牛津英語譯林版中考總復(fù)習(xí)試題

可編輯版/中考總復(fù)習(xí)〔牛津譯林版一．系動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞1．系動(dòng)詞連接主語和表語。它不表示動(dòng)作,與表語一起描述主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。它也不能單獨(dú)作謂語,但它有自己的漢語意思,和其后面的形容詞等一起構(gòu)成句子的謂語。英語系動(dòng)詞分為兩類。例如：1表示情況的。如：be,look,keep,等。Heisastudent.〔表示身份Thecoatisniceandcheap.〔表示性質(zhì)Thecatlookslikeahat.〔表示特征2>表示變化的。如get,grow,become,turn等。Winteriscoming,theweathergetscolderandcolder.Thericegrowsfine.Ourcountrybecomesstrongerandstronger.Springcomes,thetreeturngreenagain.常見的連系動(dòng)詞有：be+adj./n.是,在become+n./adj.變成turn+adj.變得 get+adj.變得grow+adj.長(zhǎng)得keep+adj.保持著 feel+adj.感到 look+adj.看上去 seem+adj./n.看起來好象smell+adj.聞起來fallasleep入睡2．助動(dòng)詞本身無詞義,不能單獨(dú)作句子的謂語動(dòng)詞。在句中,它主要幫助句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)、語氣、否定和疑問結(jié)構(gòu)等。如果句子是否定結(jié)構(gòu),not必須放在助動(dòng)詞后面。英語助動(dòng)詞有shall,will,should,would,be,have,do等。例如：Thestudentsareplayingfootballnow.<構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)>Hedoesnotlikeplayingfootball.<構(gòu)成否定句>Doyoulikeplayingfootball?<構(gòu)成一般疑問句>Docomeheretomorrow!〔構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句典型錯(cuò)句解析1.Youmustlookafteryourselfandkeephealth.[解析]health→healthy.keep作系動(dòng)詞用時(shí),后接形容詞。2.Hewillbecomeapianist.[解析]willbecome→becamebecome作系動(dòng)詞用時(shí),一般不用于"將來成為"的意思。此句又可改為Hehasbecomeapianist.3.Youwilltwenty-fiveyearsoldnextmonth.[解析]will→willbe。助動(dòng)詞will本身沒有詞義,可用在各種人稱的將來時(shí)態(tài)中。Will在將來時(shí)態(tài)中后接動(dòng)詞原形。will+be才能構(gòu)成完整的謂語。4.Heworksevenharderthanyouwork.[解析]work→do。助動(dòng)詞do代替主要?jiǎng)釉~,以避免重復(fù)。二．代詞代詞是用來代替名詞或名詞詞組的詞,因此代詞在句子中的功能和名詞一樣,可作主語、賓語和表語,有些代詞還可修飾名詞。英語代詞可分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞、連接代詞、不定代詞、相互代詞等九種?，F(xiàn)把學(xué)過的六種代詞介紹如下：代詞單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱人稱代詞主格Iyouhe,she,itweyouthey賓格meyouhim,her,itusyouthem物主代詞形容詞性myyourhis,her,itsouryourtheir名詞性mineyourshis,hers,itsoursyourstheirs反身代詞myselfyourselfhimself,herself,itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves指示代詞this,thatthese,those不定代詞可數(shù)each,one,many,<a>few,both,another,either,neither不可數(shù)much,<a>little可數(shù)、不可數(shù)all,some,none,such,any,other復(fù)合不定代詞anybody<one,thing>,somebody<one,thing>,nobody<thing>,everybody<one,thing>疑問代詞who,whom,whose,which,what1．人稱代詞表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她""它""我們"、"你們"、"他們"等的詞,叫做人稱代詞。人稱代詞的排列有以下幾種；①我、你、他第二人稱→第三人稱→第一人稱即：you,heandI②她和老師名詞→人稱代詞即：theteacherandshe③我、他和一些別的人人稱代詞→其他代詞即：he,Iandsomeothers④第三人稱兩性〔性別并用時(shí),如：他和她；即：heandshe人稱代詞的主格作主語,賓格作及物動(dòng)詞賓語或介詞賓語。作表語時(shí),書面語用主格,口語中則用賓格。例如：YoumustspeakEnglishasoftenaspossible．Hetoldmethebadnews．Hedidn'tlistentome．Who'sgoingtogo?〔以上代詞在句中分別作什么成份？2．物主代詞物主代詞表示所有關(guān)系,分為形容詞性和名詞性兩種,形容詞性物主代詞作定語,名詞性物主代詞作主語、賓語和表語。形容詞性物主代詞后要跟名詞。名詞性物主代詞可以單獨(dú)使用,其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞加上一個(gè)名詞。物主代詞有人稱和數(shù)的區(qū)別。例：Thisismydictionary．Yours<=Yourdictionary>isonthedesk．一Isthisyourclassroom?—No．It'stheirs<=theirclassroom>．3．反身代詞表示動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作反回到施動(dòng)者本身,一般是由第一、二人稱的形容詞性物主代詞或第三人稱代詞的賓格加上self<復(fù)數(shù)selves>構(gòu)成,起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,反身代詞可作動(dòng)詞賓語、介詞賓語、同位語等。例如：Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish．<作動(dòng)詞賓語>Hethinksmoreofhimselfthan"others．<作介詞賓語>Imyselfdidit．〔作同位語Ispoketothemanagerhimself．〔作同位語注：反身代詞常接在動(dòng)詞enjoy,hurt,help等詞后。4．指示代詞指示代詞是將所指事物與同類中的其他事物區(qū)分開來的一種代詞。表示："這個(gè)"、"那個(gè)"、"這些"、"那些"等指示概念。指示代詞在句中相當(dāng)于名詞、形容詞的作用,可作主語、賓語、定語、表語等。例如：This<That>iswhatIwanttosay．<作主語>Weshouldalwayskeepthis<these>inmind．〔作賓語Forthese<those>reasons,Iwaslate．〔作定語Thereasonisthis．〔作表語5．不定代詞不定代詞用來代替或修飾任何不定數(shù)量和不定范圍的人和事物。不定代詞可代替名詞或形容詞,在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語。下面舉例說明：①some和anysome<一些>、any<一些、任何>修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。some用在肯定句中,any多用于疑問句和否定句中。例如：Therearesomebooksinthedesk．Therearenotanybooksinthedesk．Haveyouanymoney?注意：some可用于表示邀請(qǐng)、請(qǐng)求的疑問句或用于說話者希望得到肯定回答的疑問句中,any有時(shí)也用于肯定句,表示"任何的""任何一個(gè)""任何一些"等。例如：—Wouldyoulikesometea?〔希望對(duì)方肯定回答—Yes,thankyou.—CouldIaskyousomequestions?〔希望對(duì)方肯定回答—Ofcourse,youcan.Youcanaskmeanyquestions.〔任何問題②little、alittle、few、afewlittle、alittle修飾不可數(shù)名詞,few、afew修旆可數(shù)名詞；alittle、afew表示肯定的概念,即：盡管少但"有"；few、little表示否定的概念,表示"沒有"。例如：Thereisalittlewaterintheriver.Youcanwalkacrossit.Thereislittlewaterintheriver.Youhavetoswimacrossit.Hehasfewfriends,soheoftenfeelslonely.IhaveafewfriendsinAmerica．Ioftenwritetothem.③each、every、everybody、everyone、everything。each相當(dāng)于名詞和形容詞,用作定語或單獨(dú)使用作主語、賓語、定語、同位語等。every不可單獨(dú)使用,它必須放在名詞等前,只能作定語。each與every的區(qū)別：1>each側(cè)重于單個(gè),every側(cè)重于全體、整體。2>each用于二者或二者以上,every用于三者或三者以上。everybody與everyone相同,意思是"每人、人人"。everything意思是"一切""每件事"。例如：Twoboyscameintotheclassroom．Eachworearedcoat.Everystudenthasanewbook．Everybodyknowsthisthing．<don’tthey?>Everythinggoeswell．<doesn’tit?><把上面兩個(gè)句子改為反意疑問句,注意用什么代詞代替everybody,everything>④both、either、neitherboth、either、neither都與"兩個(gè)"有關(guān)。both"<兩者>都""全",指兩個(gè)人或事物,可作主語、賓語、定語。例如：Bothbooksaregood．Therearealotoftreesonbothsidesoftheroad.either<兩個(gè)中間的>任何一個(gè),這個(gè)或那個(gè)",可作主、賓、定語。例如：Therearetwobooks.Youmaytakeeitherofthem．—Wouldyoulikeacupofteaorcoffee?—EitherisOK.neither"<兩者之間>一個(gè)也不",neither是either的否定形式,可作主語、賓語、定語。例如：NeitherofthemknowsJapanese．EitherLiorWangknowsEnglish．⑤none、no、nobody、noone、nothingnone、no、nobody、noone、nothing都與"無"有關(guān)。none用于指人或物,可與of短語連用,用作單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù),而且常用于習(xí)語中。nothing"沒有東西；沒有什么<=notanything>",若作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：—Istherenothinginthebox?—No.It'sempty．一Howmanyelephantsdidyouseethere?—None．—Whatdidyouseeinthezooyesterday?—Nothing.注意：以上兩句中的答句None,Nothing不可相互替代。no表示"沒有<任何的>",等于notany或nota<an>。例如：Hehasnomoney．〔=Hehasnotanymoney.WehavenolessonsonSundays.<=WehavenotanylessonsonSundays.>Shehasnobrother.<=Shehasnotabrother.>nobody或noone后不可接of短語來表示"某些人當(dāng)中"；⑥a11a11作形容詞且與名詞連用時(shí),名詞前需加the或one's,即：allthe<one’s>+名詞。例如：IwillteachEnglishallmylife．Allthepeoplearehere．當(dāng)all代替可數(shù)名詞作句子主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；當(dāng)all代替不可數(shù)名詞作句子主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例：Allarehere．Let’sbeginourmeeting.<all代替所有參加會(huì)議的人>Alliswellthatendswell.〔all代替所有事情⑦other、theother、others、theothers、anothertheother指兩者中的另外一個(gè)。例：Hehastwopens,oneisblue,theotherisyellow．other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞=others相同,泛指其他的人或物。例：Somestudentsarecarryingwater,others<otherstudents>arewateringthetrees．theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞=theothers,特指一定范圍內(nèi)的其他人或物。例：TherearefiftystudentsinMissGao’sclass,twentystudentsareboys,theothersaregirls．theother+數(shù)詞,指剩余的數(shù)目。例：Heboughtthreepencils,oneisforme,theothertwoareforhim．a(chǎn)nother+單數(shù)名詞或another+數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞。表示在原來基礎(chǔ)上再來一個(gè)或一些。例：Idon'tlikethecolorofthisbag.MayIhavealookatanotherone．MayIhaveanotherthreebooks?6．疑問代詞疑問代詞有who,whom,whose,which,what等。①who和whatwho問姓名,what問職業(yè)。例：—Whoishe?—HeisSmith．—What'syourfather?—Heisaworker．②what和whichwhich表示在一定數(shù)目<或范圍>之內(nèi)的選擇,某某范圍內(nèi)的"哪一個(gè)""哪一些"；what則沒有這種限制。例：Whatdoyouusuallyhaveforlunch?你通常午餐吃什么？Whichdoyouprefer,appleorpear?蘋果和梨,你喜歡哪一個(gè)？WhichofyoucomesfromBeijing?你們當(dāng)中哪一個(gè)來自北京？③whom和whosewhom作賓語,whose作定語。例：Withwhomisshetalkingnow?Whosebookisonthedesk?典型錯(cuò)句分析1.—Isthereanyoneintheclassroom?—None.[解析]None→Noone。none是對(duì)all,即三個(gè)以上的否暄,后面常接帶of的短語。而noone代表單數(shù)名詞,意為"沒有一個(gè)人",不能與of連用。2.Thebirdbuildsitsnestinthetree.[解析]it’s→its。it’s是itis或ithas的省略形式,而its則是物主代詞"它的",意義不同,不能混淆。3.Ilikenoneofthetwonovels.none→neither。對(duì)兩者both否定應(yīng)為neither。4.DoyouthinktheTVsetsmadeinShanghaiarebetterthanonesmadeinBeijingare?[解析]ones→those。one,ones和that,those皆可代替前面的名詞,避免重復(fù)但one,ones要求有代詞或形容詞之類的前置定語；that,those則要求有介詞短語、分詞短語或從句一類的后置定語。例：—Whatkindofice-creamwouldyoulike?—Abigpinkone.Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthoseinwinter.典型錯(cuò)句解析1.–Isthereanyoneintheclassroom?–None.[解析]None→Noone。None是對(duì)all,即三個(gè)以上的否定,后面通常接帶of的短語。而noone代表單數(shù)名詞,意為"沒有一個(gè)人",不能與of連用。2.Thebirdbuildsitsnestinthetree.[解析]it’s→its是itis或ithas的省略形式,而its則是物主代詞"它的",意義不同,不能混淆。3.Ilikenoneofthetwonovels.[解析]none→neither.對(duì)兩者both否定應(yīng)為neither。代詞練習(xí)A>人稱代詞<>1.Isthispicture________?A.my B.her C.yours D.our<>2.Someof________areYoungPioneers.A.they B.their C.them D.themselves<>3.Afriendof________camehereyesterday.A.my B.his C.her D.your<>4.Isaw________inthestreetyesterdayafternoon.A.he B.his C.him D.himself<>5.I’llgotosee________tomorrowmorning.A.she B.hers C.her D.herself<>6.Marydecidedtodothework________.A.she B.hers C.herself D.himself<>7.Nobodytaughthimdrawing.Helearnedit-.A.himself B.herself C.his D.himself<>8.Thisishisruler.That’s________.A.I B.me C.my D.mine<>9.Whosepencil-boxisthis?It’s________.A.he B.hisC.himD.he’s<>10.Mydictionaryishere.Whereis________?A.you B.yourC.yoursD.your’s<>11.Shetold________afriendof________wouldgotoAmerica.A.him;her B.his;hers C.him;hers D.he;she’s<>12.________pencil-boxisbeautiful.But________ismorebeautifulthan________.A.Tom’s;my;he B.Tom’s;mine;hisC.Toms;mine;himD.Tom’s;my;his<>13.Mostof________wanttodothework________.A.us;ourselves B.us;ours C.we;ourselves D.ours;ourselves<>14.Whoseexercise-booksarethese?Theyare________.A.their B.theirs C.them D.their’s<>15.Didthechildrenenjoy________lastSunday?A.them B.themselves C.himself D.themselves<>16.Don’ttellmetheanswer.I’llworkouttheproblem________.A.byme B.myself C.myself D.me<>17.Help________tosomemeat,please.A.you B.your C.yourself D.yours<>18.LeiFengwasalwaysreadytohelpothers.Heneverthoughtof________.A.him B.his C.himself D.he<>19.Theirroomisonthefirstfloorand________isonthesecond.A.our B.ours C.us D.ourselves<>20.Afriendof________willgive________atalknextMonday.A.him;our B.his;we C.his;us D.he;ours<>21.Thatis________violin.A.Tom B.Tom’s C.Toms D.Toms’<>22.Thehospitalisabitfarfromhere.It’sabout________.A.fortyminutes’swalk B.fortyminute’swalkC.fortyminuteswalk D.fortyminutes’walk<>23.Thisdictionaryisnot.It’s________.A.I B.me C.mine D.myB不定代詞<>1.Ihavetwopens.Oneisred,________isblue.A.theother B.others C.other D.another<>2.There________wrongwithmybike.A.aresomething B.areanything C.isanything D.issomething<>3.MikeandJoanare–goodatmath's.A.neither B.both C.each D.noone<>4.Therearetwomapsonthewall.OneisamapofAmerica,________isamapoftheworld.A.others B.other C.theother D.another<>5.I’mnotbusy.Haven’t________todo.A.something B.everything C.nothing D.anything<>6.Hisparentsare________doctors.A.each B.all C.both D.noone<>7.Ofthethreeforeignfriends,oneisfromLondon,________twoarefromNewYork.A.other B.theother C.others D.theothers<>8.Arethesetwobooksinteresting?Yes,________ofthemareinteresting.A.both B.all C.either D.neither<>9.MarywantedtohaveaworkwithTom.Shehad________totellhim.A.importantsomething B.nothingimportantC.anythingimportant D.somethingimportant<>10.There________wrongwiththemachine.A.aren’tsomething B.aren’tanything C.isn’tsomething D.isn’tanything<>11.MyparentsareIare________interestedinmusic.A.both B.all C.neither D.no<>12.Lookatthosestudents.Somearecleaningthewindow,________aresweepingthefloor.A.theother B.other C.others D.theothers<>13.Shehasanappleinonehandandaknifein________.A.other B.theother C.another D.others<>14.Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks,butyoumustn’tlenditto________.A.other B.others C.theother D.theothers<>15.IstudyChinese,Englishandsome________subjects.A.other B.theother C.others D.theothers<>16.Dotheyoftentalktoeach________inEnglish?A.others B.theother C.other D.theothers<>17.Worldyoulike________milk?A.some B.any C.little D.afew<>18.________beastsnorbirdswouldhavethebatastheirfriend.A.Either B.Neither C.Not D.Both<>19.I’mhungry.Pleasegiveme________toeat.A.something B.anything C.everything D.nothing<>20.Marysingsbetterthan________oftheothergirlsinherclass.Shesingsbest.A.some B.any C.most D.one<>21.Thisstoryismoreinterestingthan________two.A.other B.others C.theother D.theothers<>22.Allthestudentshadgoneout.Therewas________intheclassroom.A.somebody B.anybody C.nobody D.everybody<>23.Since________ishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.A.anybody B.everybody C.somebody D.nobody<>24.________hastakenmypencilbymistake.Ican’tfindit.A.Somebody B.Everybody C.Nobody D.Anyone<>25.Didtheyfind________inthepark? No,theyfound________there.A.anybody;nobody B.somebody;everybodyC.anybody;somebody D.everybody;anybody<>26.TomandMaryare________goodatFrench.A.each B.both C.noone D.all<>27.Shemade________mistakesinherexercisesA.any B.another C.no D.one<>28.Therearefiftystudentsintheirclass.________ofthemareleaguemembers.A.Both B.Either C.All D.Noone<>29.Wemustlearnfrom________other.A.every B.on C.each D.all<>30.Thestudentshave__________onSundays.A.noanyclasses B.noclass C.noclasses D.noanyclass<>31.Thereisn’t________ontheplayground.A.anyone B.everyone C.nobody D.anypeople<>32.Ifyouneedaruler.I’lllendyou________.A.some B.one C.another D.theone<>33.Ihavetwofriends.OneisfromAustralia,________isfromJapan.A.other B.theother C.another D.othersC不定代詞little,alittle,few,afew<>1.Thefilmisnotinteresting.________peoplelikeit.A.Little B.Alittle C.Few D.Afew<>2.Thatteacherwastoobusytoworkinhisoffice.Hehad________timetodothework.A.few B.afew C.little D.alittle<>3.TheartisthaslearnedRussianforfourmonthsandhecanwrite________Russiannow.A.few B.afew C.little D.alittle<>4.Don'thurry!Youstillhave________time.A.little B.alittle C.few D.afew<>5.Thereis________inkinthebottle.Ihavetobuysome.A.little B.alittle C.few D.afew<>6.Tommadequite________mistakesinthetest.A.few B.afew C.little D.alittle<>7.CanyouspeakEnglish?Yes,butonly________.I’vestudieditforonly________months.A.alittle;few B.little;afew C.alittle;afew D.few;alittle<>8.Wouldyoulikesomemeat?Yes,just________.A.afew B.few C.alittle D.little<>9.Bequick!Thereis________timeleft.A.little B.alittle C.few D.afew<>10.Thequestionissodifficultthat________studentscananswerit.A.few B.afew C.little D.alittle<>11.Youdidquitewellinthetest.Youmade________mistakes.A.few B.afew C.little D.alittle<>12.Isthereanyinkinthebottle?Yes,thereis________.A.few B.afew C.little D.alittle<>13.HaveyouanyfriendsinPairs?Yes,Ihave________there.A.few B.afew C.little D.alittle<>14.Tomwasillyesterday,butheis________bettertoday.A.few B.afew C.little D.alittle<>15.Thechildrenwanttoplay________longer.A.little B.alittle C.few D.afew<>16.Sorry,Ican’tansweryourquestions.Iknow________aboutthesubject.A.few B.afew C.little D.alittle<>17.Don’thurry.Westillhave________timeleft.A.little B.few C.alittle D.afewD疑問代詞<>1.________wenttotheGreatWallwithyou?A.What B.When C.Who D.Whose<>2.________isJim’sbag,theblueoneortheredone? A.Which B.What C.Whose D.Where<>3.________newspaperisthis?It’smine.A.Who’s B.Whom C.Which D.Whose<>4.________didJackdolastSunday?A.When B.What C.Where D.Who<>5.________isyourfather?Heisverywell,thankyou.A.What B.Who C.How D.Where<>6.________willyouhavethemeeting?Tomorrowmorning.A.Where B.When C.How D.Who<>7.________areyoudoingnow?I’mmakingamodelplane.A.What B.When C.How D.Where<>8.Doyouknow________they’retalkingabout?A.where B.why C.what D.how<>9.Doyouknow________daughtersheis?A.where Bwhose C.what D.which<>10.Couldyoutellme________trainisleavingforShanghai?A.what B.which C.where D.when<>11.________subjectsdoyouhavethisyear?A.Which B.When C.What D.Whom<>12.________doyoufindeasiertolearn,EnglishorChinese?A.What B.Which C.How D.Where<>13.________dowehaveforlunch?A.What B.When C.Where D.How<>14.________didyoumeetatthestation?A.What B.Who C.Where D.Why<>15.________doyoulikethefilm?Ilikeitverymuch.A.How B.What C.When D.Where三．名詞名詞是表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)的名稱的詞或抽象概念的名稱的詞。名詞分類見下表：個(gè)體名詞可數(shù)集體名詞普通名詞物質(zhì)名詞名詞不可數(shù)抽象名詞專有名詞1．專有名詞的用法。1>表示一個(gè)人、物或地點(diǎn)的專有名詞,須以大寫字母開頭。例如：Ann,Lucy,Lily,Tom,Mike,JohnBeijng,Shanghai,Nanjing,WashingtonD．C．Christmas,NewYear'sDay,MayDayMarch,April,June,July,October2>專有名詞前不加冠詞,也無復(fù)數(shù)。例如：EnglishspokeninEngland．JohnlivesonLincolnStreet．TuesdaycomesafterMonday．3>海洋、河流、山脈、島嶼等專有名詞前要加the。例如：thePacific<Ocean>,theYellowRiver,theTienshanMountains等。4>the+姓+s表示：某某一家人或某某夫婦二人。例：TheZhangsarehavingsupperathomenow．TheBrownsaregoingtoEnglandnextmonth．2．普通名詞的用法。1>普通名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)變化。單數(shù)名詞前加a,an,the等冠詞,復(fù)數(shù)名詞加—s或—es,而變化過的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前不加冠詞。例：Thisisthebookyoulentmeyesterday．Booksareourfriends．2>普通名詞前如有this,that,every,whose,which,John's等修飾,它們的作用已與冠詞修飾名詞的作用相同,名詞前則不能再加冠詞。例：Whatdoesthiswordmean,Dad?Thisismycap．Whereisyours?3>復(fù)數(shù)普通名詞用many,alotof等修飾。例：Therearetoomanypeopleinthatroom．Thereisnoroomtostandinnow.Therearealotofeggsinthebasket．Wouldyoulikesomeofthem?3．集體名詞的用法。1>常用的集體名詞有：family,population,people,class,police等。2>強(qiáng)調(diào)指整個(gè)集體,則視為單數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如果該名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)組成集體的各個(gè)分子,則視為復(fù)數(shù)。例：Hisfamilyisgoingtomoveintoanewhouse．Hisfamilyaregoodatswimming．Class5isagoodclass.Class5alllikeplayingbasketball.3>police只用復(fù)數(shù)名詞。例：Thepolicearelookingforthatlostgirlthesedays．4．不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞主要以下同類：表示物質(zhì)類和抽象類。1表示物質(zhì)類的名詞食品：food,fish,rice,coffee,wine材料：wood,stone,brick,iron,steel氣<液>體：air,gas,oil,rain,snow物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,無復(fù)數(shù)形式,前面不可加冠詞a／an,the修飾,但前可用much,little,some,no等修飾。例：Wehadlittlerainlastyear．Thereisn’tmuchwaterleft．表示物質(zhì)名詞的數(shù)量時(shí),須在物質(zhì)名詞前,另加計(jì)量的名詞。如：apieceof;acupof等。acupoftea,apieceofpapertwocupsoftea,twopiecesofpaper2表示抽象類的名詞如：health,knowledge,success等。抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞,所以無復(fù)數(shù),前不可用不定冠詞。例：Healthismoreimportantthanwealth．Failureisthemotherofsuccess．抽象名詞可以用單位名詞來表示數(shù)的概念。例：apieceofpaper〔music,news,adviceetc.抽象名詞一般為不可數(shù),常用much,little,no來修飾。注意：of+抽象名詞=形容詞即：of后接抽象名詞等于該抽象名詞形容詞形式的用法。Heisamanofvirtue〔美德．=Heisavirtuousman．Itisofgreatvalue<價(jià)值>．＝Itisveryvaluable．a(chǎn)manofability<能力>＝anablemanamanofwealth<財(cái)富>＝awealthyman5．可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成①規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式的拼寫。名詞的復(fù)數(shù)一般只加"s",但以下幾點(diǎn)注意：1>以s,sh,ss,ch或x結(jié)尾的詞其復(fù)數(shù)通常加"es"。glasses,brushes,boxes,watches2>以元音字母+o結(jié)尾的詞其復(fù)數(shù)加"s"。radios,zoos注：凡縮略詞后均只加"s"。3>輔音字母+o結(jié)尾的詞其復(fù)數(shù)加"es"。heroes,tomatoes,potato但pianos,photos,kilo例外。4>以輔音字母+y的詞,應(yīng)也把y換成i,然后再加"es"。babies,cities,countries,parties5>以f,fe結(jié)尾的詞,變f為v再加"es"。leaf→leaves,knife→knives,thief→thieves,half→halves,但要注意：gulf〔海灣,chief〔首領(lǐng),roof〔屋頂,belief〔信仰,self〔本質(zhì),proof〔證據(jù)例外。②不規(guī)則變化。1>元音字母發(fā)生變化。foot→feet,tooth→teeth,man→menwoman→women,mouse→mice2>單、復(fù)數(shù)同形。deer→deer,sheep→sheep,fish→fish,Chinese→Chinese,Japanese→Japanese3>詞尾變化。child→children4>只有復(fù)數(shù)形式。thanks,clothes,people,police.5>常用復(fù)數(shù)。trousers,glasses,shoes6>復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。"主體名詞+s"。例如：aflowershop→twoflowershops;anappletree→someappletrees由man、woman、boy、girl等表示性別的名詞與其它名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合名詞,該名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),將man、woman、boy、girl以及它們后面的名詞一起變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。例如：amandoctor→twomendoctorsawomandriver→somewomendrivers,6．名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)該注意的事項(xiàng)①單復(fù)數(shù)意義不同。glass→glassescloth→clothesgood→goods②名詞作形容詞表示單位時(shí)用單數(shù)形式。afive-year-oldboyaneight-meter-longruler7．名詞的所有格名詞所有格在句中表示所有關(guān)系、所屬類別、動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者或承受者。①表示有生命物體的所有格,常用’s。1>在名詞后加’s。Mary'sbooksLiLei’sbagWomen’sDayChildren’sDay2>以"s"結(jié)尾的名詞后只加’。Teachers’Day,parents’booksJames’eyes3>如所有物歸各名詞分別所有,則在各名詞后分別加-’s；如所有物歸各名詞共同所有,則在最后一名詞后加’s。Kate’sandJim’sbags〔分別所有KateandJim’sparents〔共同所有4>復(fù)合名詞或字群的所有格在最后一個(gè)名詞的詞尾加-’s。somebodyelse'sbook,eachother’snames,brother-in-law'scar5>下列無生命名詞的所有格也可用’s表示。例如：時(shí)間名詞tomorrow'smeeting,today’snewspaper距離名詞twentyminutes’walk長(zhǎng)度名詞：threemeters’ruler價(jià)格名詞adollar'sworth國(guó)家、團(tuán)體、城市、機(jī)構(gòu)等名詞China'scapital②無生命名詞的所有格,常用of來表示。例如：amapofChinaaphotoofmyfamilythegateoftheschool。aphotoofmyfather我父親的照片〔照片上是我父親aphotoofmyfather’s我父親的一張照片〔照片歸我父親所有③雙重所有格。在英語中,如of短語和名詞所有格結(jié)合起來使用時(shí),便叫雙重所有格。例如：afriendofmyfather's。典型錯(cuò)句分析1.Howmanyshippscanyouseeinthepicture?[解析]shipps→ships。ship的復(fù)數(shù)形式是ships,不能雙寫p。這要與動(dòng)詞加-ing的情況區(qū)分開來。2.Helivesat124room.[解析]124room→Room124。表示房間編號(hào)時(shí),名詞置前,數(shù)詞置后。3.You’dbettergohomeonfeet.[解析]feet→foot。onfoot是慣用表達(dá)用法。4.Where’sLucy’strousers/shirt?[解析]此誤句可改作：Where’s→Whereare,其后不變；又可改作：shirt→blouse,其前不變。也就是說,Lucy是女性名,因她一般穿shirt〔男襯衫；trousers作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),但apairoftrousers<一條褲子>作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞則用單數(shù)。5.Tomisaseven-year-oldboy.復(fù)合形容詞中的名詞不用復(fù)數(shù)。[解析]seven-years-old→seven-year-old。復(fù)合形容詞中的名詞不用復(fù)數(shù)。6.Givehimtwopieceofpaper.[解析]pieceofpapers→piecesofpaper。不可數(shù)名詞能在詞尾變復(fù)數(shù),要計(jì)算時(shí),應(yīng)將數(shù)詞后的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。四、冠詞冠詞,就是放在名詞之前,修飾名詞的詞,為虛詞。1．冠詞分不定冠詞和定冠詞兩種a,an為不定冠詞,用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,表示泛指,說明其名稱和種類,具有"一個(gè)〔本、塊"的意思。the為定冠詞,用于各類名詞前,表示特指,具有"這"、"那"的意思。2．使用冠詞的注意事項(xiàng)①a用于以輔音音素<包括[w][j]>開始的詞前。astudentabookausefulbook注意：字母u讀作[ju:]時(shí),由于第一音是[j]是輔音,所以前面用a,而不用an。②an用于元音音素開始的詞前。anoldmananhouraneight-year-oldboyanone-meter-longruler[說明]幾個(gè)干擾均有可能誤選。[分析]最佳答案填C。第一空填a,因?yàn)閛ne-act的讀音是以輔音開頭,即第一個(gè)音是輔音不是元音；第二空填an,是因?yàn)?1的英文是eleven,它的第一個(gè)音是元音不是輔音。類似以下各題的答案是C不是其他：<1>Beforehewasarrested,hehadtaken_______one-monthholiday,andstayedinthecountrywith________18-year-oldgirl,oneofhisstudents.A.a,aB.an,anC.a,anD.an,a<2>Wehired_______one-eyedmantoplayinourfilm,andwegavehim_______100-poundcheckforjustoneminute.A.a,anB.an,aC.a,aD.an,an③the既可用于單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞前,也可用于不可數(shù)名詞前。其用法如下：1特指某〔些人或某〔些事物。例如：Thebookonthedeskismine.2指說話雙方都知道或彼此熟悉的人或事物。例如：Openthewindow,please.3指上文提到過的人或事。例如：Thereisapenonthedesk.Thepenismyfather’s.4指世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物。例如：thesun,themoon,theearth,thesky,theworld.5表示彈奏某種樂器時(shí),該樂器前要加the.例如：Sheplaysthepiano,andherhusbandplaystheviolin.6用在某些專有名詞前。例如：theGreatWall,theSummerPalace,theChangjiangRiver7用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)前。例如：Mr.Smithtaughtthefirstclass.Kateisthetallestinherclass.8用在固定搭配的短語中。例如：inthemorning<afternoon,evening>,bytheway注意：下列情況不用定冠詞。1在球類運(yùn)動(dòng)名稱前不用。例如：playfootball<basketball,volleyball>2在三餐前不用。例如：have<has>breakfast<lunch,supper>3在某些固定搭配的詞組中不用。例如：atnight<noon>,gotoschool<bed>,onfoot,bybus<car,bike,air,plane,train,ship>,athome<work>注意：在漢語節(jié)日中,由Day構(gòu)成的節(jié)日前常不用冠詞,而專有名詞所表示的節(jié)日前常用冠詞。如：Mid-autumnDay,Children’sDay,Teachers’Day,Women’sDay,MayDay,NationalDay,NewYear’sDay等前常不用冠詞。而由Festival構(gòu)成的節(jié)日前常用冠詞,如：theSpringFestival,theDragonBoatFestival,theMid-AutumnFestival,theLanternFestival等。冠詞練習(xí)<>1.Lucyis________American,andKateI________Englishgirl.A./;/ B.a;a C.an;an D.an;a<>2.Jackis________Americanboy.A.a B.an C.the D.some<>3.Itis________interestingbook.A.the B.a C.an D./<>4.Mr.Wangis________oldworker.A.a