高考總復(fù)習(xí)英語教師用書寫作技能培優(yōu)11第十一講概要寫作

第十一講概要寫作命題特點(diǎn)概要寫作是一種新型的寫作模式，既對學(xué)生的寫作能力有一定的要求，也對學(xué)生的閱讀能力有一定的要求，能夠有效突破傳統(tǒng)英語寫作的局限性。該題型主要考查考生對大段閱讀文字的概括能力，如考查考生對文章主旨大意的概括和準(zhǔn)確獲取關(guān)鍵詞的能力。同時(shí)，考查考生用簡潔的語言概括文章重要信息的能力以及對文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力。進(jìn)行概要寫作時(shí)，考生要把文章的具體信息用一些具有概括功能的詞或句表述出來，而不是抄襲文章的原句，更不是把細(xì)節(jié)性信息作為中心?？忌ㄟ^對文章中的單詞、詞組和句子進(jìn)行合理轉(zhuǎn)換，對文章的具體信息進(jìn)行概括，再用合適的語言表達(dá)出來。根據(jù)《考試說明》，讀后續(xù)寫和概要寫作兩種題型交替使用。浙江2016年10月高考和2017年6月高考以及2017年10月高考均為讀后續(xù)寫，下次高考考概要寫作的可能性比較大。題型特點(diǎn)根據(jù)《考試說明》，概要寫作題型的命題形式為：提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文，要求考生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。概要寫作屬于限制性寫作。它是閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)的有機(jī)結(jié)合。所給短文的文體以說明文、議論文和記敘文為主。概要寫作旨在考查考生的閱讀理解能力和概括運(yùn)用英語語言知識的能力。隨著新課改的全面實(shí)施，高中英語寫作課堂教學(xué)模式也需要進(jìn)行改革，教師不僅要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的英語寫作能力，還要提高學(xué)生的思維能力和語言應(yīng)用能力。本部分在此基礎(chǔ)上引入“概要寫作”這種新型課堂模式，并對這種課堂模式的應(yīng)用步驟做出詳細(xì)的分析?！镜漕}感悟】閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。DietershavelongswornthatgrapefruithelpspeopleloseweGrapefruitDiet,alsocalledtheHollywoodDiet,datesbacktothe1930sandhasahostofcelebrityfansincludingsingerKylieinvolveshavinggrapefruitorgrapefruitjuicewitheverymealwhilecuttingbackoncalories.Now,scientistsarebeginningtobelievethem.Astudyhasfoundthatdrinkinggrapefruitjuicewheneatingfattyfoodlowerstheamountofweightputonbyuptoafifth.Theresearchalsosuggestedthatgrapefruitcouldbeasgoodasprescriptiondrugsatkeepingbloodsugarlevelsundercontrol—akeypartofmanagingdiabetes(糖尿病)．Theexperimentswereconductedonmice—butresearcherssaytheresultsjustifystudiesonJosephNapoli,oftheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,said，“Weseeallsortsofscamsaboutnutrition.Buttheseresults,basedoncontrolledexperiments,warrantfurtherstudyofthepotentialhealth—promotingpropertiesofgrapefruitjuice.”Theresearchersfoundthatwhenthemicewerefedfattyfoodforthreemonths,thosegivengrapefruitjuicetodrinkgainedupto18percentlessweightthanthosegivenwater.Theyalsohadlowerbloodsugarandinsulin(胰島素)levels—despiteeatingthesamenumberofcaloriesanddoingthesameamountofexerciseasthemicewhodrankwater.Infact,grapefruitjuicewasasgoodatcontrollinginsulinasthewidelyuseddiabetesdrugmetformin(二甲雙胍),thejournalPLOSONEreports.However,thefruitjuiceonlyhadaneffectonweightwhentheanimalsatefattyresearcherssaidtheydidnotknowhowgrapefruitstopsthepoundsfrompilingon.SpokesmanMarietteAbrahams,adietician,saiduntilthenitistooearlyforpeopletotrygrapefruitdiets.“Grapefruitshouldbepartofahealthybalanceddiet，butitshouldn’tbethefocusofthediet，”shesaid.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________[寫作指導(dǎo)]本文是一篇科普類說明文，主要介紹了葡萄柚的減肥功效。第一段介紹了葡萄柚用于減肥的歷史背景；第二至七段的內(nèi)容是：研究表明，葡萄柚對人的身體健康有很多好處；第八段介紹了葡萄柚汁減肥的局限性；最后一段對葡萄柚飲食提出了不同的意見。考生在作答時(shí)，應(yīng)注意條理清晰，避免混亂性語句；語言簡潔，要點(diǎn)全面，可將原文中涉及的人名、地名等非重要信息忽略，以節(jié)約詞數(shù)。另外，考生在作答時(shí)應(yīng)注意語言的準(zhǔn)確性和語句間的銜接性。Onepossibleversion：DietersthinkgrapefruitjuicehelpsloseweightandtheGrapefruitDietortheHollywoodDietwasapopularwayoflosingweightintheexperimentsconductedonmice,whichcanalsoapplytohumans,showthatgrapefruitjuicebenefitsthelossofweightandthecontrolofbloodsugarandinsulin,thefruitonlytakeseffectwhentheanimalseatfattyoppositeviewdoesn’tthinkeatinggrapefruitcanbethefocusofthediet.[評分原則]1．本題總分為25分，按5個(gè)檔次給分。2．評分時(shí)，先根據(jù)所寫概要的內(nèi)容和語言初步確定其所屬檔次，然后以該檔次的要求來衡量、確定或調(diào)整檔次，最后給分。3．詞數(shù)少于40和多于80的，從總分中減去2分。4．評分時(shí)，應(yīng)主要從以下四個(gè)方面考慮：(1)對原文要點(diǎn)的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；(2)應(yīng)用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性；(3)上下文的連貫性；(4)對各要點(diǎn)表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性情況。5．拼寫與標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號是語言準(zhǔn)確性的一個(gè)重要方面，評分時(shí)，應(yīng)視其對交際的影響程度予以考慮。6．如書寫較差以致影響閱讀，可將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個(gè)檔次。eq\a\vs4\al()理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全部要求，完全使用自己的語言，準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，得分相應(yīng)比較高。相反，如果概要寫作部分出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象，得分檔次將會(huì)大大降低；所寫內(nèi)容與所提供內(nèi)容無關(guān)不得分。題型破解(一)解題步驟1．解讀文本，提取關(guān)鍵詞概要寫作就是濃縮文章的一個(gè)過程，首先要解讀文本，并且要遵循整體閱讀的閱讀原則，把握文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)，然后提取關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞的提取在概要寫作中發(fā)揮著重要的作用，因此要盡可能保證其準(zhǔn)確性。如果關(guān)鍵詞提取把握不準(zhǔn)，將會(huì)導(dǎo)致一步錯(cuò)即步步錯(cuò)。首先將文章中的銜接詞標(biāo)注出來，并且對文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行梳理。(1)語篇中并不是每一個(gè)段落都有主題句，因此不能有依賴主題句而去找主題句的意識，有些段落沒有主題句，就應(yīng)當(dāng)尋找關(guān)鍵詞。(2)即使語篇段落中有主題句，而且主題句很明顯，但是主題句的替換難度比關(guān)鍵詞的替換難度要大，因此，如果對主題句有過度的依賴，思維方面會(huì)受到嚴(yán)重的限制。(3)從主題句中提取出來的關(guān)鍵詞，經(jīng)過還原之后會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)還原后的要點(diǎn)在表述和覆蓋上面欠缺完整性?；诖祟愒?，我們要對語篇關(guān)鍵詞和主題句的提取加以重視，從以下兩個(gè)方面著手：①直接提取。有些文本中主題句很明顯，而且對于目標(biāo)和要點(diǎn)也進(jìn)行了精準(zhǔn)的概括，這時(shí)候就可以采取直接提取法，從主題句中提取關(guān)鍵詞。如北京卷的：Thephenomenonoftrackingcelebritieshasbeenaroundforages.Inthe4thcenturyB．C.,paintersfollowedAlexandertheGreatintobattle,hopingtopicturehisvictoriesforhisadmirers.WhenCharlesDickensvisitedAmericainthe19thcentury,hissold-outreadingsattractedthousandsoffans,leadinghimtocomplain(抱怨)abouthislackofprivacy.Tabloidsofthe1920sand1930sranarticlesaboutfilm-starsinmuchthesamewaythatmoderntabloidsandwebsitesdo.“of...andof...forof...andwebsitesdo.”這一段就將整篇文章的目標(biāo)要點(diǎn)詳細(xì)概述出。主題句是開頭的第一句即“Thephenomenonof...forages.”我們可以直接從這一句中提取關(guān)鍵詞，如“forages”和“trackingcelebrities”，除此之外，還要提取語篇當(dāng)中的銜接詞，如“inthe4thcentury”，“the1920sand1930s”等，這些詞將下文中的時(shí)間信息精準(zhǔn)概括起來，利用這些關(guān)鍵詞，可以有效還原原文的脈絡(luò)。②間接整合。如果語篇中沒有明顯的主題句，而且關(guān)鍵詞也不集中，在文本結(jié)構(gòu)中比較分散，這個(gè)時(shí)候，可以篩選段落中的關(guān)鍵詞并進(jìn)行整合。如四川卷中的Generally,peoplebelievethatthehormoneoxytocinisletoutinourbodyinvarioussocialsituationsandourbodycreatesalargeamountofitduringpositivesocialinteractions(互動(dòng))suchasfallinginloveorgivinginapreviousexperimentProfessorRyanfoundthatthehormoneisalsoletoutinourbodyduringnegativesocialinteractionssuchas，但是沒有主題句子，即使有較多的銜接詞如“but”，“generally”也并未有多大的作用，這時(shí)候就應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)行間接整合，提取這一部分中的關(guān)鍵詞，如“isletout”，“socialinteractions”以及“negative”等。2．?dāng)U詞成句擴(kuò)詞成句是概要寫作的最基本要求，在這個(gè)過程中，我們應(yīng)用推理對關(guān)鍵詞和主題句進(jìn)行反復(fù)的推敲，爭取還原的要點(diǎn)與原文的要點(diǎn)守恒，既不多也不少。一般還原包含兩個(gè)部分，一是簡單句，二是復(fù)合句。簡單句可以利用同義詞替換，即在提取關(guān)鍵詞之后，對其進(jìn)行簡單的擴(kuò)充，將關(guān)鍵詞變成簡單的句子，這樣不僅保證表達(dá)的要點(diǎn)不變，還使替換后的語篇在句子表達(dá)上面更加豐富。對于復(fù)合句，在關(guān)鍵詞擴(kuò)充成句的基礎(chǔ)上再用一些合適的連接詞進(jìn)行連接，既豐富了句子的表達(dá)形式，又保證了句子的結(jié)構(gòu)連貫、完整。3．增添色彩，使語篇更加豐富提取關(guān)鍵詞并對關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行擴(kuò)詞組句之后，接下來就要將這些句子自然銜接起來，使文章結(jié)構(gòu)和諧。通過增加連接詞、采用連接句以及應(yīng)用篇章結(jié)構(gòu)等方式，突出文章的要點(diǎn)，使文章讀起來流暢。(二)解題流程1．細(xì)讀原文。首先要仔細(xì)閱讀所給短文，掌握文章主旨和結(jié)構(gòu)，明確各段的大意。2．弄清要求。概要寫作是寫全文的概要，不是寫某一部分的概要，也不是單就某些問題寫出要點(diǎn)。3．列出原文要點(diǎn)。分析原文的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)，將內(nèi)容分項(xiàng)扼要表述并注意在結(jié)構(gòu)上的順序。在此基礎(chǔ)上選出與文章主題密切相關(guān)的部分。4．動(dòng)筆前五定：(1)定體裁：通過閱讀原文確定寫作體裁。(2)定主題：根據(jù)原文中的內(nèi)容確定文章的主題。(3)定時(shí)態(tài)：如果材料是過去時(shí)，那么基本時(shí)態(tài)用過去時(shí)；如果材料是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，那么基本時(shí)態(tài)就用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。(4)定人稱：一般情況下用第三人稱寫作。特殊情況，如書信可用第一、第二人稱。(5)定技巧：結(jié)合相關(guān)技巧，重新組句。eq\a\vs4\al()牢記詞數(shù)要求，使用地道表達(dá)。明確寫作詞數(shù)的上下限、采用高級或精簡句式濃縮多個(gè)信息點(diǎn)于一句中，高度概括所給文章內(nèi)容。弄清寫作任務(wù)中的人稱和時(shí)態(tài)，準(zhǔn)確、地道地表達(dá)，充分展示語言的表現(xiàn)力。(1)概要應(yīng)包括原文中的主要事實(shí)，略去不必要的細(xì)節(jié)。(2)安排好篇幅的比例，概要應(yīng)同原文保持協(xié)調(diào)，即用較多的文字寫重要內(nèi)容，用較少的文字寫次要內(nèi)容?；旧暇褪嵌温浯笠狻Ｃ慷我痪湓捀爬ɑ蛘邇啥我粋€(gè)大意，最多用兩句話概括。(3)注意要點(diǎn)之間的銜接，要用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞語貫通全文，切忌只簡單地羅列一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每兩句之間都加關(guān)聯(lián)詞語，以免顯得生硬。每句話要表意明白，無空泛、籠統(tǒng)、含混之詞。(4)不排斥用原文的某些詞句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的話語表達(dá)，至少對原文句子做一些同義詞替換，如果結(jié)構(gòu)上也能有一些轉(zhuǎn)換會(huì)更好。(5)計(jì)算詞數(shù)，看是否符合規(guī)定的詞數(shù)要求。以40－80詞為宜。(6)概要寫作中的三忌：忌照抄原文；忌私加觀點(diǎn)；忌不符字?jǐn)?shù)。(三)高分技巧(四)常用方法1．同義替換法Ididn’tcatchanyfishowingtothefactthatIwasnotpatient.→Ididn’tcatchanyfishbecauseIwasnotpatient.2．正反法Youwillfail.→Youwillnotsucceed．3．詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法Patienceisveryimportant.→Patienceisofgreatimportance．4．句式變換法語態(tài)變換：Parentsshouldgivechildrenmorepraise.→Childrenshouldbegivenmorepraise.簡單句變復(fù)合句：Childrenshouldbeencouragedwillhelpthemlearnfaster.→Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore,whichwillhelpthemlearnfaster．Childrenaregivenmorewillachievemoresuccess.→Whengivenmorepraise,_childrenwillachievemoresuccess.5．連詞銜接法注意使用一些短而精的連詞，如but,and,so,while,however,then,thus,yet,for,therefore,including,insteadof等。Weshouldencourageshouldnotscoldthem.→Weshouldencouragestudentsinsteadofscoldingthem.巧設(shè)加分點(diǎn)，想辦法為作文加分(1)多使用各種連詞，使文章更為連貫。順接、遞進(jìn)：firstly/secondly/thirdly,besides,inaddition,what’smore,what’sworse,what’smoreimportant,moreover,also,finally,lastbutnotleast轉(zhuǎn)折：but,however,nevertheless,yet,instead,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,although,while原因：because,becauseof,since,as,for,nowthat,thanksto,dueto結(jié)果：so,therefore,asaresult,sothat,then,so...that,such...that總結(jié)：tosumup,toconclude,inconclusion,insummary,inaword,ingeneral,inshort,aboveall,afterall,generallyspeaking(2)多使用高級詞匯、短語和句式進(jìn)行變換，不要重復(fù)使用一個(gè)句式和短語。同時(shí)要注意避免常見錯(cuò)誤：不要為了減少句數(shù)而不斷使用逗號，可以通過從句、連詞、非謂語等來減少句數(shù)。如：Itwasraininghard,sotheycouldnotworkinthefields.6．詞序改變法Thesecretofsuccesswaspatience.→Patiencewasthesecretofsuccess.7．細(xì)節(jié)省略法Don’talwaysscoldandgivelotsofpraiseinstead.→Don’tscoldandgivepraiseinstead.8．句意理解法ShoppingontheInternetisbecomingincreasinglypopular.→MoreandmorepeoplepreferInternetshopping.(五)寫作模板1．記敘文概要寫作模板點(diǎn)明寫作目的類：Thewritertellsus...(主題)byshowingusanexampleof...,who/which...(故事情節(jié))作者經(jīng)歷類：Inthepassage,thewritermainlytellsushisexperienceofdoingsth.,which...他人經(jīng)歷類：Thispassageismainlyaboutsb.’sexperienceofdoingsth...2．議論文概要寫作模板Thearticlegivestheviewthat...should/shouldn’t...(主題)．..(補(bǔ)充論據(jù))Thepassagehighlightstheimportanceofsth...Theauthorarguesthat...3．說明文概要寫作模板現(xiàn)象解釋類：Thisarticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon...(主題),which...(補(bǔ)充解釋)利弊對比類：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.Thepassagediscussestheimpactofthepositiveside...,butitmayalso...研究顯示類：Thestudyrevealsthat...Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat...eq\a\vs4\al([即時(shí)演練])A閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Thesedaysoursocietydevelopsrapidlyandforcespeopletorush.Itappearsthatpeoplehavegotusedtobeinginahurry.However,it’sbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.Themainreasonthatconvincesustoopposedoingworkinahurryisthepossibilityofdoingwrongsinarush.Whenpeopledotheirjobsortakeactioninahurry,theycan’tmakeasounddecisionandprobablyregretlater.Asthesayinggoes，“Hastemakeswaste.”Weshouldthinkcarefullybeforemakingadecisionanddoourworklessquickly.Weshouldnotmakemistakesbydoingworkhurriedly.Slowingdownthepaceoflifehelpspeopleenjoytheirlifebetter.Forexample,takingatraintosomeplacecertainlywilltakemoretimethantakingaplane.However,takingatrainmakespeoplehaveenoughtimetogettoknowalotofnewfriends.Besides,itallowspeopletofullyenjoythebeautifulsceneryalongtheway.Onthecontrary,beinginahurrywillmakeuslosechancesofenjoyingourlives.Finally,slowerlifepaceprovidesbetterhealthconditionsforus.Asisknowntoall,takingactioninahurrybotherspeopleandraisestheirstress.Peoplethinkiftheyarenotinahurry,theywillbecomealoserandthatannoysthem.Butbeinginahurrycanhurtpeoplebothphysicallyandmentally.Accordingtosomestudies,peoplewhohaveaslowerpacesufferfewerdiseases,tendtobehappierandlivemuchlongerthanthosewhoselifeistense,eveniftheformerfinishjobsmoreslowlythanthelatter.Inshort,workingquicklywillbringaboutmorematerialbenefitstomakeoursocietymoreadvanced.Yet,muchstresscan’tbringenjoyment,friendsandhealth,whicharemuchmoreimportantthanmoneyandothermaterialadvantages.Therefore,takeyourtimeandliveyourlifeataslowerpace.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：Tolivelifeataslowerpaceisbetterthantolivelifeinahurry.Therearethreereasonsfor,doingthingsinahurrywillraisethepossibilityofmaking,beinginahurrywillnotgivepeopleenoughtimetoenjoytheir,doingthingsinahurryraisespeople’spressureandthereforeisbadfortheirbrief,itisbetterforpeopletolivelifeataslowerpacethantolivelifeinahurry.B閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Manypeoplearefondoflisteningtomusic.Whetherit’slightmusicorjazzmusic,itcanimproveourmoods.Musichasbeenwithussinceveryearlytimesinhumanhistory.Haveyoueverwonderedhowmusicmightaffectourhealth?Researchshowsthathavingmusicaltrainingandlisteningtoorplayingmusicatanoldagecanhelpkeepthebrainhealthy.Sincelisteningtomusicislikeexercisingthebrain,onecanexpectthebenefitsofbettermemoryandmentalsharpnessasheorsheages.Musiccanmakeyoufeelhappy,excitedorevenpumpedup.Listeningtomusicthathitsyouinaspecialwaycausesyourbraintoreleasedopamine,whichisknownasa“feel-good”chemical.Itcausestofeelhappyandtomusicprovidesuswiththesameburstofhappinessthatwewouldgetfromeatingapieceofchocolate.Musiccanstrengthentheheartandshortentherecoverytimeofpatientswhoaresufferingfromheartdisease.Astudyfoundthatheartdiseasepatientswholistenedtomusicfor30minuteshadlowerbloodpressure,slowerheartratesandlesssadnessthanthosewhodidn’t.ResearchersfromDrexelUniversityfoundthatcancerpatientswhoeitherlistenedtomusicorworkedwithamusictherapisthadbetterbloodpressurelevelsandimprovedmoods.Musiccanreducelevelsofthestresshormone,whichweakenstheimmune(免疫)system,increasingriskofheartdisease,affectinglearningandmemory,loweringbonedensity(密度)andbloodpressure,etc.Researchfoundthatbylisteningtojust50minutesofupliftingmusic,thelevelsofantibodiesinthehumanbodyincrease.Researchhasfoundthatlisteningtomusicpromotesbettersleeppatternsforpeopleandevencreatesmorerestfulsleep.Insomecases,musicmightevenbeabletobeusedtoeffectivelytreatsleeplessness.Musiccanhavepositiveeffectsonthesoulandqualityoflifeaswell.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：Musichasbeenpartofourlivessinceancienttimesanditbenefitsourcankeeptheaginghealthyandmakeushappyorcheerforitsmedicalbenefits,musicisgoodforpatientswithheartdisease,highbloodpressureorcancerandcanboostourimmune,musiccanhelpussleepwellandpositivelyaffectoursoulandlifequality.C閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Anewstudyhasbeenpublishedthatputswaterqualityandtheskinofbabiesunderthemicroscope.Dr.CarstenFlohrandhisteamatKing’sCollegeLondonpresentedtheresultsoftheirpopulation-basedstudyinTheJournalofAllergyandClinicalImmunology.Researchersinvolvedabout1，500three-month-oldbabiesfromacrosstheU．K.inthisstudy.Theylookedspecificallyatthelevelofcalciumcarbonate(碳酸鈣)inthewater,whichisameasureofwaterhardness.Thelevelofchlorine(氯)inthefamily’swatersupplywasalsotakenintoconsideration,aswastheuseofbathing,products,andhowregularlythebabieswerebathed.Thebabieswerethenexaminedforthepresenceofchildhoodeczema(濕疹).Thenaturalbarrieroftheirskinwasalsoexamined;babieswerescreenedfortheFLGgenewhichisassociatedwithanaffectedskinbarrier.Thestudyfoundthathardwaterislinkedtoan87percentincreasedriskofeczemaforbabiesofthreemonthsofage.“Ourstudybuildsongrowingevidenceofalinkbetweenexposuretohardwaterandtheriskofdevelopingeczemainchildhood.It’snotyetclearwhethercalciumcarbonatehasadirectbadeffectontheskinbarrier,orwhetherotherenvironmentalfactorsdirectlyrelatedtowaterhardness,suchasthewater’spH,mayberesponsible，”Dr.CarstenFlohrsaid.Andthestudy,thankfully,doesn’tendthere.Dr.Flohrwillbeexaminingtheseresultsfurther,withanewstudyintheworks.Thislatestudyisduetobeginlaterthisyearandthequestiontheywillbeseekingtoansweriswhetheradevicetolowerwaterhardnessinhouseholdswillhaveanyeffectontheskinofbabies.Ifadeviceisintroducedintoahouseholdwhenababyisborn,willtheriskofeczemadevelopingbereduced?Forthosewithbabiesorchildrensuffering,thiscouldbethenewsyouhavehopedfor.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：Newresearchintothelinkbetweenwaterqualityandinfantskinhealthhasmadedrawtheconclusion,researchersexaminedabout1，5003-month-oldinfants,takingvariousfactorssuchaswaterhardnessintoconsiderafoundhardwatermadetheriskofeczemaforbabiesincreaseby87%,butquestionslikewhethercalciumcarbonateharmstheskinbarrierdirectlyremainunclear.Dr.Flohrwillfurtherexaminewhetherahouseholddeviceloweringwaterhardnessbenefitsbabies’skinorprotectsthemfromeczema.D閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Ifyouhaven’tseenalpacameat(羊駝肉)onthemenuyet,chancesareyousoonwill.Itisrisinginpopularity;about70restaurantsacrossAustraliafeaturethemeatintheirdishes.AmongthemisMelbournerestaurantPastuso,whoseheadchefappearedinavideobytheAustralianAlpacaAssociationtodiscusshowpeoplehavelikedthedish.AlejandroSaravia,aPeruviancookatPastuso,describedthetasteassimilartobeef.“AlpacameathasbeenverywellenjoyedbytheAustralianpublic，”hesaidinthevideo.FamouscookMattMoran,whoownssomeofSydney’sleadingrestaurants,wroteanarticleforTheDailyTelegraphtodiscusshisexperienceofcookingalpacameat.Moransaidhehadnevertriedthemeatuntilhevisitedanalpacafarm，anddescribedtheflavouras“verytasty”，especiallythemeatfromtheneck.AlpacameathasalsostarredindishesattheMelbourneFoodandWineFestival,withTheAgereportingin2013about20Australianrestaurantsservedthemeat,anumberwhichhasgrownquicklysince.MelbournerestaurantSanTelmo’sheadcookMikePatrickresearchedanalpacadish,andsaidtheresponsewasmixed.“Itwas50/50:somepeoplesaid‘ohwow—whatareyoucookingthatfor?No,thankyou’andothersthought‘thisisreallycoolandsomethingdifferentandIwanttohaveatry’.Thepeoplewhotrieditlovedit.It’sapointofdifferenceandpeoplelikethat.”InAustraliaalpacasarefarmedmainlyfortheirfur,buttheAustralianAlpacaAssociationwebsitesaidfarmingalpacasformeatisagrowingindustry.Alpacameatisagoodsourceofproteinwithlittlesaturatedfatandcholesterol(膽固醇);itisalsoenvironmentallyfriendlywhenpeoplefeedthem.Alpacasareabletostanddryconditionsforlongerthanmostotheranimals,andtheirsoftfeetcauselittledamagetothesoilandecosystem.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：Youmaysoonenjoyalpacameatbecauseitisbecomingandmorerestaurantsareservingitforitsdelicioustaste,whichisthoughthighlyofbyhalfpeoplewanttotryitandlikeitstastewhileothersevenrefusetotrymeatisrichinhealthbeneficialproteinandraisingalpacasdoeslittleharmtotheenvironmentandecosystem,whichleadstothedevelopmentoftheindustryoffeedingalpacasformeat.E閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Isthereanyfeelingonearthquitelikethatofachildonthefirstdayofthesummerholidays?Thesenseoffreedomandpotential,afterhoursspentstaringhopefullyatbrowninggrassandcloudlessskiesthroughclassroomwindows.Atthebeginningofthesummerholidays,yourdaysstretchoutbeforeyoulikechewinggum,waitingtobefilledwithadventure.Ifyouwereanythinglikeme,mostofthemwillhavebeenspentoutside:running,climbing,swimming,andplaying.Thedoingwordsoftoday’schildrenaresomewhatdifferent.Therearegaming,sitting,andeating.Indeed,areporthasfoundthatchildren’slazysummerholidaysareresponsibleforwipingoutchildren’sfitnesslevels.Thestudyof400childrenin14schoolsfoundthatfitnesslevelsimprovedoverthecourseoftheacademicyear,onlytobeundone(打破)bythelongsummerholidays.Intermsofphysicalactivity,theminimumforchildrenshouldbe60minutesaday.Thisreportindicatesthatchildrenarefailingtoachieveeventhat.Muchofthiscanbeblamedonthetechnologythatwassimplyunavailablebeforenow.Asasociety,wearegoodatwastingtime;wearenowspending25hoursaweekontheInternet,andmostofthatwillbeindoors.Manychildrenseemtohavetheirtimestrictlyplanned—school,after-schoolactivities,homework,bed—sorelaxinginfrontofascreenmustseemlikeawonderfulideaincomparison.Asamatteroffact,manyofushaveforgottenhowtoexistinthemoment.Thereisnoonemoremindfulthanachildontheirsummerholidays.Inthemoment,allthatmattersistherockpoolyou’rein,thesandbetweenyourtoes,andtheechoingbounce(回升反彈)oftheball.Areyouevermoreconnectedwithyoursensesthanwhenyouareinnature?Evenifthatnatureisapatchofgrassattheendofyourstreet,inyourimaginationitcanbecomeajungle.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：Asisknown,summerholidaysarereallyattractivetochildrenwithsomanywonderfulexperiencesout,today’schildrenspendmostoftheirsummerholidaysstudyfindsthefastdevelopmentofmoderntechnologyhelpschildrengetmorerelaxation,whichleadstothechildren’s,theyshouldfindmorechancestogetclosetonaturetoexistinthemoment.F閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Theimportanceofcommunicationskillscannotbelookeddownon.Goodcommunicationskillsarenecessaryinallwalksoflife.Thelackofeffectivecommunicationskillshasanegativeimpactonthepersonalaswellasprofessionallifeofaperson.Goodcommunicationskillsareanimportantconditionforbeingcommunication,ratherthanhavingnoability,preventsthedoctorfromconveyingtothepatientthattheformerhasthebestinterestsofthepatientinmind.Forinstance,adoctormaybeknowledgeableinhisareaofwork.However,apatientmayfeelneglectedorignoredifthedoctorisnotparticularlygoodatcommunicating.Thepatientmayalsoconsidergettingasecondopinion.Asimplemiscommunication,especially,whenoneisill,makesonefeelawful.Agooddoctor,whoisabletoputpatientsateasewithafewcomfortinggesturesandwords,willdefinitelybeofgreatbenefittoanyhospital.Ateacher,whoisabletocommunicatewellwithstudents,caninspirethemtolearnandparticipateinclass.Aworkshopleaderneedstobeabletocommunicate.Withouteffectivecommunication,thegoalofworkshopimprovementcannotberealized.Theleadersneedtobeabletoencouragetheirworkerstocomeupwiththeirgoodviews.Goodcommunicationskillsareaninvaluablecharactertoasalespersonsincehe/shehastoletmorepeoplebuyhis/herproducts.Thisisdonebyassessingtheneedsofthebuyerandsuggestingaproductthatwouldmeetthebuyer’srequirements.Theproductmayofferavastarrayofeasy-to-usefeaturesthatwoulddefinitelyhelpinimprovingthequalityoflifeoftheuser.Whiletheimportanceofverbalcommunicationcannotbelookeddownon,onecannotignorewrittencommunication.Asimplebillboard,carryingawell-writtenmessage,managestoholdourattentionatacrossing.Authorshavebeenattractingreadersbythepoweroftheirwords.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：Itisrevealedthathavinggoodcommunicationskillsisimportantforallkindsofpeople.Adoctorpopularwiththehospitalisalwaysthepersonwhoisgoodatcommunicatingwithateacherhelpingstudentslearnwellisalwaysthepersonwhocancommunicatewellwithstudents，,withgoodcommunicationskills，workshopleaderscanalsorealizeworkshopimprovementsandsalespersonscansellmore’smore,writtencommunicationisimportantaswellasverbalcommunication.G閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Afewsummersago,Bethanyhadtogointothehospitalforthreedaysofmedicaltests.Onetestrequiredhertobeawakeformorethan30hours.Whilehermumstayedwithher,itwashardtokeepBethanyawakethewholetime.So,oneofBethany’sbestfriends,Shannon,askedhermomtobringhertothehospitaltostaywithBethanyandhelpkeepherawake.Theyarrivedat2：00a．m.Ifthatisn’tasignoftruefriendship,nothingwillbe.ShannonwasabletostaywithBethany,whichlethermothergetafewhoursofsleep.WithoutShannontohelpsharetheload,thewholestayinthehospitalwouldhavebeenmuchmoredifficult.Friendseaseburdens.Whenafriendisgoingthroughdifficulttimes,beingtheretoencouragethem,evenifit’sjustbeingashouldertocryonortosimplylisten,canmakeallthedifferenceintheworld.Evenwhenthingsaregoinggreat,havingsomeonerecognizeandappreciateyouraccomplishmentscanbejustasimportant.Withsomuchemphasisplacedonsuccessandaccomplishmentinthisdayandage,havingsomeonetowitnessyourachievementscanmakeeventheminorvictoriesmeaningful.Unfortunately,sometimes,loyaltycanbetested.We’veallhadsituationswheresomeonewe’dconsideratruefriendhasletusdown.Friends,eventruefriends,arestillhumanandbecausethey’rehumantheycanmakemistakes.Forgivenessisessentialinfriendship.Acceptingafriendeventhoughtheymaymakeamistakeshowsthemthatyourespectthemenoughtorealizethey’rehuman.Nooneisperfect.Haveyoualwaysliveduptoyourhighestpotential?Sometimes,wecanbethecauseofproblemsthatcreatenegativeeffectsforpeoplewhowerecountingonus.Becauseofthis,friendshipcanbetested.Atruefriendacceptsyourfaultsandall,though.Agenuinefriendunderstandsthatyoumakemistakes.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：AscanbeseeninthestoryofShannonandBethany,friendshipisimportantinourlife.Friendscannoton