Singaporedoesn’treallyhavemuchland,oil,wood,orothernaturalresources.Oh,andanotherthing...um,there’salsoamixofpeoplefromdifferentethnic（民族）groupsandwithdifferentreligionsandlanguages.They’realltryingtoconform（遵循）tothelawsandlivetogetherinasmallspace.M:Ididn’tknowthat.F:It’salsoareallysmallcountry—about270squaremiles,whichisthesizeofthestateofHawaii？M:Uh-huh.F:Andit’s100percenturbanized—allthepeopleliveinbuilt-upareas.YouprobablyreadinmynotesthatSingaporehasaverypowerfuleconomyforsuchasmallcountry.M:Yes,Irememberthatpart.YournotessaidthatSingaporewasrankedsecondintheworldforhavinganinnovative（創(chuàng)新的）economy.So,itseconomyiscompatible（協(xié)調(diào)）withtheeconomyofmanylargercountries.F:Itdefinitely（的確）is.AndalotofpeoplethinkthatSingaporecouldn’thaveachievedthatkindofsuccesswithoutLeeKuanYew.M:Hewasthefirstprimeminister,right？F:Right.Hewasprimeministerfor,uh,30years,orsomething.Andhestayedactiveinpoliticsuntilheretired.Itwasrecently,maybe2011’So,hisideasdominatedSingaporepoliticsforover50years.M:Youknow,theSingaporeansI’vemetallworkveryhard.Theyseemtowanttobenumberoneineverything.F:Ithinkyou’reright.It’sprobablygottodowiththespiritofkiasu.M:Kiasu?F:Yes,itmeans“afraidtolose”.It’sanideathatsomepeoplehaveinternalized,anditmakesthemworkhardtobethebest.Forexample,Singaporehasoneoftheworld’sbusiestshippingports,andithasoneoftheworld’sbesthealthcaresystems.M:That’simpressive.WhataboutthelawsinSingapore’Whatdidyouwriteaboutchewinggum?F:Well,youcan’tsellchewingguminSingapore.It’sillegal,andthepoliceenforcethatlaw.Spittingonthestreetcanalsogetyouahugefine.Andthenthere’safineforforgettingtoflushthetoiletinapublicplace.M:Ithinkthatthelawsseemwaytoostrict,don’tyou’F:Actually,no.Idon’tthinkso.ThoselawsmakeSingaporeoneofthecleanestandsafestplacestoliveintheworld.Inmyopinion,I’dratherhavestrictlawsandsafestreetsthanlenientlawsandmorecrime.M:Hmmm.I’mnotsosureaboutthat.Ithinkit’sadebatablepoint.ButIagreethatSingaporeisaninterestingplace.F:Definitely.M:OK,Ithinkyou’veansweredallmyquestions.F:Good.M:Thanksagainforyournotes.Seeyounextclass.F:Yes,seeyouthen.男:嗨,琳達(dá)。我一直在找你。我想從新加坡的演講回來(lái)你的筆記。謝謝你讓我借。F:沒(méi)問(wèn)題。對(duì)不起,你錯(cuò)過(guò)了上課。你感覺好些了嗎？M:好的,謝謝。你有時(shí)間為我回答幾個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎？你的筆記里有一些我不明白的東西。F:好的。所以首先,你在這里寫了“新加坡獅子”。你是什么意思？F:哦,這很簡(jiǎn)單。新加坡是新加坡的原名。意思是“獅城”。這個(gè)國(guó)家的象征是魚尾獅-它是一頭獨(dú)一無(wú)二的獅子頭和魚身。獅子的頭與新加坡的名字有關(guān)。而魚的身體是因?yàn)樾录悠率亲鳛橐粋€(gè)漁村而開始的。M:有趣。你還記得現(xiàn)代新加坡何時(shí)成立？我在這里無(wú)法真正閱讀你的筆跡。F:呃,我認(rèn)為是18點(diǎn),也許是1819點(diǎn)？所以,你知道,這還是一個(gè)年輕的國(guó)家。男:好的。我不太了解你們有關(guān)新加坡挑戰(zhàn)的部分。你能解釋一下嗎’F:好的。一方面,新加坡的土地,石油,木材和其他自然資源并不多。哦,還有另一件事呢,那里也有來(lái)自不同民族,不同宗教和語(yǔ)言的人。他們都試圖遵守法律,在狹小的空間里共同生活。M:我不知道。F:這也是一個(gè)非常小的國(guó)家,約270平方英里,這是夏威夷州的規(guī)模。男:嗯。F:百分之百城市化-所有的人都住在建筑區(qū)。你可能在我的筆記中讀到,新加坡對(duì)于這樣一個(gè)小國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)經(jīng)濟(jì)非常強(qiáng)大。M:是的,我記得那一部分。你的筆記說(shuō)新加坡因創(chuàng)新型經(jīng)濟(jì)而位居世界第二位。所以它的經(jīng)濟(jì)和許多大國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)是一致的。F:肯定是的。許多人認(rèn)為沒(méi)有李光耀,新加坡就不可能取得這樣的成就。M:他是第一任總理,對(duì)嗎’F:對(duì)。他是30年的總理,還是什么的。他一直活躍在政壇,直到退休。最近,也許是2011年’所以,他的觀點(diǎn)在新加坡政治上統(tǒng)治了五十多年。M:你知道,我遇到的新加坡人都很努力。他們似乎想要成為所有的第一。F:我認(rèn)為你是對(duì)的。這可能與kiasu的精神有關(guān)。M:Kiasu？F:是的,這意味著“害怕失去”。這是一些人內(nèi)化的想法,使他們努力成為最好的。例如,新加坡是世界上最繁忙的航運(yùn)港口之一,也是世界上最好的醫(yī)療保健系統(tǒng)之一。M:真令人印象深刻。新加坡的法律呢？你是怎么寫口香糖的？F:那么你不能在新加坡賣口香糖。這是非法的,警方執(zhí)行該法律。在街上隨地吐痰也會(huì)給你帶來(lái)巨大的罰款。然后忘記在公共場(chǎng)所沖洗廁所是可以的。M:我認(rèn)為法律看起來(lái)太嚴(yán)格了,不是嗎？F:其實(shí)沒(méi)有。我不這么認(rèn)為。這些法律使新加坡成為世界上最干凈,最安全的地方之一。在我看來(lái),寧愿有嚴(yán)格的法律和安全的街道,而不是寬松的法律和更多的罪行。M:嗯。我不太確定。我認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題。但我同意新加坡是一個(gè)有趣的地方。F:肯定。M:好的,我想你已經(jīng)回答了我所有的問(wèn)題。F:好。M:再次感謝你的筆記。見下一堂課。F:是的,那就見。FurtherlisteningListening1Findingaffordablelandforhousingisachallengeinmanyoftheworld’slargestcities.SomeresidentsofTokyo,Japan,havefoundasolutiontothisproblem.Theyarebuildinghomesonpiecesoflandassmallas344squarefeet(32squaremeters).These“microhomes”allowpeopletoliveclosetocentralTokyoandcostmuchlessthanotherhomesinthecity.Manymicro-homeshaveseveralfloorsandbigwindowsthatmaximizesunlight.Manycitieshaveproblemswithairpollutionandsmog.Whatcanbigcitiesdotoregulatetheamountofairpollutionandsmoggeneratedbycarsandfactories?AnItaliancompanyhascomeupwithaninnovativetooltoreducepollution:smog-eatingcement.Thecementcontainsasubstancethatconvertspollutionintoharmlesschemicals.Theharmlesschemicalswashoffroadwayswhenitrains.Smog-eatingmaterialsarealsobeingusedinrooftilesinLosAngeles,California,thesmoggiestcityintheUnitedStates.Citiesmustfindcreativewaystobuildpublicparks,gardens,andoutdoorareaswhenspaceislimited.InNewYorkCity,theHighLinewasanunattractiveblacksteelstructurethatoncesupportedrailroadtracks.Today,theHighLinehasbeenrestoredasanelevatedurbanpark.Theparkwasfinancedbydonations,andnowitisoneofthemostinvitingpublicspacesinthecity.Visitorscanwalkthroughthegardens,relaxonthesundeck,andattendpublicartexhibitsandspecialevents.在世界上許多大城市中，尋找負(fù)擔(dān)得起的住房用地是一項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)。日本東京的一些居民找到了解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的辦法。他們?cè)?44平方英尺（32平方米）的土地上建造房屋。這些“微型家庭”允許人們住在靠近東京市中心的地方，而且比東京其他地方的房子便宜得多。許多微型住宅有幾層樓和大窗戶，可以最大限度地利用陽(yáng)光。許多城市存在空氣污染和煙霧問(wèn)題。大城市能做些什么來(lái)控制汽車和工廠產(chǎn)生的空氣污染和煙霧的數(shù)量？一家意大利公司已經(jīng)想出了一種減少污染的創(chuàng)新工具：煙霧侵蝕水泥。水泥中含有一種能將污染轉(zhuǎn)化為無(wú)害化學(xué)物質(zhì)的物質(zhì)。當(dāng)下雨時(shí)，無(wú)害的化學(xué)物質(zhì)會(huì)沖走道路。在美國(guó)煙霧最為嚴(yán)重的城市洛杉磯，以煙霧為食的屋頂瓦也在使用。當(dāng)空間有限時(shí)，城市必須找到創(chuàng)造性的方式來(lái)建設(shè)公園、花園和戶外區(qū)域。在紐約市，高鐵是一個(gè)沒(méi)有吸引力的黑色鋼結(jié)構(gòu)，曾經(jīng)支持鐵路軌道。今天，這條高架線已恢復(fù)為高架城市公園。這個(gè)公園是由捐款資助的，現(xiàn)在它是這個(gè)城市最吸引人的公共空間之一。游客可以穿過(guò)花園，在陽(yáng)光甲板上放松，參加公共藝術(shù)展覽和特殊活動(dòng)。Listening2WelcometoVenice,everybody!Tostartourtourtoday,Iwanttotellyouaboutachallengewefaceinourbeautifulcity:floods.Yousee,alargeportionofVenicewasbuiltonasaltmarsh.Cityplannershadtofindawaytomaximizespaceanduseeverypartofthemarsh.Buildersplacedhundredsofwoodenlogsdeepintothemarsh.Thentheyplacedbuildingfoundationsontopofthelogs.Bydoingthis,theywereabletoconvertthesaltmarshintolandforfarming.Butthesaltmarshislikeagiantsponge.Theweightofthecitypushesdownonthesaltmarshandbuildingsslowlysinkintothewater.Hightides,calledacquaalta,arealsoaproblem.Now,Venicefloodsonaregularbasis.Venetianresidentsareusedtothefloods,butouroldandbeautifulbuildingssuffer.Manystructuresaredamagedbythewaterandtherestorationofthesebuildingsisveryexpensive.Thecityisnowbuildingwaterbarriersthatwillstopseawaterfromfloodingthecity.ThisinnovativeprojectiscalledMOSE,anditwillbecompletedsoon.Thecostofthisprojectisalreadymorethansevenbilliondollars.Somepeoplearguethattheprojectviolatesgovernmentregulationsandisillegal.Othersbelievethatthewaterbarrierswillinterferewiththebeautyofthecityandwillcausetouriststoleave.Let’shopethisdoesnothappen,becausetourismgeneratesbusinessforshops,restaurants,andhotels.FinancialsupportisnecessarytohelppayfortheMOSEproject.SothankyouforcomingtoVenice!歡迎來(lái)到威尼斯，各位！為了今天開始我們的旅行，我想告訴你在我們美麗的城市我們面臨的一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)：洪水。你看，威