非謂語動詞綜合

非謂語動詞綜合非謂語動詞，即不作謂語的動詞，包括：分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞）、不定式和動名詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞(動詞-ing形式)：否定式為notdoing,作表語(略)、定語、賓補(bǔ)、主語和狀語一、-ing形式作定語，可以改寫為一個(gè)定語從句：1.ThepersonwritingontheblackboardisTom.ThepersonwhoiswritingontheblackboardisTom.2.Itisfunnytoseesomeoneslidingonabananaskin.Itisfunnytoseesomeonewhoisslidingonabananaskin.3.Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Chinaisacountrythat/whichisdeveloping.4.ChaplingotaspecialOscarforhislifetimeoutstandingwork.ChaplingotaspecialOscarforhislifetimeworkthat/whichisoutstanding.二、-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)，跟隨于：1.表指使的詞(使役動詞)后have,set,keep,catch,leave等，有“持續(xù)，一直”之意。.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaitinglong.Don’tleavethebabycrying.別讓孩子一直哭。Hehadthelightburningallnight.他讓燈亮了一整夜。區(qū)別：havesth.done，使某事(被別人)做,havemyhaircut./havethemachinemended.havesb.(to)do,讓某人做，

The

boss

often

has

them

work

for

14

hours

a

day.2.表示感覺的詞(感觀動詞)和表示狀態(tài)動詞后see/lookat/notice/watch/observe/catch/feel/find/smell/hear/listento等，和其前面的賓語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系：.Canyousmellanythingburning?Weheardhersinginginherroom.YoumayfinditastonishingthatCharliewastaughttosingassoonashecouldspeak.三、-ing分詞作主語(謂語動詞用單數(shù))1.Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.眼見為實(shí)。

2.ComingtoHangzhoubytraintakesabout16hours.

乘火車到杭州要16個(gè)小時(shí)。

3.Beingexposedtothesunisharmfultotheskin.※句型:Thereisnopoint/needindoingsth.沒必要做某事Thereisnouse(in)doingsth.Thereisnosense(in)doingsth.It’snouse/nogooddoingsth做.......沒有用處/好處It’sawasteoftimedoingsth做....浪費(fèi)時(shí)間Itisworthdoingsth.（主動表被動，“值得被….”）=Itisworthytobedone.(被動)（沒有beworthytodosth.的用法)=Itisworthyofbeingdone值得做某事如：It'sworthspendingtimeworkingonyourPodiatryPractice.(spendindoing)Thequestionisnotworthdiscussingagainandagain.Thebookis

worthy

of

beingread/to

be

read區(qū)別不定式作主語：Itispoliteofyou/easyforyoutodosth.四、-ing形式作狀語，表方式、伴隨情況、時(shí)間、條件、原因或結(jié)果等。(一)表方式或伴隨動作時(shí)，此分詞動作的主語必須與整個(gè)句子的主語相同。1.Hesatonthesofa,watchingTV.=HesatonthesofaandwatchedTV.)2.Laughingandtalking，theywentintotheclassroom.=Theywentintotheclassroomandlaughedandtalked.3.Hestoodleaningagainstthewall.=Hestoodandleanedagainstthewall.)4.Thewomansmileshappily,holdinghersoninarms.=Thewomansmileshappilyandholdshersoninarms.(二)時(shí)間狀語1.謂語動作發(fā)生在分詞所表示的動作過程之中：可用when/while引導(dǎo)的從句改寫。Walkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.=WhenIwaswalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.)Whilewaitingforthebus,hereadacopyofChinaDaily.=WhileIwaswaitingforthebus,hereadacopyofChinaDaily.)2.分詞動作一發(fā)生，謂語動作緊跟著發(fā)生：也可用on+doing表達(dá)，表示“一…就…”Hearing

their

teacher's

voice,

the

pupils

stopped

talking

at

once.=

On

hearing

their

teacher's

voice,the

pupils

stopped

talking

at

once.3.謂語動作發(fā)生在分詞動作完成之后，則用after+doing/afterhaving

done表示,前者更常用，后者更具強(qiáng)調(diào)性；還可以用after

/when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句來替換，從句用過去完成式。Having

driven

all

day,we

were

rather

tired.=Afterdriving

all

day,we

were

rather

tired.=Afterhaving

driven

all

day,we

were

rather

tired.(不常用)=Afterwehaddriven

all

day,we

were

rather

tired.Having

finished

his

homework,

the

boy

was

allowed

to

watch

TV

play.=Afterhavingfinishedhis

homework,

the

boy

was

allowed

to

watch

TV

play.=After

/when

he

had

finished

his

homework,

the

boywas

allowed

to

watch

TV

play.否定式：Not

having

done

it

right,

I

tried

again.(三)原因狀語1.Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschool.=Ashewasill,hedidn’tgotoschool.2.Beingastudent,youshouldstudyhard.=Sinceyouareastudent,youshouldstudyhard.3.Thinkinghemightbeathome,Icalledhim.=AsIthoughthemightbeathome,Icalledhim.(四)結(jié)果狀語A).作結(jié)果狀語的現(xiàn)分短語的邏輯主語（即意義上的主語），可以是整個(gè)句子的主語(句1)，也可以是前面的整個(gè)句子（句2，指所敘述的這件事）。因此，在第一種情況中，現(xiàn)分短語相當(dāng)于由and連接的并列謂語；第二種情況中，現(xiàn)分短語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，引導(dǎo)詞which指代前面的整個(gè)句子所述事實(shí)。句子的主謂部分與分詞之間含有邏輯上的因果關(guān)系。下句1、2為第一種情況，句3—8均為第二種情況：1.Hermotherdiedin1990,leavingherwithheryoungerbrother.=Hermotherdiedin1990andleftherwithheryoungerbrother.2.Hedroppedtheglass,breakingitintopieces.=andbrokeitintopieces.3.Thesongissungalloverthecountry,makingitthemostpopularsong.=Thesongissungalloverthecountry,，whichmakesitthemostpopularsong.4.....up

to

50%

of

the

area’s

population

died

from

this

epidemic

making

it

one

of

the

main

causes

of

the

fall

of

the

Roman

Empire.

即：

...

up

to

50%

of

the

area’s

population

died

from

this

epidemic,

which

makes

it

one

of

the

main

causes

of

the

fall

of

the

Roman

Empire.

…多達(dá)50%的人口死于那場瘟疫，使之成為羅馬帝國衰落的主要原因之一。5.Terri

had

fallen

into

a

coma

in

1990

when

a

heart

attack

robbed

her

brain

of

oxygen

causing

permanent

harm.即：1990年，特瑞陷入了昏迷狀態(tài)，當(dāng)時(shí)一次心臟病奪走了她大腦中的氧氣，給她造成了永久性的傷害。6.WinterinIndiasetsinNovemberandcontinuesuntilFebruary,permitingthecultivationofwheat.印度的冬季從11月延續(xù)到次年2月，所以可以種小麥。7.Hedidn’tcometoday,makingitnecessaryforustofindsomeonetodohiswork.8.Whenmineralsareextractedfromlandsurfacemines,grassesandtreesmustberemoved,causingerosionofthebareearth.從地表露天開礦采礦時(shí)，必須割草伐木，從而導(dǎo)致植被破壞和土壤流失。B).現(xiàn)在分詞短語在句中作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)，通常位于句末，中間可以用逗號隔開，也可以不用。有時(shí)為了加強(qiáng)語氣，還可以在分詞前加thus/thereby。例如：9.The

new

machines

will

work

faster,

thus

reducing

our

cost.

新的機(jī)器將運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)得更快，因此降低了我們的成本。10.Carbonburnsinoxygenorair,therebyformingcarbondioxide.碳在氧或空氣中燃燒，因而形成了二氧化碳。11.Anumberofnewmachineswereinstalledinthefactory,thusresultinginanincreaseinproduction.這家工廠安裝了許多新機(jī)器，因而增加了產(chǎn)量。12.Whentheseindustriesareestablishedinthemarketarea,moreworkersareemployed,therebyaddingtoitseconomy.當(dāng)這些工業(yè)在時(shí)常區(qū)建立起來時(shí)，更多的工人被雇傭，因此增強(qiáng)了本地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)。試翻譯下兩句：13.

1942年她丈夫死了，給她丟下了五個(gè)孩子。

14.

雪下了一個(gè)星期，造成了整個(gè)地區(qū)嚴(yán)重的交通混亂.113.Her

husband

died

in

1942,

leaving

her

with

five

children.

14.

The

snow

lasted

a

week,

resulting

in

a

serious

traffic

confusion

in

the

whole

area.(五)條件狀語15.Usingyourhead,youwillfindaway.=Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfindaway.16.Walkingahead,youwillseeawhitehouse.=過去分詞：作狀語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和表語兩組不規(guī)則動詞的巧記：游泳下沉喝一口水,開始唱歌按一次鈴.swimswamswumbeginbeganbegunsinksanksunksingsangsungdrinkdrankdrunkringrangrung有a寫成augh,沒a寫成oughThinkthoughtthoughtfightfoughtfoughtbringbroughtbroughtbuyboughtboughtteachtaughttaughtcatchcaughtcaught一、過去分詞在句中的成分：Mr.Smithwasamongtheexcitedcrowdswavingtothefamousfilmstar.(定語)Inatrafficaccident,whomshouldwehelpfirst:theinjuredpeopleorthosewhohavefainted?(定)IwasrathersurprisedwhenIwastoldaboutthegreatfire.(表)Ifoundthatshedidn’tseemchangedmuch.(表)Atthenews,theteacherwassatisfied.(表)Iraisedmyvoicetomakemyselfheard.(賓補(bǔ))7.Shefoundthedoorbrokeninwhenshecameback.8.Mygrandfatherhadhisoldhouserebuilt.二、過去分詞作狀語，說明謂語動作發(fā)生的背景或條件；表示原因、時(shí)間、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。過去分詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)從句或一個(gè)獨(dú)立句子。1.Builtin1910,themuseumisalmost100yearsold.(時(shí)間)=Themuseumwasbuiltin1910.Themuseumisalmost100yearsold.2.Seenfromthespace,theearthlooksblue.(時(shí)間)=Whentheearthisseenfromspace,theearthlooksblue.3.Keptinrefrigerator,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.（條件）=Ifthesevegetablesarekeptinrefrige,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.4.Beatenbytheenemy,herefusedtoletoutthesecret.（條件）=Althoughhewasbeatenbytheenemy,herefusedtoletoutthesecret.5.Givenmoreattention,thefirecouldhavebeenavoided.(條件)=Ifitwasgivenmoreattention,thefirecouldhavebeenavoided6.Givensomeadvicebythefamousscientist,thestudentwasnotworriedabouthisscientificexperimentanymore.(原因)=Becausethestudentwasgivensomeadvicebythefamousscientist,hewasnotworriedabouthisscientificexperimentanymore.7.Encouragedbyhismother,theboywasveryhappy.（原因）=Ashewasencouragedbyhismother,theboywasveryhappy.8.Frightenedbytheloudnoise,Iwenttoseewhatwashappening.(原因)=Iwasfrightenedbytheloudnoise.Iwenttoseewhatwashappening.9.Hitbythelackoffreshair,hegotabadheadache.(原因)=Hewashitbythelackoffreshair.Hegotabadheadache.10.Deeplymovedbythestory,thechildrenbegantocry.（原因）=Astheyweredeeplymoved,thechildrenbegantocry.11.Leftaloneathome,Jennydidn’tfeelafraidatall.(讓步)=Althoughtshewasleftaloneathome,Jennydidn’tfeelafraidatall.12.Surroundedbythestudents,theteacherwentintothelab.（方式或伴隨）=Theteacherwassurroundedbythestudentsandhewentintothelab.13.Shewalkedoutofthehouse,followedbyherlittledaughter.（方式或伴隨）=Shewalkedoutofthehouse,andshewasfollowedbyherlittledaughter.C．現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞用法綜合：一、分詞主語必須與句子主語一致：ThosewhowishtojointheclubshouldsignhereThosewishingtojointhisclubshouldsignhere.Theman,

whohadbeendisturbedsobadly,almostlosthismemory.由于被嚴(yán)重困擾，這個(gè)人幾乎失去了記憶。Theman,havingbeendisturbedsobadly,almostlosthismemory.Hearingthebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.Whentheyheardthebadnews.....Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.IftheyhadbeengivenmoreattentionBeingsoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep.Becausehewassoangry.....二、邏輯關(guān)系：現(xiàn)在分詞動作表主動（或正在進(jìn)行），過去分詞動作表被動（或已經(jīng)完成）。1.He

went

out,

shutting

the

door

behind

him.

2.Given

more

encouragement,

the

boy

could

have

behaved

better.

如果多給這個(gè)孩子一些鼓勵，他本來會表現(xiàn)得更好。

Faced

with

difficulties,

we

must

try

to

overcome

them.三、時(shí)間概念：1.過去分詞：所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，或表示“一種狀態(tài)”，與謂語動作同時(shí)發(fā)生或存在。

※Written

in

a

hurry,

this

article

was

not

so

good.

因?yàn)閷懙么颐?，這篇文章不是很好。

2.現(xiàn)在分詞：1）一般式(doing)：表示的動作與謂語動作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行；※Reading

carefully,

he

found

something

he

hadn’t

known

before.

他仔細(xì)讀書時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。

2）完成式(having

done)：表示發(fā)生在謂語動作之前的一個(gè)“主動式”動作；※Having

washedalltheclothes,shehadarest.

洗完所有衣服，她休息了。

※Nothavingfinished

her

homework,

shecouldn’tgo

home.作業(yè)還沒做完，她不能回家。3）完成式的被動式(having

been

done)：常和表示次數(shù)的短語連用，表示發(fā)生在謂語動作之前的一個(gè)“被動動作”，這種情況下不能換做過去分詞，其他情況下通?？蓳Q作去分詞，使句式更簡潔。

※Having

been

discussed

several

times,

the

decision

was

finally

made.

進(jìn)行了幾次討論后，終于做出了決定。※Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldyougiveup!給了你這么好的機(jī)會，你怎么能放棄！※Havingbeenwarnedbytheteacher,thestudentsdidn'tmakesuchmistakes.老師警告他們之后，學(xué)生們不再犯這樣的錯誤了?！鵋avingbeentoldmanytimes,hestilldidnotknowhowtodoit.已經(jīng)告訴他多少次了，他還是不知道怎么做。4)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(havingbeendoing),表示過去某動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還將持續(xù)下去。

※Havingbeenstudyingforthreehours,shefeltverytired.學(xué)習(xí)了三個(gè)小時(shí)，她感覺很累。四、分詞作表語兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，表示事物的性質(zhì)、特征等，意思是“令人...的”，如exciting、interesting；另一種是過去分詞作表語，表示人的心理狀態(tài)、感受，意思是“感到....的”，如excited、eresting使人感到高興—interested感到高興的exciting令人激動的—excited感到激動的delighting令人高興的—delighted感到高興的disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人費(fèi)解的—puzzled感到費(fèi)解的satisfying令人滿意的—satisfied感到滿意的D．不定式：作主語、表語、賓語、賓補(bǔ)、定語及狀語：一、不定式作主語，常用it作形式主語1.Itis+adj.+ofsb.todosth.Itispoliteofyoutodothat.你那樣做是有禮貌的。2.Itis+adj.+forsb.todosth.ItisimportantforustolearnEnglish.學(xué)英語對我們來說是重要的。接of：描述人的性格、品質(zhì)的形容詞，good,kind,nice,rude,clever,right,silly,brave,selfish…接for：描述事物特征的形容詞，easy,hard,difficult,important,possible,necessary…，3.It’snecessary(for/to)ustostudyhard.二、不定式作表語1.Herjobistocleanthehall.2.Heappearstohavecaughtacold.熟記連系動詞：1)be2)靜態(tài)：lie,stay,remain,stand,keep…3)動態(tài)（變化):turn,get,become,grow…4)感官:taste,seem,smell,feel,…三、不定式作賓語1.Iwantedtoknowthetruth.2.HepretendedtohavereadthebookwhenIaskedhimaboutit.※不定式在某些復(fù)合賓語中做賓語時(shí)，常用it作形式賓語，真實(shí)賓語放在補(bǔ)足語之后。3.Doyouthinkitbettertotranslatetoitinthisway?4.Ifeelitagreathonortobeinvitedtospeakatthemeetingbeforesomanystudents.※need/require接賓語的用法：(詳見《動名詞用法》)needtodo(某人)需要做…needdoing=needtobedone(某事)需要(被)做5.WeneedtocollecttheparcelbeforeweleaveforEngland．去英國之前，我們需要收拾好行李。6.Mycarneedsrepairing．我的汽車需要修理7.Thewindowsrequirecleaning.窗戶需要清潔了。8.Hisleathershoesneedstobemended．他的皮鞋需要修補(bǔ)。四、不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語※不定式可以和名詞或代詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作動詞的賓語，這時(shí)不定式被稱為賓語補(bǔ)足語。1.IwouldlikeyoutohelpmewithmyEnglishexercises.Iwishyoutocomehere.(有wishsb.todo，沒有hopesb.todo.詳見《wish與hope用法》)hope不接不定式，但可接從句：hopesb.will/cando.Ihopeyou’llbebettersoon.Ihopeyoucanhelpmewithmymaths．2.Ineverexpectedtheshoestobewornoutsosoon.我從沒料到這雙鞋這么快就穿破了?！緒earout,破了(衣物鞋襪等)，筋疲力盡（形容人）】※使役動詞(make,let,have等)和感官動詞(see,watch,notice,hear,feel等)后，不定式不帶to3.Ioftenhearhersinginthenextroom.4.Theymakethebabygotobedat8:oopmeveryday.5.Isawthestudentsplayfootballyesterday.6.Ioftenhelpmymother(to)dohousework.(help可帶to可不帶)不帶to的動詞，記憶口訣：吾看三室兩廳一感覺半幫助55看(lookat,see,watch,notice,observe)3使（make,let,have）2聽（listento,hear）1感覺（feel）半幫助(help)※當(dāng)使役、感官動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，要加to7.Hissisterwasmadetocrybyhim.8.Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.※with+賓語+todo(表示將來的動作)9.Withalotofworktodo,hedidn’tgotothecinema.還有很多工作要做，他沒去看電影。※特別注意：不定式用在介詞but、except、besides后面，如果這些介詞前有實(shí)義動詞do、does、doing、did、done，則介詞后的不定式不帶to.否則要帶?！衐o無to，無do有to。A).1.Shecoulddonothingbutcry.2.Whatdoyouliketodobesidessleep?3.Jimdoes

nothing

but

play

basketball

in

the

morning.4.He

did

nothing

but

piddle

away

the

time.他不做事，只是混日子5.He

could

do

nothing

but

stand

and

wonder.他只得驚奇地站著不動6.HesaidthatChenShuibianhadnothingtodoexceptpushapro-“independence”timetable.

他說陳水扁除了推進(jìn)支持“獨(dú)立”的時(shí)間表外,什么也沒有做。※另：主語部分有todo,作表語的不定式通常也省去to。如:7.Theonlythingyouhavetodoispressthebutton.你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。B).1.Ihavenochoicebuttogo.2.I

want

nothing

but

to

go

off

to

theWestern

Hills.

3.This

man

lives

for

nothing

but

to

gathermoney.這個(gè)人一生除了聚財(cái)以外別無目的。※只接不定式作賓語的動詞（不接動名詞）：決心學(xué)會想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝。決心學(xué)會想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝。主動答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃，同意請求幫一幫。decide/determinelearnwantexpect/hope/wishrefusemanagecarepretendofferpromisechooseplanagreeask/beghelp※附：只接動名詞作賓語的動詞：建議冒險(xiǎn)去獻(xiàn)身建議冒險(xiǎn)去獻(xiàn)身advise,suggest,risk,devoteoneselfto;忍受期待不停頓have/bear/stand,lookforwardto,stop,放棄延期悔失去giveup,delay,putoff,regret,miss;堅(jiān)持欣賞實(shí)踐成keep(on)/insiston/stickto,enjoy/appreciate,feellike,practice,finish;注意原諒避反對payattentionto,excuse,escape,avoid,objectto考慮要求不自禁consider,require,cannothelp,forbid;允許習(xí)慣不介意permit,be/getusedto,mind;價(jià)值開始想動名beworth,setabout,imagine.五、不定式作定語※動詞不定式（短語）作定語，置于被說明的名詞之后，與所修飾的名詞之間有以下關(guān)系：動賓：Doyouwantanythingtoeat?Hewantstohavetoolstoworkwith.主謂：Itwasaterriblethingtohappen.Shewasthepersontothinkofthisidea.ShewasthefirstwomantowinthegoldmedalintheOlympicgames.Thebuildingtobebuiltisourlab.(被動)同位：Imustthinkofanexcusetovisitthisyoungwoman.Ihavenochancetogosightseeing.同位關(guān)系中，不定式修飾的詞是一些表示抽象意義的名詞，如ability,idea,fact,excuse,promise,reply,answer,attempt,belief.如果不定式動詞不及物，它后面就應(yīng)有必要的介詞。如：Pleasefindapieceofpapertowriteon.Ihavenopentowritewith.Heislookingforaroomtolivein．Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith．Shehadlittlemoneytoliveon.Ireallydon’tknowwhattopictowriteabout.(towriteaboutwhattopic)六、不定式作狀語※作目的狀語。當(dāng)它放于句首時(shí)（3-6），其邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：1.Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.2.Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.3.Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.4.TolearnEnglishwell,adictionaryisneeded.5.TolearnEnglishwell,heneedsadictionary.6.Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.(注：mean作名詞，意思是“平均數(shù)”，只有單數(shù)；means作名詞，意思是“方式方法手段”，單復(fù)同形)completetheprojectasplanned,we’llhavetoworktwomorehoursaday.※作結(jié)果狀語。一些常見短語結(jié)構(gòu)有too…to…,enough…to…,so…asto…,such…asto…,onlyto…(表意外)等1.Theywenttooslowlytocatchtheearlybus.Hesaidhewascleverenoughtodealwithitbyhimself.2.Willyoubesokindastoturndowntheradio?Sheissuchagoodgirltohelpmemakegreatprogress.3.Hewokeuponlytofindhimselfinhospital.4.Ihurriedtothestationonlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleftfiveminutesbefore.5.Samwenthome,onlytobetoldthathiswifehadlefthim.不定式主動表示被動含義6.Theshirtistoosmalltowear.7.Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.IfindEnglisheasytolearn.不定式與疑問詞連用，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)從句,可充當(dāng)句子的主語、賓語、表語：8.I’mnotsurewhethertogototheoneaboutaccidents.9.Howtogetridofwasteisagreatproblemfortheworldtoday.10.Theproblemishowtofeedagrowingworldpopulationofover6billion.※作條件狀語不定式用作條件狀語，可在句首，也可在句末。注意根據(jù)句子含義，與目的狀語區(qū)別。如：1.Youwouldmakeagreatmistaketoaccepthisoffer.

你要是接受他的建議，你就犯了大錯誤。2.Tolookathimyou’dneverthinkhewasasuccessfulbusinessman.

若看他的外貌，誰也想不到他是個(gè)事業(yè)有成的商人。3.Tohearhertalk,you’dthinkshewasmadeofmoney.

聽她談話的口氣，你會覺得她渾身是錢。這類不定式通常可用if從句來改寫。如：4.To

hear

him

talk,

you

would

think

he

owned

the

whole

world.(=If

you

should

hear

himtalk)5.Toorderavehicle,youhavetopayadeposit.(=Ifyouwanttoorderavehicle)

要想訂購一輛汽車，你必須交付押金。6.Togetintouniversityyouhavetopassanumberofexaminations.(=Ifyouwanttogetintouniversity如果你想上大學(xué)，就必須通過一系列考試。7.Tojointheclubyouhavetobeputupbyanexistingmember.(=Ifyouwanttojointheclub)要想加入俱樂部必須有一位會員做介紹人。8.Tobeheated,liquidwillchangeintogas.(=Ifitisheated,liquidwillchangeintogas.)也可用過去分詞作條件狀語：Heated,liquidwillchangeintogas.※作原因狀語，常用來修飾表示情感，心理狀態(tài)，性格等的形容詞：happy,glad,lucky,fortunate,surprised,angry,anxious,ready,quick,slow,cruel,clever,frightened,shocked,sorry,eager,proud,disappointed,foolish,impatient,unwise,naughty…1.Theyaresurprisedtolearnofhisdeath.2.WeareproudtobeyoungpeopleofnewChina.※作方式狀語，這種情形比較少見，主要用于asiftodosth這類結(jié)構(gòu)。如：1.Heopenedhismouthasiftosaysomething.

他張開嘴，好像要說什么2.Sheliftshishandasiftoleadhimsomewhere.

她牽起他的手，像要把他帶到某個(gè)地方去。3.Smilingpleasantly,thestrangerturnedasiftospeaktome.

那個(gè)陌生人面帶愉悅的笑容，轉(zhuǎn)身向我，似乎想對我說話。4.Steveopenedhismouthasiftospeak,butstoppedtalkingevenbeforehehadstarted.

史蒂夫開口仿佛要說話，但是還沒有說出口又停住了。E、不定式的時(shí)間概念：（參見“分詞用法綜合.現(xiàn)分時(shí)間概念”）(1).一般式(todo)：表示與謂語的動作同時(shí)/幾乎/發(fā)生在它之后。Theypretendednottoseeus.(2).進(jìn)行時(shí)(tobedoing)：在謂語動詞發(fā)生的同時(shí),不定式的動作也正在進(jìn)行。Hepretendedtobesleeping.(3).完成時(shí)(tohavedone)：表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。Shepretendedtohaveknownitbefore.(4).完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(tohavebeendoing)：表示謂語動作發(fā)生前，不定式的動作一直持續(xù)且可能之后仍然繼續(xù)。We’rehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.F.一些區(qū)別：一、不定式和分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語表達(dá)的意義不同。①Iheardher__________(sing)anEnglishsongjustnow.②Iheardher____________(sing)anEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.③IheardtheEnglishsong____________(sing)manytimes.(4)IheardtheEnglishsong_________________(sing)whenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.（1.sing2.singing3.sung4.beingsung）二、

如果不定式動詞不及物，它后面就應(yīng)有必要的介詞。如：1.Ihavesomethingimportanttosay.Pleasefindapieceofpapertowriteon.2.Ihavenopentowritewith.3.Heislookingforaroomtolivein．4.Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith．三.分詞作定語與動詞不定式作定語的區(qū)別是：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動、進(jìn)行之意；過去分詞表示被動與完成；而不定式表示在謂語動詞表示的動作之后即將發(fā)生的動作。例如：①Thequestion__________(discuss)atthemeetingyesterdayisofquiteimportance.②Thequestion_____________(discuss)atthemeetingnowisofquiteimportance.Thequestion______________(discuss)atthemeetingtomorrowisofquiteimportance.1.discussed2.beingdiscussed3.tobediscussed思考：下列情況中動詞后接不定式還是接ing分詞作賓語呢？OnlythendidIbegin__________________(see)shewasreallygoodtome.Themomenthereturnedhome,Iwasstarting/beginning____________________(cook)supper.Thewaterbegan________________(freeze).四、現(xiàn)在分詞與不定式作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語往往表示“正常出現(xiàn)的、自然而然的或意料之中”的結(jié)果。不定式作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一種結(jié)果。1).Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,_________itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.makeD.tomake2).Hehurriedtothestationonly________thatthetrainhadleft.(2005廣東)A.tofindB.findingC.foundD.tohavefoundG1.練習(xí)：一）判斷下列句子正誤并改正：learnEnglishwell,alotofpracticemustbedone.2.Seeingfromthehill,thecityismorebeautiful.3.Heating,waterwillboil.4.Gettingthere,thedoorwasfoundopened.5.Beingill,hisclassmatesenthimtohospital.6.Togetthereintime,hetoldmetogetupearly.7,BrokenbyJim,Ican’tusethecup.三、改寫下列句子：Igottheexpectedanswertomyquestion.YesterdayIgottheanswer____________________________________tomyquestion.foundsomedamageddesksinfrontoftheteachingbuilding.Ifoundsomedesks____________________________________infrontoftheteachingbuilding.isoneofthewell-knownscientistsinChina.QianXuesenisoneofthescientists__________________________________________inChina.(1.that/whichisexpected2.whichweredamaged3.who/thatare，well-known)四、用過去分詞將兩句合二為一：1.Ifoundthisplateonthefloor.Theplatewasbrokenintopieces.Ifoundtheplateonthefloor.2.Isawatall,darkandhandsomeman.HisnameisXiaoMing.Isawatall,darkandhandsomemanXiaoMing.3.Ilookedatthatmodernabstract(抽象的)painting.Itwascoloredinyellowsandgreens.Ilookedatthatmodernabstract(抽象的)painting______________________________________.4.Sheisoneofmyfriends.Sheisdevotedtomyinterests.Sheisoneofmyfriends_____________________________.5.OnthedoorstepIfoundalotofbottles.Theyweremarkedingreenink.OnthedoorstepIfoundalotofbottles______________________________.6.Ifoundher.Shechangedgreatly.Ifound_______________________________.1.d3.Coloredinyellowsandgreens4.devotedtomyinterests5.markedingreenink6.herchangedgreatly五、填空：1.Thethief(catch)yesterdaywasoneofhisrelatives.2.Some(develop)countriesbegintorealizetheimportanceofprotectingtheenvironment.3.Chinaisa(develop)country.4.Thisisanewbridge(build)lastyear.5.Afteraday’sstudy,Ifeelvery(tired).6.Thisbookis(寫得好)andsellswell.7.Inlateautumn,golden(fell)leavesmakethebackhilloftheschoolmorebeautiful.8.Mysister(錢包被偷了)onabus.isa_______(tire)jobtoteachchildrenhowtocount.got________(interest)inthetwotheories_________(explain)howcholerakilledpeople.weregiven_______(print)questionpapers.shouldn’ttrytostandupifyouarebadly________(hurt).isnothing_________(inspire)inthenewspaper.________(wound)soldierisbeingoperatedoninthehospital.situationhereisrather________.(encourage)don’tfeelwellandthefooddoesn’tlook_______(invite).17.Theteamwas______(face)withsomuchtroublethattheyfailedtocompletethetaskontime.smellsomething______(burn)inthekitchen.CanIcallyoubackinaminute?1.1.erested11.printed12.hurt13.inspring14.wounded15.encourging16.inviting17.faced18.buring六、將下列狀語從句改為非謂語短語作狀語：1.Becauseshewasmovedbythehero,shedecidedtostudyharder.2.Whenhefoundthedoorlocked,hewenthome.3.Hestartedearlyinorderthathecouldgetthereontime.1.Movedbythehero,2.Findingthedoorlocked,3.togetthereontime七、將下列非謂語短語改寫為狀語從句1.Notknowingheraddress,Ican’twritetoher.2.Enteringtheroom,Isawastrangesight.3,Scoldedbytheteacher,hewasverysad.knowingwheretogo,heaskedapoliceman.5.Hearingherfriendwasbadlyhurt,sheburstintotears.6.Knowinghisteamhadwon,hebecamehappyatonceG2.綜合練習(xí)：一、非謂語動詞2007-2012年高考語法填空考點(diǎn)設(shè)置1.Whileshewasgettingme(settle)intoatinybutcleanroom,theheadofthevillagewastyinguphishorsetomycar...(2007高考）2.Forexample,theproverb,“pluckingupacrop(help)itgrow”,isbasedonthefollowingstory.(2008高考）3.Shewishedthathewasaseasy(please)ashermother，whowasalwaysdelightedwithperfume.(2009高考）※sb/sth.iseasytodo.=todosth./sb.iseasy某事/某人很容易做?！?.hewasaseasytopleaseashermother他象她母親一樣容易取悅引出另一個(gè)考點(diǎn)：Theroomiscomfortabletolivein.(不定式為不及物動詞，帶介詞；room是介詞in的賓語)4.Afterthestudentleft,theteacherletanotherstudenttastethewater.Hespititout,(say)itwasawful.(2010高考）5.Igotonthebusandfoundaseatneartheback,andthenInoticedaman(sit)atthefront.6.Marywilleverforgetthefirsttimeshesawhim.Hesuddenlyappearedinclassoneday,(wear)sunglasses.(2012高考）7.“Inthebeginning,therewasonlyaverysmallamountofunfairnessintheworld,buteveryoneaddedalittle,always(think)thatitwasonlysamallandnotveryimportant,andlookwherewehaceendeduptoday.”(2013高考)gotalittle(sunburn),butthedayhadbeensorelaxingthatwedidn’tmind.(2014)1.settled2.tohelp1.settled2.tohelp3.toplease5.sitting6.wearing7.thinking8.sunburnt二、用非謂語動詞形式將下列單句連成一句話1.Thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.Hehasalotofdifficultproblemstosettle.(with)2.Hehadfailedmanytimes.Hedidn’tlosehisheart.3.Thegirlwasscoldedbytheteacher.Shesathadtherewithoutliftingherhead.4.Anoldmanwasdressedlikeabeggar.Heenteredtherestaurantandsatdownatthetable.5.Hisrichparentsdied.Theylefthimalotofmoney.6.Theseplasticbottleshavebeenusedalready.Theycanberecycled.7.Theteacherenteredtheclassroom.Hewasfollowedbyagroupofstudents.Walkingalongt