2023年考研外語(yǔ)沖刺密卷7

考研外語(yǔ)沖刺密卷7

一、UseofEnglish

1、Whatcanbesaidofthenormalprocessofaging,fromalinguisticpointofview?Ingeneral(1)_____,thereisaclearand(2)_____relationship:no-onewouldhavemuchdifficulty(3)_____ababy,ayoungchild,ateenager,amiddle-agedperson,oraveryoldpersonfromataperecording.Withchildren,(4)_____ispossibleforspecialistsinlanguagedevelopment,andpeopleexperienced(5)_____childcare,tomakeverydetailed(6)_____abouthowlanguagecorrelateswithageintheearlyyears.(7)_____isknownaboutthepatternsoflinguisticchangethataffectolderpeople.Itisplainthatourvoicequality,vocabulary,andstyle.alter(8)_____wegrowolder,butresearch(9)_____thenatureofthesechangesisinitsearlieststages.However.acertainamountof(10)_____isavailableabouttheproductionand(11)_____ofspokenlanguagebyveryoldpeople,especiallyregardingthephoneticchangesthattakeplace.

Speechis(12)_____tobeaffectedbyreductionsinthe(13)_____ofthevocalorgans.Themusclesofthechest(14),thelungsbecomelesselastic,theribs(15)_____mobile:asaresult,respiratoryefficiencyatage75isonlyabouthalf(16)_____atage30,andthishas(17)_____fortheabilitytospeakloudly,rhythmically,andwithgoodtoneInaddition,speechisaffectedbypoorermovementofthesoftpalateandchangesinthefacialskeleton,especiallyaroundthemouthandjaw.Thereareother,moregeneralsignsofage.Speechrateslows,andfluencymaybemoreerratic.Hearing(18)_____,especiallyaftertheearlyfifties.Weakening(19)_____ofmemoryandattentionmayaffecttheabilitytocomprehendcomplexspeechpatterns.Butitis(20)_____allhadnews:vocabularyawarenessmaycontinuetogrow,asmaystylisticability—skillsinnarration,forexample.Andgrammaticalabilityseemstobelittleaffected.

A.speech

B.terms

C.ways

D.cases

2、(2)

A.obscure

B.unmistakable

C.unacceptable

D.backward

3、(3)

A.identifying

B.seeing

C.telling

D.hearing

4、(4)

A.what

B.this

C.one

D.it

5、(5)

A.of

B.with

C.in

D.for

6、(6)

A.decisions

B.determination

C.predictions

D.judgments

7、(7)

A.Few

B.Nothing

C.Little

D.Much

8、(8)

A.because

B.that

C.where

D.as

9、(9)

A.into

B.of

C.at

D.over

10、(10)

A.message

B.information

C.research

D.confirmation

11、(11)

A.edition

B.reason

C.comprehension

D.cause

12、(12)

A.able

B.there

C.therefore

D.likely

13、(13)

A.effect

B.voice

C.efficiency

D.sound

14、(14)

A.weaken

B.increases

C.stops

D.breaks

15、(15)

A.become

B.less

C.are

D.neither

16、(16)

A.efficient

B.existence

C.remaining

D.that

17、(17)

A.subsequences

B.disadvantages

C.consequences

D.advantages

18、(18)

A.damages

B.breaksdown

C.deteriorates

D.putoff

19、(19)

A.faculties

B.departments

C.patterns

D.authority

20、(20)

A.that

B.not

C.clearly

D.nor

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Itisevidentthatthereisacloseconnectionbetweenthecapacitytouselanguageandthecapacitiescoveredbytheverb"tothink".Indeed,mewritershaveidentifiedthinkingwithusingwords:Platocoinedthesaying,"Inthinkingthesoulistalkingtoitself";J.B.Watsonreducedthinkingtoinhibitedspeechlocatedintheminutemovementsortensionsofthephysiologicalmechanismsinvolvedinspeaking;andalthoughRyleiscarefultopointoutthattherearemanysensesinwhichapersonissaidtothinkinwhichwordsarenotinevidence,hehasalsosaidthatsayingsomethinginaspecificframe.ofmindisthinkingathought.

Isthinkingreducibleto,ordependentupon,languagehabits?Itwouldseemthatmanythinkingsituationsarehardlydistinguishablefromtheskilfuluseoflanguage,althoughtherearesomeothersinwhichlanguageisnotinvolved.Thoughtcannotbesimplyidentifiedwithrunninglanguage.Itmaybethecase,ofcourse,thatthenon-linguisticskillsinvolvedinthoughtcanonlybeacquiredanddevelopedifthelearnerisabletouseandunderstandlanguage.However,thisquestionisonewhichwecannothopetoanswerinthisbook.Obviouslybeingabletouselanguagemakesforaconsiderabledevelopmentinallone'scapacitiesbuthowpreciselythiscomesaboutwecannotsay.

Atthecommon-senselevelitappearsthatthereisoftenadistinctionbetweenthoughtandthewordsweemploytocommunicatewithotherpeople.Weoftenhavetostrugglehardtofindwordstocapturewhatourthinkinghasalreadygrasped,andwhenwedofindwordswesometimesfeelthattheyfailtodotheirjobproperly.Againwhenwereportordescribeourthinkingtootherpeoplewedonotmerelyreportunspokenwordsandsentences.Suchsentencesdonotalwaysoccurinthinking,andwhentheydotheyaxemergedwithvagueimageryandthehintofunconsciousorsubliminalactivitiesgoingonjustoutofrange.Thinking,asithappens,ismorelikestruggling,striving,orsearchingforsomethingthanitisliketalkingorreading.Wordsdoplaytheirpartbuttheyarerarelytheonlyfeatureofthought.ThisobservationissupportedbytheexperimentsoftheWurzburgpsychologistsreportedinChapterEightwhoshowedthatintelligentadaptiveresponsescanoccurinproblemsolvingsituationswithouttheuseofeitherwordsorimagesofanykind;",Set"and"determiningtendencies"operatewithouttheactualuseoflanguageinhelpingustothinkpurposefullyandintelligently.

AgaintheStudyofspeechdisordersduetobraininjuryordiseasesuggestthatpatientscanthinkwithouthavingadequatecontrolovertheirlanguage,somepatients,forexample,failtofindthenamesofobjectspresentedtothemandareunabletodescribesimpleeventswhichtheywitness;theyevenfinditdifficulttointerpretlongwrittennotices.Buttheysucceedinplayinggamesofchessordraughts.Theycanusetheconceptsneededforchessplayingordraughtsplayingbutareunabletousemanyoftheconceptsinordinarylanguage.Howtheymanagetodothiswedonotknow.YetanimalssuchasKohler'schimpanzeescansolveproblemsbyworkingoutstrategiessuchastheinventionofimplementsorClimbingaidswhensuchanimalshavenotlanguagebeyondafewwarningcries.Intelligentor"insightful"behavior.isnotdependentinthecaseofmonkeysonlanguageskills:presumablyhumanbeingshavevariouscapacitiesforthinkingsituationswhicharelikewiseindependentoflanguage.

Accordingtothetheoryof"thought"devisedbyJ.B.Watson,thinkingis______.

A.talkingtothesoul

B.suppressedspeech

C.speakingnonverbally

D.nonlinguisticbehavior

2、

Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueintheauthor'sopinion?

A.Abilitytouselanguageenhancesone'scapacities.

B.Wordandthoughtmatchmoreoftenthannot.

C.Thinkingnevergoeswithoutlanguage.

D.Languageandthoughtaregenerallydistinguishable.

3、

Accordingtotheauthor,whenweintendtodescribeourthoughts______.

A.wemerelyreportinternalspeech

B.neitherwordsnorimageryworks

C.weareoverwhelmedwithvagueimagery

D.wordsoftenfailtodotheirjob

4、

Whyarepatientswithspeechdisordersabletothinkwithouthavingadequatecontroloverlanguage?

A.Theyusedifferentconcepts.

B.Theydonotthinklinguistically.

C.Itstillremainsanunsolvedproblem.

D.Thinkingisindependentoflanguage.

5、

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Inthinkingthesoulistalkingtoitself.

B.Thinkingiscloselyrelatedtothecapacitytouselanguage.

C.Thinkingisnotnecessarilycloselyrelatedtothecapacityofusinglanguage.

D.Thinkingandusinglanguagearetwodifferentprocesses.

6、OfallthetruthsthatthisgenerationofAmericansholdself-evident,fewaremoredeeplyembeddedinthenationalpsychethanthemaxim"Itpaystogotocollage".SinceG.BilltransformedhighereducationintheaftermathofWWII,acollegediploma,onceabirthrightoftheleisuredfew,hasbecomealodestonefortheupwardlymobile,asintegraltotheAmericandreamasthepursuitofhappinessitself.Thenumberstellthestory:In1950s,43%ofhigh-schoolgraduateswentontopursuesomeform.ofhighereducation;atthesametime,only6%ofAmericanswerecollegegraduates.Butby1992,almost2tooutof3secondary-schoolgraduateswereoptingforhighereducation—and21%ofamuchlargerU.S.populationhadcollegediplomas.AsProf.HerbertLondonofNewYorkUniversitytoldacommencementaudiencelastJune:"Thecollegeexperiencehasgonefromaritepassagetoarightofpassage".

However,astheclassof1993issopainfullydiscovering,whileacollegediplomaremainsarequisitecredentialforascendingtheeconomicladder,itnolongerguaranteesthegoodlife.RarelysincetheendoftheGreatDepressionhasthejoboutlookforcollegegraduatesappearedsobleak:ofthe1.1millionstudentswhoreceivedtheirbaccalaureatedegreeslastspring,fewerthan20%hadlinedupfull-timeemploymentbycommencement.Indeed,anuncertainjobmarkethasprecipitatedawaveofeconomicfearandtremblingamongtheyoung."Manyofmyclassmatesareabsolutelyterrified",saysoneofthefortunatefewwhodidmanagetolandapermanentposition."Theywonderifthey'lleverfindajob".

Someofthisrecession-inducedanxietywilldissipateifarecoveryfinallybeginstogeneratejobsatwhateconomistsconsideranormalrate.Butthesadfactisthatfortheforeseeablefuture,collegegraduateswillbeinconsiderablesurplus,enablingemployerstorequireadegreeevenforjobsforwhichacollegeeducationisreallyunnecessary.AccordingtoKristinaShelleyoftheBureauofLaborStatistics—whobasesherestimateona"moderateprojection"ofcurrenttrends—30percentofcollegegraduatesenteringthelaborforcebetweennowandtheyear2022willbeunemployedorwillfindemploymentinjobsforwhichtheywillbeoverqualified,joiningwhateconomistscallthe"educationallyunderutilized".

Indeed,itmaybequiteawhile—ifever—beforethoseworkingtemporarilyascocktailwaitressesortaxidriverswillbeabletopursuetheirprimarycareerpaths.Ofcoursewaitingontablesandbustlingcabfaresarerespectablewaystoearnaliving.ButtheyarenotquitewhatsomanyyoungAmericans—andtheirparents—hadinmindastheendproductoffourexpensiveyearsincollege.

Theauthortriestoconvinceusthat______.

A.thepurelyeconomicrationaleforcollegeisnotascompellingasitoncewas

B.collegeeducationpavesthewayforfuturesuccess

C.acollegediplomaistheprerequisitecredentialforbetterjobs

D.highereducationfacesanunforeseeablefuture

7、

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue'?

A.Acollegediplomausedtobetheprivilegeoftherich.

B.AcollegediplomahelpsonetorealizehisAmericandream.

C.Collegegraduatescaneasilygetpermanentpositions.

D.Collegegraduatesareoptimisticabouttheircareerinthefuture.

8、

Whatdoesthesentence"thecollegeexperiencehasgonefromaritepassagetoarightofpassage"mean?

A.Goingtocollegeisnecessary.

B.Goingtocollegehasbecomeordinary.

C.Goingtocollegeisacivilright.

D.Goingtocollegeisexpensive.

9、

Thenumbersinthefirstparagrapharecitedtoshowthatnow______.

A.collegegraduatesaresurplus

B.collegediplomasarenecessarytogoupwardinthesociety

C.collegediplomasarerequisitecredentialsforgettinggoodjobs

D.moreandmoreyoungpeopleintheU.S.gotocollege

10、

Accordingtothepassage,whatmuseseducationallyunderutilizing?

A.Collegegraduatesaremorethanthesocietyneeds.

B.Thepaymenttoblue-collarworkersismuchhigherthanthatofwhite-collaremployees.

C.Itisfashionabletobewaitressesortaxidrivers.

D.Peoplerespectthosewhooncedidphysicalwork.

11、Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm'shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

WhichofthefollowingdoesnotapplytothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?

A.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment.

B.Theywillspendtimeandmoneytrainingworkers.

C.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployeesownbusiness.

D.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.

12、

Whatisn'tthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm.

B.Hispostislikelytoappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.

C.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.

D.Heisnotequaltothechieffinancialexecutive.

13、

ComparedwithAmericanfirms,Germanyones______.

A.spendthevastamountsontrainingtheirworkforce

B.investmoreintheskillsoftheiremployeesthanAmericanfirms

C.areconcentratedmoreonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees

D.focusmoreonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjob

14、

Accordingtothepassage,themoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto______.

A.technologicalandmanagerialstaff

B.workerswhocanoperatenewequipment

C.workerswholackbasicbackgroundskills

D.executivestaff

15、

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.AmericanfirmsarenotdifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhumanresourcemanagement.

B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehumanresourcemanagement.

C.ThehumanresourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.

D.Theheadofhumanresourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirmshierarchy.

16、AfewcommonmisconceptionsBeautyisonlyskin-deep.One'sphysicalassetsandliabilitiesdon'tcountallthatmuchinamanagerialcareer.Awomanshouldalwaystrytolookherbest.

Overthelast30years,socialscientistshaveconductedmorethan1,000studiesofhowwereacttobeautifulandnot-so-beautifulpeople.Thevirtuallyunanimousconclusion:Looksdomatter,momthanmostofusrealize.Thedatasuggest,forexample,thatphysicallyattractiveindividualsaremorelikelytobetreatedwellbytheirparents,soughtoutasfriends,andpursuedromantically.Withthepossibleexceptionofwomenseekingmanagerialjobs,theyarealsomorelikelytobehired,paidwell,andpromoted.

Un-American,yousay,unfairandextremelyunbelievable?Onceagain,thescientistshavecaughtusmouthingpieceswhileactingjustthecontrary.Theirtypicalexperimentworkssomethinglikethis.Theygiveeachmemberofagroup-collegestudents,perhaps,orteachersorcorporatepersonnelmanagersapieceofpaperrelatinganindividual'saccomplishments.Attachedtothepaperisaphotograph.Whilethepapersallsayexactlythesamethingthepicturesaredifferent.Someshowastrikinglyattractiveperson,someanaveragelookingcharacter,andsomeanunusuallyunattractivehumanbeing.Groupmembersareaskedtoratetheindividualoncertainattributes,anythingfrompersonalwarmthtothelikelihoodthatheorshewillhepromoted.

Almostinvariably,thebetterlookingthepersoninthepicture,thehigherthepersonisrated.Inthephrase,borrowedfromSappo,thatthesocialscientistsusetosumupthecommonperception,whatisbeautifulisgood.

Inbusiness,however,goodlookscutbothwaysforwomen,anddeeperthanformen.AUtahStateUniversityprofessor,whoisanauthorityonthesubject,explains:intermsoftheircareers,theimpactofphysicalattractivenessonmalesisonlymodest.Butitspotentialimpactonfemalescanbetremendous,makingiteasier,forexample,forthemoreattractivetogetjobswheretheyareinthepubliceye.Onanothernote,though,thereisenoughliteraturenowforustoconcludethatattractivewomenwhoaspiretomanagerialpositionsdonotgetonaswellaswomen'whomaybelessattractive.

Accordingtothepassage,peopleoftenwronglybelievethatinpursuingacareerasamanager______.

A.aperson'spropertyordebtsdonotmattermuch

B.aperson'soutwardappearanceisnotacriticalqualification

C.womenshouldalwaysdressfashionably

D.womenshouldnotonlyheattractivebutalsohigh-minded

17、

Theresultofresearchcarriedoutbysocialscientistsshowthat______.

A．peopledonotrealizetheimportanceoflookingone'sbest

B．womeninpursuitofmanagerialjobsarenotlikelytobepaidwell

C．good-lookingwomenaspiretomanagerialpositions

D．a(chǎn)ttractivepeoplegenerallyhaveanadvantageoverthosewhoarenot

18、

Experimentsbyscientistshaveshownthatwhenpeopleevaluateindividualsoncertainattributes______.

A．theyobservetheprinciplethatbeautyisonlyskin-deep

B．theydonotusuallyactaccordingtotheviewstheysupport

C．theygiveordinary-lookingpersonsthelowestratings

D．theytendtobasetheirjudgmentontheindividual'saccomplishments

19、

Goodlookscutbothwaysforwomen(Paragraph5)meansthat______.

A.attractivewomenhavetremendouspotentialimpactonpublicjobs

B.good-lookingwomenalwaysgetthebestofeverything

C.beingattractiveisnotalwaysanadvantageforwomen

D.attractivewomendonotdoaswellasunattractivewomeninmanagerialpositions

20、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthebusinessworld______.

A．handsomemenarenotaffectedasmuchbytheirlooksasattractivewomenare

B．physicallyattractivewomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallydoquitewell

C．physicallyattractivemenandwomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallygetalongquitewell

D．goodlooksareimportantforwomenastheyareformen

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、B、C、D、E、F、G……)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.(10points)

(41)______.Themysteryinvolvesachangeintheatmosphere—ahole,orthinning,oftheozoneintheatmosphereoverAntarctica.Scientistswerenotsurewhatwascausingit.

(42)______.Itisfoundbothintheairwebreatheandintheupperatmosphere.Neartheearth,ozoneintheairisadangertolife.Itisapollutant.Butozonefound10kilometersto50kilometersupintheatmosphereprotectslifeonearth.Ozoneformsintheatmospherethroughtheactionofsolarradiation.Onceformed,theozoneblocksharmfulradiationfromreachingtheearth.Scientistssayadecreaseinozoneandanincreaseintheharmfulradiationwillcausemanymorecasesofskincancerandwillharmcrops,animalsandfish.

(43)______.

Chlorineisreleasedintotheairfromthechlorofluorocarbons—orCFCs—usedinplastic,airconditionersandspraycans.TheuseofCFCshasgreatlyincreasedworldwidesince1960andiscontinuingtoincrease.Thedestructionoftheozoneintheatmospherealsohasincreased.

Aninternationaleffortisbeingmadetohaltthelossofatmosphericozone.Butmanyexpertsfeartheeffortwillnotproduceresultsfastenoughtopreventharmtolifeonearth.Thirty-onenationsnegotiatedatreatylastyear(1987)callingforareductionintheworldwideproductionofchlorofluorocarbons.Itwaspraisedatthetimeasamajorstepinhaltingfurtherdestructionoftheozone.CutsinthepresentproductionofCFCswillbegininthemid-1990s.

(44)______.

Harmfulchemicalstakefrom7to10yearstoriseupintotheatmosphere.DamagefromtheincreaseuseofCFCsinthispastdecadestillhasnotbeenfelt.Governmentscientistssaymorethantwotimesthemountofthesegaseswillbeintheatmospherebeforethelevelsstoprising.

(45)______.Scientistspointoutamoleculeofchlorineremainsintheatmosphereforaslongas100years.Duringthattime,itdestroystensofthousandsofozonemolecules.

A.Whyhastheozoneproblemdeveloped?Nooneknowsforsure.Butscientistssaytheevidenceisverystrongthatthechlorineinchlorofluorocarbons(含氯氟烴)iscausingmuchoftheproblem.

B.Almost30yearsafterscientistsdiscoveredthatcommonindustrialgasesweredestroyingEarth'sprotectiveozonelayer,satellitereadingsandgroundobservationsshowforthefirsttimethatthedangerousrateofozonelossisfinallyslowing.

C.Ozoneisathree-atomform.ofoxygengas.

D.Therehavebeensomenewdevelopmentsinacontinuingmysterywehavereportedaboutmanytimes.

E.Scientistsalsosaydamagetoozonewillcontinuebecauseofthelonglifeofthechemicalgasesreleasedintotheatmosphere.

F.TheozoneproblemcausedbyCFCswasfirstnoticedasearlyasthe1960s.

G.However,mostscientistsnowagreedestructionoftheozonewillcontinuefordecades.Theysaythiswillhappeneventhoughindustriesandgovernmentsdotheirbesttocontrolthedamage.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10point