新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大學(xué)英語綜合教程4課后習(xí)題翻譯參考答案漢譯英英譯漢

千里之行，始于足下。第2頁/共2頁精品文檔推薦新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大學(xué)英語綜合教程4課后習(xí)題翻譯參考答案漢譯英英譯漢Ifyouaskme,reallifeisnotallit'scrackeduptobe.Twelveyearsatschoolandthreeyearsatuniversity,teachersbangingonaboutopportunitiesinthebigwideworldbeyondourshelteredlifeasstudents,andwhatdoIfind?

TryasImighttostaycheerful,allIevergetishassle,sometimeswithpeople(especiallyboys,god,whenwilltheygrowup?),butmostlywithmoney.It'sjustsoexpensiveouthere!Everyonewantsasliceoffyou.TheInlandRevenuewantstodeductincometax,thebankmanagerwantsrepaymentsonmystudentloan,thelandlordwantstherent,gas,water,electricityandmymobilebillskeepcomingin,andallthat'sbeforeI'vehadanythingtoeat.Andthensomebrightsparkcallsmeoutoftheblue,askingifI'minterestedinbuyingapension.Atthisrate,Iwon'tevenlasttilltheendoftheyear,letalonetillI'm60。

依我看，現(xiàn)實(shí)日子并沒有人們想象的這么好。我們上了12年的中、小學(xué)，又上了3年的大學(xué)，這期間老師們向來在沒完沒了地談?wù)撛趥涫芎亲o(hù)的學(xué)生日子之外的這個(gè)廣大乾坤里的各種機(jī)遇，可我遇到的又是啥呢？

不管我如何想保持心情愉快，可煩惱事總是接踵而來：有時(shí)是和人發(fā)生矛盾(尤其是跟男小孩，天哪！他們啥時(shí)候才干長(zhǎng)大？)，但通常是為鈔票發(fā)愁。這里啥東西都非常貴！人人都想從我身上賺點(diǎn)鈔票：稅務(wù)局要收個(gè)人所得稅，銀行經(jīng)理要我償清學(xué)生貸款，房東催我交房租、燃?xì)赓M(fèi)、水費(fèi)、電費(fèi)，手機(jī)賬單也別斷地寄來。所有這些還沒算上吃飯的鈔票。更可氣的是，別知從哪里冒出一具自作聰慧的家伙給我打電話，咨詢我要?jiǎng)e要買養(yǎng)老金。照如此下去，我甚至都支撐別到年底，更不提活到60歲領(lǐng)養(yǎng)老金了。

2.我以為，選修第二專業(yè)并別合適每一位本科生。我大學(xué)本科主修英語專業(yè)，大一時(shí)就開始輔修經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)了。無疑，我是

班里最用功的學(xué)生。我竭盡全力想并且達(dá)到兩個(gè)別同專業(yè)的要求，但依然有別及格的時(shí)候。因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)需要良好的數(shù)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)，我別得別花大量時(shí)刻鉆研數(shù)學(xué)，因而忽略了英語學(xué)習(xí)。

第二學(xué)期，《英國(guó)文學(xué)》及《宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》兩門課別及格給我敲響了警種，這可是我一生中第一次考試別及格，這大大打擊了我的自信心。盡管我別是一具容易向命運(yùn)低頭的人，在暑假結(jié)束的時(shí)候，我依然決定放棄經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，以免兩個(gè)

專業(yè)都難以完成。當(dāng)我只需修一具專業(yè)的時(shí)候，一切大概又回到了正軌。(ifyouaskme;odds;tryas…might;sapone'sconfidenivengthat;bowtofate;cometoa

close;forfearthat;nowthat)

Ifyouaskme,takingasecondmajorisn'tgoodforeveryundergraduate.InmyfreshmanyearasanEnglishmajor,Itookeconomicsasmyminor.Byallodds,Iwasthemosthardworkingstudentinmyclass.ButtryasImighttomeettherequirementsofthetwodifferentsubjects,Istillcouldndowellenoughtopassalltheexams.Giventhatthestudyofeconomicsrequiredagoodcommandofmathematics,IhadtospendsomuchtimeonmaththatIneglectedmyEnglishmajor.

FailingEnglishLiteratureandMacro-economicsinthesecondsemestersoundedthealarmforme.ThiswasthefirsttimeIdidnotpassacourseinmylife,whichhadgreatlysappedmyconfidence.AlthoughIwasnotamanwhowouldeasilybowtofate,asthesummerbreakcametoaclose,IdecidedtogiveupeconomicsforfearthatIwouldfailinbothsubjects.NowthatIhadonlyonesubjecttoattendto,everythingseemedtobeontherighttrackagain.

1，Indubitablythevastmajorityofbooksoverlaponeanother.Fewindeedarethosewhichgivetheimpressionoforiginality,eitherinstyleorincontent.Rarearetheuniquebooks—lessthan50,perhaps,outofthewholestorehouseofliterature.Inoneofhisrecentautobiographicalnovels,

BlaiseCendrarspointsoutthatRmydeGourmont,becauseofhisknowledgeandawarenessofthisrepetitivequalityinbooks,wasabletoselectandreadallthatisworthwhileintheentirerealmofliterature.Cendrarshimself—whowouldsuspectit?—isaprodigiousreader.Hereadsmostauthorsintheiroriginaltongue.Notonlythat,butwhenhelikesanauthorhereadseverylastbookthemanhaswritten,aswellashislettersandallthebooksthathavebeenwrittenabouthim.Inourdayhiscaseisalmostunparalleled,Iimagine.For,notonlyhashereadwidelyanddeeply,buthehashimselfwrittenagreatmanybooks.Allontheside,asitwere.For,ifheisanything,Cendrars,heisamanofaction,anadventurerandexplorer,amanwhohasknownhowto"waste"histimeroyally.Heis,inasense,theJuliusCaesarofliterature。

別容置疑的是，大多數(shù)書都互相重復(fù)，在文體或內(nèi)容上讓人感到具有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的書實(shí)在是少之又少。在整個(gè)文學(xué)庫(kù)藏中，惟獨(dú)極少數(shù)作品——興許別到50本——是獨(dú)具一格的。在最近出版的一部自傳體小講中，布萊斯?桑德拉爾指出，古爾蒙之因此可以挑選并通讀文學(xué)領(lǐng)域中一切值得讀的書籍，算是因?yàn)樗R(shí)淵博，同時(shí)了解書的這種重復(fù)性。桑德拉爾本人算是一具博覽群書的人，沒有人會(huì)懷疑這一點(diǎn)。他閱讀了大部分作家的原作。別僅這樣，一旦他喜愛上一具作家，他就會(huì)閱讀那個(gè)作家寫的每一本書，包括他的書信以及所有有關(guān)他的書籍。我猜想，在當(dāng)今世界上，幾乎沒有人能像他一樣，別僅讀得廣、讀得精，而且還著述頗豐。能夠講這一切基本上在業(yè)余時(shí)刻完成的。因?yàn)樯５吕瓲柺且痪呤_的行動(dòng)家，一具四處跋涉的冒險(xiǎn)家和探險(xiǎn)家，一具知道得怎么“肆意白費(fèi)”時(shí)刻的人。從某種意義上講，他是文學(xué)界的凱撒大帝。

2.張磊是在畢業(yè)工作后才開始意識(shí)到讀書的樂趣的。反思自個(gè)兒的大學(xué)教育時(shí)，他感慨別已：他的一些同學(xué)都沉醉于從圖

書館或書店找到的各種有味的書籍，而他卻只讀了一些教科書，其中連一本真正能讓他愛別釋手、值得一讀的書都沒有。他能夠講是被剝奪了經(jīng)過書了解作家奇異世界的特權(quán)。

現(xiàn)在，他嗜書如命，廢寢忘食，好似要把大學(xué)期間沒機(jī)遇讀的好書全都讀一遍。到目前為止他差不多利用業(yè)余時(shí)刻讀了幾百本小講、傳記和游記。他意識(shí)到書別僅能向他展示一具充滿希翼的前景，幫他消除現(xiàn)實(shí)日子中的壓力和疲勞，而且可以幫他澄清一些誤解，找到日子的真諦。(reflecton;inonesitting;layhandson;immersein;worthwhile;privilege;withstand;vista)

ItwasnotuntilafterhehadgraduatedfromuniversityandstartedtoworkthatZhangLeibecameawareofthepleasureofreading.Reflectingonhisundergraduatestudies,helamentedthathe,unlikehisclassmateswhohadimmersedthemselvesinvariousinterestingbookstheywereabletolayhandsonfromthelibraryorbookshop,hadonlyreadtextbooks,noneofwhichwasreallyworthwhile,orcouldbereadinonesitting.Hewasdeprivedoftheprivilegeofgainingaccesstothewriters'fantasticworldsthroughthewindowstheirbookshaveopened,sotospeak.

Nowhehasbecomeanavidandomnivorousreader.Itisasifhewantstomakeupforthosemarvelousbookshehadn'thdaachancetoreadinhisuniversitydays.Bynow,inhissparetime,hehasreadseveralhundredsofbooks,includingnovels,biographiesandtravelnotes.Herealizesthatbookscannotonlyrevealtohimthevistaofahopefulfutureandhelphimwithstandstressesandstrains,theycanalsohelphimclearupsomemisconceptionsanddiscoverthetruemeaningofthelife.

Sometimesthehemlineindicator,asit'scalled,canevenprecedeandpredictachangeinthemoodofthestockmarketlongbeforeitactuallyhappens.InSeptember2007,attheNewYork

fashionshows,whichweredisplayingtheirstylesforspring2008,thetrendwasformuchlongerdressesandskirts,manytomid-calforevendowntotheankles.Somepeoplefeltthisshowedthatthehemlineindicatorwasnolongerreliable,andthatdesignersnolongerdictatedwhatpeople

wouldwear.DuringtheLondonandNewYorkfashionshowsinSeptember2008,hemlinescontinuedtodrop.Butsureenough,inthefallof2008,thestockmarketindexesfelldramaticallywhenthebankingcrisishittheUS,Europeandthentherestoftheworld.Hemlineswerenolongerfollowingthestockmarket—theywereshowingthewayandindicatingfutureeconomictrends.

有時(shí)候，所謂的裙擺標(biāo)志甚至可以預(yù)示股市的行情。2007年9月的紐約時(shí)裝展展示了2008年春季流行式樣，潮流轉(zhuǎn)向了長(zhǎng)衣、長(zhǎng)裙，裙擺長(zhǎng)及小腿中部，甚至到了足踝。有人覺得這表明裙擺標(biāo)志靠別住了，服裝設(shè)計(jì)師差不多喪失了對(duì)時(shí)裝的主宰權(quán)。2008年9月，在倫敦和紐約時(shí)裝展中，裙擺的高度接著落低。果然，2008年秋天金融危機(jī)突擊歐美，并波及全球，股指急劇下跌。這時(shí)，裙擺別再被動(dòng)地追隨股市的變化，而是預(yù)示股市行情及將來的經(jīng)濟(jì)趨勢(shì)。

2.一具人的穿著大概能妨礙他的行為方式。譬如，在校內(nèi)要穿校服是中小學(xué)生所必須嚴(yán)格遵守的規(guī)矩之一。倘若在學(xué)生著裝整齊劃一和行為的統(tǒng)一規(guī)范之間別存在一種象征性關(guān)聯(lián)的話，校服便不會(huì)這樣盛行。

但是，多年的學(xué)校日子讓學(xué)生在心里里對(duì)隨處可見的校服產(chǎn)生了抵觸情緒，校服怎么說壓制了個(gè)性的表達(dá)。為了彌補(bǔ)這種損失，學(xué)生常常會(huì)在周末穿流行的休閑裝。直到上了大學(xué)，他們才會(huì)享受真正的著裝自由，而服裝上的無序與大學(xué)培養(yǎng)制造力、鼓舞自由表達(dá)思想及展露才華緊密相關(guān)。惋惜如此的好景不可能太長(zhǎng)，通過一段相對(duì)短暫的自由之后，他們?cè)诋厴I(yè)工作之后將再次記憶著裝規(guī)范的壓力。(hardandfast;thereisnodoubtthat;currency;correlation;backlash;ubiquitous;compensatefor;anarchy;obtain;revive)

Whatyouwearseemstodictatethekindofpersonyouaresupposedtobe.Takeprimaryschoolandhighschoolstudentsforexample.Oneofthehardandfastrulestheyhavetoobserveisthattheymustwearuniformsatschool.Thereisnodoubtthatschooluniformswouldnothaveachievedtheircurrencywithoutasymboliccorrelationbetweentheuniformityofclothesandthestudents'conformitytosomecommoncodeofconduct.

However,afteryearsofschoollife,thereisalwaysabacklashsecretlynursedinthestudentsmindagainsttheubiquitousuniformwhichsuppressestheexpressionofindividuality.Tocompensateforthisloss,studentstrytohuntformorecasualandpopularclothesandwearthemonweekends.Itisnotuntiltheystartuniversity,however,thattheycanreallyenjoythefreedomofdress,ananarchyassociatedwiththecultivationofcreativityandtheencouragementofthefreeexpressionofideasandtalents.Butthissituationwon'tobtainforlong.Afterarelativelyshorttime

ofliberty,theymayexperienceagaintherevivedpressureofdresscodeassoonastheybecomeprofessionals.

Today,whilemostofusmarryforromanticreasons,marriageatitscoreisstillafinancialunion.Somuchofwhatwewant—ordon'twant—outoflifeboilsdowntodollarsandcents,whetherit'showhardwechoosetowork,howmuchweconsumeorhowmuchwesave.Forsomepeople,it'sworking80-hourweekstofinanceathirdhomeandcountryclubmembership;forothers,itmeanscuttingbackonofficehourstospendmoretimewiththefamily.

"Alotofthedebatespeoplehaveaboutmoneyarecodeforhowwewanttoliveourlives,"saidBetseyStevenson,assistantprofessorofbusinessandpublicpolicyattheUniversityofPennsylvania'sWhartonSchool,whoresearchestheeconomicsofmarriageanddivorce."Alotofthechoiceswemakeinhowwewanttoliveourlivesinvolvehowwespendourmoney."

Makingthosechoicesasateamisoneofthemostimportantwaystopreserveyourmaritalassets,andyourunion,expertssay.Butit'sthatmucheasierwhenyoualreadysharesimilaroutlooksonmoneymatters—orwhenyoucan,attheveryleast,findsomemiddleground.

現(xiàn)在，雖然我們大多數(shù)人是因恩愛而結(jié)婚，婚姻從全然上說仍然是金鈔票上的結(jié)合。別管是工作的努力程度，依然決定消費(fèi)多少或儲(chǔ)蓄多少，我們?nèi)兆又邢胍玫降摹騽e想得到的——許多東西歸根結(jié)底都跟鈔票有關(guān)。對(duì)一些人來講，他們想要的算是一周工作80小時(shí)來支付第三套房的房款和鄉(xiāng)村俱樂部的會(huì)員費(fèi)；而對(duì)另一些人來講，他們想縮短上班時(shí)刻，花更多的時(shí)刻陪伴家人。

“有關(guān)鈔票的許多爭(zhēng)論是提示我們想怎么日子的密碼，而日子方式的許多挑選則與怎么花鈔票緊密相關(guān)?！辟e夕法尼亞大學(xué)沃頓商學(xué)院的商業(yè)及公共政策助理教授貝齊?史蒂文森如是講，他研究婚姻和離

婚經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。

專家們講，夫妻共同做出這些挑選是維護(hù)婚姻資產(chǎn)及婚姻關(guān)系的最重要的辦法之一。固然，假如夫妻雙方一開始就在鈔票的咨詢題上看法相似，或者至少可以在鈔票的咨詢題上相互妥協(xié)，這么情況就好辦多了。

2.談及目前經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條所帶來的妨礙，學(xué)日子動(dòng)的減少算是一具非常好的例證。為了活躍校園日子，大學(xué)情愿劃撥一部分資金來資助學(xué)生社團(tuán)活動(dòng)，但由于今年學(xué)校的預(yù)算大幅減少，對(duì)社團(tuán)的資助也相應(yīng)縮減了很多。顯然，學(xué)生社團(tuán)要恢復(fù)往常的活力就必須想方法克服自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)困難。有人主張招募更多會(huì)員，因?yàn)闀?huì)員費(fèi)的增加能夠幫助他們度過難關(guān)。

固然，假如有更多的會(huì)員交年費(fèi)，而且縮減一些日常開支，我們依然能省下一些鈔票來組織活動(dòng)的。然而，咨詢題的關(guān)鍵在于社團(tuán)活動(dòng)的費(fèi)用與參加活動(dòng)的人數(shù)是成正比的，所以這種辦法估計(jì)別太可行。要推進(jìn)社團(tuán)活動(dòng)，并且又別使經(jīng)費(fèi)超支，我們必須群策群力，拿出不的籌鈔票辦法，而別是僅僅依靠學(xué)校撥款和會(huì)員費(fèi)。(whenitcomesto;carveout;paredown;cutbackon;bottomline;gointothered;pool;inlieuof)

Whenitcomestotheeffectsofthecurrenteconomicdownturn,thedecreaseofstudentactivitiesisagoodcaseinpoint.Toenlivencampuslife,theuniversityisalwayswillingtocarveoutmoneyforactivitiesorganizedbystudentclubsandsocieties,butsuchsponsorshipshavebeen

pareddownthisyearbecauseofhugebudgetcut.Apparently,studentorganizationsneedtoweathertheirownfinancialcrisisiftheywanttorecoverfromtheircurrentstateofinactiveness.

Somesuggestenrollingmoreclubmembers,onthegroundthattheconsequentincreaseofmembershipfeesmayhelpthemgetoutofthedifficulty.

Nodoubt,ifwehavemorememberspayingtheannualfee,andifwecutbackonourdailyexpenses,wecansparesomemoneyfororganizingactivities.Butthebottomlineisthattheexpensesoftheseactivitiesareinproportiontothenumberofparticipants.I'mafraidthiswonofmuchhelp.Tobooststudentactivitiesandtoavoidgoingintothered,westillneedtopoolourideasandcomeupwithsomeotherwaysofraisingmoney,inlieuofrelyingonlyonuniversitygrantsandmembershipfees.

Unit5

Womencan'tevenfilloutaformwithouttellingstoriesaboutthemselves.Mostapplicationformsnowgivefourchoicesfortitles.Menhaveonetochoose—"Mr."—sotheirchoicecarriesno

meaningotherthantosaytheyaremale.Butwomenmustchooseamongthree,eachofthemmarked.Awomanwhocheckstheboxfor"Mrs."or"Miss"communicatesnotonlywhethershehasbeenmarriedbutalsothatshehasconservativetastesinformsofaddress,andprobablyotherconservativevaluesaswell.Checking"Ms."declinestoletonaboutmarriage（whereas"Mr."declinesnothingsincenothingwasasked）,butitalsomarksthewomanwhochecksitonherformaseitherliberatedorrebellious,dependingontheattitudesandassumptionsoftheonemakingthejudgment.

Isometimestrytoduckthesevariouslymarkedchoicesbygivingmytitleas"Dr."—andthereby

riskmarkingmyselfaseitheruppity（hencesarcasticresponseslike"Excuseme!"）oranover-achiever（hencereactionsofcongratulatorysurprise,like"Goodforyou!"）.

女的一填表就會(huì)暴露自個(gè)兒的個(gè)人記憶。如今大多數(shù)的申請(qǐng)表會(huì)給出四種稱謂挑選。男人惟獨(dú)一種挑選，即“先生”（Mr.），這除了表明他們是男性之外沒有其他任何含義。女的則必須從三種稱謂中選一具，而任何一種基本上標(biāo)記性的。假如一位女士勾選了“太太”（Mrs.）或者“姑娘”（Miss）的稱謂，

這么她別僅暴露了自個(gè)兒的婚姻狀況，而且還表明她在稱謂方面非常保守，興許在其他價(jià)值觀念方面也非常保守。假如她挑選女士”（Ms.）這一稱謂，這么講明她拒絕透露自個(gè)兒的婚姻狀況（而男士選先生”

那個(gè)稱謂時(shí)則沒有有意隱瞞任何情況，因?yàn)楸緛砭蜎]有要求他透露婚姻信息）。另外，在表格中勾選“女士”這一稱謂的人會(huì)被標(biāo)記為思想解放的人或叛逆者，這就要看評(píng)判她的人持啥樣的態(tài)度和看法了。

我有時(shí)會(huì)挑選“博士”頭銜，以避開這幾種帶標(biāo)記的稱謂選項(xiàng)。但那么做又會(huì)給自個(gè)兒帶來風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，標(biāo)明自個(gè)兒要么驕傲自大（于是乎招來譏諷的反應(yīng)，比如“對(duì)別起，我別懂你是博士！”），要么是一具成功欲過強(qiáng)的人（這么對(duì)方的反應(yīng)算是祝賀式的驚訝，比如“你真行！”）。

2.我們對(duì)理想老公或理想妻子的假設(shè)顯示出我們的性不期待以及我們對(duì)性不期待的反應(yīng)。假如大多數(shù)年輕小姐希翼她們的未婚夫強(qiáng)悍、能干、可靠，這么小伙子們也就不無挑選，只能把自個(gè)兒訓(xùn)練得強(qiáng)悍、能干、可靠，如此才干贏得少女子的芳心。假如他們的做法與性不期待背道而馳，這么他們非常也許會(huì)在悲嘆自個(gè)兒的光棍生涯中度過下半輩子。依照同樣的別成文法則，假如多數(shù)年輕男子希翼他們的未婚妻溫和體貼、耐心、忠貞，以為這些比啥都重要，這么小姐即便別是這種人，也會(huì)假裝自個(gè)兒未來會(huì)成為賢妻良母。

深入研究一下這種性不期待，我們就會(huì)發(fā)覺這是受生理和社會(huì)因素制約的。無疑，女性為孕育嬰兒做好了生理預(yù)備，而男人則徹底別適合這項(xiàng)工作。男人惟獨(dú)努力掙鈔票養(yǎng)家，才干讓一家人過上好生活。

(presumption;option;otherthan;bemoan;unwrittenrule;tobeproneto;leton;goeswithoutsaying)

Ourpresumptionsaboutwhatidealhusbandsorwivesarelikerevealalotaboutourgenderexpectationsaswellasourresponsestothem.Ifmostgirlswanttheirfiancstobetough,總apable

andreliable,thereisnomoreoptionleftforyoungmenotherthantobetrainedastough,capableandreliableifthey

wanttowingirlsh'eart.Iftheyacttothecontrary,theywillmostprobablybemoantheirbachelor'sstatusfotrherestoftheirlives.Followingthesameunwrittenrule,ifmost

boysexpecttheirfiancestobecaring,patientandfaithfulmorethananythingelse,girlsareprone

toletonthattheywillbecomefaithfulwivesandlovingmotherseveniftheyarenotthetype.

Lookingintosuchgenderexpectations,wemayfindthattheyarebasedonbothphysiologicalandsocialfactors.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatwomenarephysicallypreparedtobearchildren,whereasmenareutterlyunfitforthejob.Therefore,afamilyisbetter-offwhenitsmalemembersdevotetheirtimetoprovidingfoodandothernecessitiesforit.

Unit6

Thehistorianisnotrequiredtohavethespecialskillswhichenabletheexperttodeterminetheoriginandperiodofafragmentofpotteryormarble,todecipheranobscureinscription,ortomaketheelaborateastronomicalcalculationsnecessarytoestablishaprecisedate.Theseso-calledbasicfactswhicharethesameforallhistorianscommonlybelongtothecategoryoftherawmaterialsofthehistorianratherthanofhistoryitself.Thesecondobservationisthatthenecessitytoestablishthesebasicfactsrestsnotonanyqualityinthefactsthemselves,butonaprioridecision

ofthehistorian.InspiteofC.P.Scott'smotto,everyjournalistknowstodaythatthemosteffectivewaytoinfluenceopinionisbytheselectionandarrangementoftheappropriatefacts.Itusedtobesaidthatfactsspeakforthemselves.Thisis,ofcourse,untrue.Thefactsspeakonlywhenthehistoriancallsonthem:Itishewhodecidestowhichfactstogivethefloor,andinwhatorderorcontext.Itwas,Ithink,oneofPirandello'scharacterswhosaidthatafactislikeasack—itwon't

standuptillyou'veputsomethinginit.TheonlyreasonwhyweareinterestedtoknowthatthebattlewasfoughtatHastingsin1066isthathistoriansregarditasamajorhistoricalevent.ItisthehistorianwhohasdecidedforhisownreasonsthatCaesar'scrossingofthatpettystream,theRubicon,isafactofhistory,whereasthecrossingoftheRubiconbymillionsofotherpeoplebeforeorsinceinterestsnobodyatall.Thefactthatyouarrivedinthisbuildinghalfanhouragoonfoot,oronabicycle,orinacar,isjustasmuchafactaboutthepastasthefactthatCaesarcrossedtheRubicon.

歷史學(xué)家別需要掌握特別的技能去確定陶瓷或大理石殘片的起源與斷代、去解讀一段意義隱晦的銘文的含義、或是為確定一具準(zhǔn)確的日期而舉行繁復(fù)的天文計(jì)算。這些所謂的基本領(lǐng)實(shí)對(duì)所有的歷史學(xué)家來講基本上一樣的，它們是歷史學(xué)家可用的原始素材，而非歷史本身。我要講的第二點(diǎn)是，是否需要確定這些基本的事實(shí)并別取決于這些事實(shí)本身，而是取決于歷史學(xué)家事先做出的推斷。雖然C.P.斯科特的那句箴言深入人心(譯者注：斯科特的箴言Commentisfree,butfactsaresacred."事實(shí)別可斜曲，評(píng)述大可自由")，然而如今每一名新聞?dòng)浾叨级恋K大眾輿論，最有效的方式算是對(duì)特定的事實(shí)舉行挑選和剪接。人們往常常講事實(shí)別言自明。這種講法顯然是錯(cuò)誤的，歷史事實(shí)不過在歷史學(xué)家用到時(shí)才會(huì)別言自明。哪些事實(shí)能夠現(xiàn)身講法，以及這些事實(shí)以啥樣的順序或是在啥樣的情景中浮現(xiàn)，基本上由歷史學(xué)家來決定的。我記得皮蘭德婁筆下的一具人物曾經(jīng)講過：事實(shí)就像一具麻袋——?jiǎng)e塞點(diǎn)東西到里面去就立別起來。我們之因此對(duì)1066年發(fā)生在黑斯廷斯的戰(zhàn)役感興趣，其唯一

的緣故算是歷史學(xué)家把這一戰(zhàn)役看作是一具重大的歷史事件。

歷史學(xué)家根據(jù)自個(gè)兒的判斷，以為凱撒穿

越那條小河——盧比孔河——是一具史實(shí)，但沒有人對(duì)在他之前或是之

后幾百萬其他人穿過這條河的舉動(dòng)感興趣。你半個(gè)小時(shí)之前或徒步、或騎車或開車來到這座大樓，這件事和當(dāng)年凱撒渡過盧比孔河一樣基本上一具對(duì)于過去的客觀事實(shí)。

2,為保證校園的安全，校方最近公布了一項(xiàng)新的規(guī)定，禁止小商販進(jìn)入校園。校長(zhǎng)呼吁學(xué)生在這件事上與學(xué)校合作。學(xué)生們表示強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)，幾百名學(xué)生在學(xué)校的BBS上表達(dá)了他們的憤慨。他們講，因?yàn)樾@離市中心非常遠(yuǎn)，校內(nèi)商店里的貨品又別多，把小販趕出校園就無異于把學(xué)生扔到孤島上。有點(diǎn)人提出，正是在如此的情況上，學(xué)校應(yīng)該聽取學(xué)生的意見和需求。有點(diǎn)學(xué)生以為，這項(xiàng)規(guī)定能讓校園更安全的想法是錯(cuò)誤的。

學(xué)生的反應(yīng)讓校長(zhǎng)感到震驚，為彌補(bǔ)過失，他宣布學(xué)校將重新思考這項(xiàng)規(guī)定。他對(duì)學(xué)生講，他們徹底有權(quán)力過上方便、舒適的日子，但校園的安全也同樣重要。他還提議在校園里建一具大超市，在宿舍樓附近開一些便利店(conveniencestore)，如此

就能大慷慨便學(xué)生們的日子。(it'sformattersofthiskind;getsthwrong;makeamends;beentitledto)

Tomakethecampussafer,theuniversityauthoritiesrecentlyreleasedanewregulationthatforbidsanyvendorsfromenteringthecampus,andthepresidentcalledonthestudentstocooperatewiththeuniversityonthismatter.Butthestudents'oppositionwasstrong,andhundreds

ofthemexpressedtheirangerontheuniversityBBS.Theysaidthattokeepvendorsoffcampusislikedesertingthestudentsonanisland,astheuniversitywasfarawayfromthedowntownandtheshopsonthecampusdidnotprovideenoughcommodities.Someclaimedthatitwaspreciselyformattersofthiskindthatuniversityshouldlistentostudents'opinionsandneeds.Somestudents

thoughttheuniversityhadgotitwronginbelievingthatthisregulationwillensuresafetyoncampus.

Shockedbythestudents'reaction,thepresidenttriedtomakeamendsforhismistakebyannouncingthattheuniversitywilllookintothisnewregulationagain.Hetoldstudentsthattheywereentitledtoliveaconvenientandcomfortablelife,butsafetyisjustasmuchanimportantconcernasthat.Heproposedtobuildabigsupermarketwithinthecampusandsomeconvenientstoresneardormitorybuildings,whichwouldcertainlymakestudents'lifemucheasier.

Unit7

Insomanyways,wenowshareourhome—andourhomes—withsomanyothers.From

AustraliatoZambia,wewearbaseballcapsandwatchHollywoodmovies.MarketsinMoroccosellradiosmadeinSingapore,andweallwatchtelevisionandenjoythesametypeofprogrammes.Arepeopleobligedtodothis,ordotheysimplywantto?

Yetatheart,whilewehavelearnt—orhavebeentaught?—tolikeandaspiretowardsthesamethings,werecognizeastreakofindividualisminourselves,aconsciousnessofdifference,ofourownuniqueness.AndwhenlifeonEarthgetsoverwhelming,peopleretreatintothemselves,intotheirhomes.

Thewordhomeisanemotiveone.It'sadeliberatechoicetocalltheorganizationtoprotecttheUSfromterrorismtheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity.Homedoesn'tmeanjustbricksandmortar,translatedintohouseorhousinginsomanylanguages.Homeiswherewehunkerdown,takeoffourshoesandswitchofffromtheoutsideworld.It'saninward-lookingplace,whereweshouldfeelsafe.Ourhomesalsoshowourindividualsi