2023年考研外語沖刺密卷4

考研外語沖刺密卷4

一、UseofEnglish

1、SpaceShuttleProjectisoneofthefirsthuge-typedspaceflightinstrumentsusedformanytimesintheworld,organizedbyAmericanNationalAviationandSpaceflightBureau,themainresearchesof【1】areresearchingandmakingthesystemofspaceshuttle,suggestingandchoosing【2】andlandingports,decidingtheschemeofreclaimingtherollboosterofsolidrocket,【3】theestablishmentofrepairingtherollbooster,andrebuildingandexpandingthebuildingofthe【4】andcontrollingsystem.

Atthebeginningof1969,theUnitedStatessetupagroupthatspeciallyresearchedthedevelopmentdirectionofspaceflightwith【5】forthenextstage,【6】bydeputypresident.After【7】andresearch,itsuggestedthatanaerocraftwithgreatbenefitsin【8】shouldbemade,eg【9】thespaceflightbeingitsleadingstanchion.Inthisproject,fiveorbitimplementswereprescribedtobemade,【10】"Exploitation","Columbia","Challenger","Discovery"and"Atlands".

In1970,spaceflightgotintoanall-round【11】ofresearchandmanufacture.Thewhole-projecthadtodelaymorethanthreeyears.Fiveorbitimplementswere【12】tobefourandflightexperimentforsixtimeswasalsodecreasedforfour,【13】thenumberofproductionwascutdown,accordingtotheoriginalscheme.InApril1971this【14】wasdecidedthatKennedySpaceCentrewasusedforthelaunchingandlandingportforspaceshuttles,andEdwardsAirBasewasusedforthe【15】landingport.InFebruary1977,"Exploitation"OrbitImplementstartedtohaveenteringandlandingexperimentsinEdwardsAirBase.FromMay12,1981toJuly4,1982,"Columbia"SpaceShuttlesuccessfullyfinishedfourflightexperimentsforresearchandmanufacture,【16】meantthatthe【17】andmanufactureswereoverin【18】form.

It【19】about12yearsandcostmorethan75billionUSdollarstofinishthewholeproject.OnNovember11,1990,spaceshuttlesbegantoflyfor【20】.

(1)

A.what

B.which

C.where

D.that

2、(2)

A.labeling

B.hauling

C.hawking

D.launching

3、(3)

A.building

B.breaching

C.breeding

D.bugging

4、(4)

A.obscuring

B.rejecting

C.observing

D.refining

5、(5)

A.people

B.member

C.man

D.person

6、(6)

A.led

B.deprived

C.leaked

D.diluted

7、(7)

A.weapon

B.investigation

C.wisdom

D.irritation

8、(8)

A.economics

B.finance

C.accounting

D.economy

9、(9)

A.in

B.with

C.by

D.through

10、(10)

A.modified

B.propelled

C.named

D.provoked

11、(11)

A.conviction

B.stage

C.context

D.stand

12、(12)

A.dedicated

B.boosted

C.browsed

D.decreased

13、(13)

A.as

B.if

C.though

D.once

14、(14)

A.parallel

B.outfit

C.programme

D.outlet

15、(15)

A.uniform

B.spark

C.unity

D.spare

16、(16)

A.whereas

B.what

C.whether

D.which

17、(17)

A.resolution

B.renaissance

C.researches

D.resemblance

18、(18)

A.due

B.sober

C.drastic

D.feeble

19、(19)

A.spent

B.took

C.consumed

D.absorbed

20、(20)

A.commerce

B.business

C.trade

D.transaction

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Peoplehavegoodreasontocareaboutthewelfareofanimals.EversincetheEnlightenment,theirtreatmenthasbeenseenasameasureofmankind'shumanity.ItisnocoincidencethatWilliamWilberforceandSirThomasFoxwellBuxton,twoleadersofthemovementtoabolishtheslavetrade,helpedfoundtheRoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimalsinthe1820s.Anincreasingnumberofpeoplegofurther:mankindhasadutynottocausepaintoanimalsthathavethecapacitytosuffer.Bothviewshaveledpeoplegraduallytoextendtreatmentoncereservedformankindtootherspecies.

Butwheneverydaylivesaremeasuredagainstsuchprinciples,theyarefraughtwithcontradictions.Thosewhowouldneverdreamofcagingtheircatsanddogsguzzlebaconandeggsfromghastlyfactoryfarms.Theabattoirandthecattletruckaresecretplacessafelyhiddenfromthemeat-eater'sgazeandthechild'sstorybook.Plentyofpeoplewhodenouncethefur-trade(muchofwhichisfromfarmedanimals)quitehappilywearleather(alsofromfarmedanimals).

Perhapstheinconsistencyisunderstandable.Afterhundredsofyearsofthinkingaboutit,peoplecannotagreeonasystemofrightsforeachother,sothegroundisboundtogetshakierstillwhenanimalsareincluded.Thetroubleisthatconfusionandcontradictionopenthewaytotheextremist.Andbecausescientificresearchisremotefrommostpeople'slives,itisparticularlyvulnerabletotheircampaigns.

Infact,scienceshouldbethelasttarget,whereveryoudrawtheboundariesofanimalwelfare.Foronething,thereisrarelyanalternativetousinganimalsinresearch.Iftherewere,scientistswouldgraspit,becauseanimalresearchisexpensiveandencircledbyregulations.Animalresearchisalsoforahigherpurposethanafullbellyoranelegantoutfit.Theworldneedsnewmedicinesandsurgicalproceduresjustasitneedstheunknowablefruitsofpureresearch.

Andscienceis,byandlarge,kindtoitsanimals.Thecoupleofmillion(mainlyratsandmice)thatdieinBritain'slaboratoriesarefarbetterlooked-afterandfarmorehumanelykilledthanthebillionorso(mainlychickens)onBritain'sfarms.Indeed,ifDarleyOaksmakesupitslossofguineapigswithturkeysordairycows,youcanbefairlysureanimalwelfareinBritainhasjusttakenastepbackwards.

Thefirstparagraphiswrittento______.

A.putforwardsoundreasontocareaboutthewelfareofanimals

B.emphasizethegloryoftheEnlightenment

C.IntroducetheRoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimals

D.providebackgroundknowledgeforthediscussiontobeexpanded

2、

Theinconsistencyinourroutinelivesisdefinedbyenumerating______.

A.thedeedsconductedbySirThomasFoxwellBuxton

B.thepeoplewhocondemnthefur-tradebutmerrilywearleather

C.theunderstandingoftheancienttimesconcerningasystemofrights

D.thecomprehensionofthewaytotheextremist

3、

Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat______.

A.thepublic'signoranceofscientificresearchresultsinattacksonscience

B.ameasureofmankind'shumanityistakenintoaccount

C.confusionandcontradictionresultfromvulnerablecampaigns

D.thedebateisboundtoaggravateinthenextdecade

4、

Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?

A.Eveniftheydeploretheactivitist'suseofintimidationandviolence,animalloverseverywherecansurerejoicetoday.

B.Sciencedoesnotdeservetobethetargetofprotests,whateveryouthinkofanimalrights.

C.Overtheyearssomethinggoodhascomefromthecampaignagainsttheanimalindustry.

D.ItisasensiblemovethatDarleyOaksmakesupitslossofguineapigswithturkeysordairycows.

5、

Inthetext,acomparisonismadesoasto______.

A.abolishtheslavetrade

B.elaborateahigherpurposeofanimalresearch

C.warnthatmankindhasadutynottocausepaintoanimals

D.assertthatscienceis,byandlarge,kindtoitsanimals

6、Tuninginroundtheclock,viasatelliteorinternetblog,toanyboutofmayhemanywhere,youmightnotthinktheworldwasbecomingamorepeaceableplace.Butinsomewaysitis,andmeasurablyso.ArecentHumanSecurityReportreleasedbytheLiuInstituteattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaregistersa40%dropinthenumberofarmedconflictsbetween1992and2022,withtheworstwars,thoseclaimingmorethanathousandlivesinbattle,downby80%.While28armedstrugglesforself-determinationignitedorreignitedbetween1991and2022,anencouraging43otherswerecontainedordoused.

Yetmeasuredinadifferentway,fromthepointofviewofthehalfoftheworld'spopulationthatisfemale,arguestheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControloftheArmedForces,theworldisanawfullyviolentplace,andnotjustinitswarzones.Menstillfillmostofthebodybagsinwartime,includingincivilwars,evenonDCAF'sfigures,buttheirsisters,mothers,wivesanddaughters,itarguesinanewreportentitled"WomeninanInsecureWorld",facenothingshortofa"hiddengendercide".

Violenceagainstwomenisnothingnew.DCAF'scontributionistocollatethemanyfiguresandestimates—notallofthemeasilyverifiable,ithastobesaid—oneverythingfrominfanticidetorape(inbothwarandpeace),dowrydeaths,sextraffickinganddomesticviolence(inrichercountriesaswellaspoorerones).

AccordingtooneUNestimatecitedbyDCAF,between113mand200mwomenarenowdemographically"missing".Thisgendergapisaresultoftheabortingofgirlfoetusesandinfanticideincountrieswhereboysarepreferred;lackoffoodandmedicalattentionthatgoesinsteadtobrothers,fathers,husbandsandsons,so-called"honourkillings"anddowrydeaths;andothersortsofdomesticviolence.Itimpliesthateachyearbetween1.5mand3mwomenandgirlsarelosttogenderbasedviolence.Inotherwords,everytwotofouryearstheworldlooksawayfromavictimcountonthescaleofHitler'sHolocaust.

Womenbetweentheagesof15and44aremorelikelytobemaimedordiefromviolenceinflictedonewayoranotherbytheirmenfolkthanthroughcancer,malaria,trafficaccidentsorwarcombined.Poorhealthcaremeansthat600,000womenarelosteachyeartochildbirth(atollroughlyequalannuallytothatoftheRwandangenocide).TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthat6,000girlsaday(morethan2mayear),mostlyinthepoorworld,undergogenitalmutilation.OtherWHOfiguressuggestthat,aroundtheworld,onewomaninfiveislikelytobeavictimofrapeorattemptedrapeinherlifetime.

Inthenarrationofthefirsttwoparagraphs,theauthoremploysthedeviceof______.

A.comparison

B.inversion

C.contrast

D.omission

7、

Theword"contained"inthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans______.

A.involved

B.checked

C.embraced

D.included

8、

Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphofthetextthat______.

A.violenceagainstwomenhasbeenignoredsincethe1960s

B.manyfiguresandestimatescannotstandscrutinyconcerned

C.DCAFhaslongcontributedtotheinfanticideandrapeinrichernations

D.theexaminingworkconductedbyDCAFhasbeendemanding

9、

Hitler'sHolocaustandtheRwandangenocidearementionedinthetextwiththeaimto______.

A.provideaconcreteconceptofthestatisticsrelatedtogender-basedviolenceandpoorhealthcare

B.exemplifytheinhumaneactionconductedbyGermanNaziduringWorldWarⅡ

C.countthevictimswhoarenowdemographically"missing"

D.takeintotheaccountwomenwhoaremoreliabletobemaimedordiefromviolence

10、

Whichofthefollowingscouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Womeninapoverty-strickenarea.

B.Gendergapintheemergingeconomies.

C.Womeninahazardousworld.

D.Gendercideinthewesterncountries.

11、Ifyouleavealoadedweaponlyingaround,itisboundtogooffsoonerorlater.Snow-coverednorthernEuropeheardthegunshotloudandclearwhenRussiacutsuppliestoUkrainethisweekaspartofarowaboutmoneyandpower,thetwoeternalbattlegroundsofglobalenergy.FromcentralEuroperightacrosstoFranceontheAtlanticseaboard,gassuppliesfellbymorethanone-third.ForyearsEuropeanshadbeentellingthemselvesthatacold-warenemywhichhadsuppliedthemwithoutfailcouldstillbedependedonnowitwasanally(ofsorts).Suddenly,nobodywasquitesosure.

Fearingthethreattoitsreputationasasupplier,RussiarapidlyrestoredthegasandsettleditsdifferenceswithUkraine.ButitwasanuncomfortableglimpseofthedangersforacontinentthatimportsroughlyhalfitsgasandthatGerardMestrallet,bossofSuez,aFrenchwaterandpowercompany,expectstobeimporting80%ofitsgasby2030muchofitfromRussia.ItwasscarcelymorewelcomeforAmerica,whichcondemnedRussia'stactics.Andnowonder:itconsumesone-quarteroftheworld'soil,butproducesonly3%ofthestuff.Overthecomingyears,theworld'sdependenceonoillookslikelytoconcentrateontheMiddleEast,particularlySaudiArabia.Russianoilhadseemedausefulalternative.

Fearoftheenergyweaponhasalonghistory.Whenproducershadtheupperhandintheoilembargoof1973-74,ArabmembersoftheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)cutsupply,sowingturmoilandaglobalrecession.Whenconsumershadtheupperhandintheearly1990s,theembargocuttheotherway.AfterSaddamHusseininvadedKuwaitin1990,theworldshutin5mbarrelsaday(b/d)ofproductionfromthetwocountriesinanattempttoforcehimout.

Withoilcosting$60abarrel,fivetimesmorethanthenominalpricein1999,andspotpricesfornaturalgasinsomeEuropeanandAmericanmarketsatornearrecordlevels,powerhasswungbacktotheproducersforthefirsttimesincetheearly1980s.Nobodyknowshowlongtoday'stightmarketswilllast."Ittookusalongtimetogetthereanditwilltakeusalongtimetogetback,"saysRobinWest,chairmanofPFCEnergyinWashington.Aclutchofalarmistbookswithtitlessuchas"TheDeathofOil"predictthatsolittleoilisleftinthegroundthatproducerswillalwayshavepricingpower.Thequestionishowworriedconsumersshouldbe.Whatarethethreatstoenergysecurityandwhatshouldtheworlddoaboutthem?Theanswerssuggestaneedforplanningandacertainamountofgrimrealism,butnotforoutrightpanic.

Theword"now"inthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphdenotes______.

A.becauseofthefact(that)

B.forthetimebeing

C.currently

D.atpresent

12、

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?

A.Worryoftheenergyweaponisofalonghistoryinthesnow-coverednorthernEurope.

B.ThedisputewithUkrainewasresolvedwithoutanydelayandgassupplywasrestored.

C.Therisksforagas-importingcontinentwereexposedintherecentRussian-Ukrainianincident.

D.Russiangashadlongappearedtobeabeneficialalternative.

13、

USA,accordingtothetext,disapprovedofRussianexpedientinthat______.

A.mostoftenitworkswonder

B.AmericansneverwelcomeEuropeans

C.Russianshardlyproduceconsumingstuff

D.itdependsheavilyonoilimport

14、

Accordingtothelastparagraph,sincetheearly1980sconsumers______.

A.cannotaffordgasandoil

B.haveencounteredgrimsituation

C.can.avoidoutrightpanic

D.havehadtheupperhand

15、

BasedontheremarksmadebyRobinWest,thecurrentsituationwill______.

A.vanish

B.linger

C.aggravate

D.rebound.

16、"TheimpulsetoexcessamongyoungBritonsremainsaspowerfulasever,buttheforcethatusedtokeeptheimpulseincheckhasallbutdisappeared,"claimedanewspaper.Legislationthatmadeiteasiertogetholdofadrinkwas"anActfortheincreaseofdrunkennessandimmorality",assertedapolitician.

Thefirststatementcomesfrom2022,thesecondfrom1830.Onbothoccasions,theobjectofscornwasaparliamentarybillthatpromisedtosweepaway"antiquated"licensinglaws.Asliberalregulationscameintoforcethisweek,Britonsonbothsidesofthedebateunwittinglyfolloweda19th-centuryscript.

Reformersthen,asnow,tookabenignviewofhumannature.Makeboozecheaperandmorereadilyavailable,saidtheliberalisers,anddrinkerswoulddevelopsensible,continentalEuropeanstyle.ways.Nonsense,retortedthecritics.HabitsarehardtochangerifBritonscandrinkeasily,theywilldrinkmore.

Worryinglyformodernadvocatesofliberalisation,earlierdoomsayersturnedouttoberight.Between1820and1840,consumptionofmalt(whichisusedtomakebeer)increasedbymorethan50%.Worse,BritonsdevelopedakeenertasteforwhatThomasCarlylecalled"liquidmadness"—ginandotherspirits.

Thebacklashwasfierce.Criticspointedtowidespreaddebaucheryinthemoredisreputablesectionsoftheworkingclass.Theywereparticularlyworriedaboutthepeoplewho,inalaterage,cametobeknownas"ladettes".Anacutefear,saysVirginiaBerridge,whostudiestemperanceattheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine,wasthatwomenwouldpassontheirsinfulwaystotheirchildren.

Inthe19thcentury,temperanceorganisationssetuptheirownnewspaperstoeducatethepublicabouttheconsequencesofexcess.That,atleast,haschanged:thesedays,themainstreammediarailagainstthedemondrinkallbythemselves.

Accordingtothetext,thephrase"thesecond"inthesecondparagraphrefersto______.

A.thestatementbyacritic

B.theincreaseofdrunkenness

C.thedeclineofimmorality

D.theassertionbyapolitician

17、

Accordingtothetext,theauthor'sattitudetowardlicensinglawsis______.

A.biased

B.negative

C.indifferent

D.affirmative

18、

Itcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthat______.

A.thedisputeoveralcohollicensinghasovertonesof19th-centuryarguments

B.Britonsdevelopedakeenertasteforginandotherspirits

C.sinfulwayswouldbepassedonbywomentotheirchildren

D.thepublicshouldbeeducatedabouttheconsequencesofexcess

19、

Whatdothe19thcenturyreformersandpresent-dayreformershaveincommon?

A.Theyfollowa19thcenturyscript.

B.Theyholdakindlyattitudetowardhumannature.

C.Theyattempttomakedrinkingreadilyavailable.

D.Theywinovercriticinthedisputeoflicensinglaws.

20、

Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Oldwine,newbottle.

B.Mainstreammedia,nonsense.

C.Doomsayers,unwarrantedarguments.

D.Fiercebacklash,immorality.

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.

(41)____________

Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankind,evenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidance,gladlyremainimmature.Itisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardians.Itissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningforme,adoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoon,thenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpay,otherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankind,includingtheentire"beautifulsex,"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturity,notonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous.

(42)____________

Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimseffoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligence,becausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulas,thesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuse,orrathermisuse,ofhisnaturalfaculties,aretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind.Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselves,evenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswho,afterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselves,willspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself.

(43)____________

Throughrevolution,theabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccur,butneveratruereform.ofthestateofmind.Instead,newprejudices,justliketheoldones,willserveastheguidingreinsofthegreat,unthinkingmass.

(44)____________

ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don'targue!Theofficersays:Don'targue,drill!Thetaxcollector:Don'targue,pay!Thepastor:Don'targue,believe!…Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.Whichrestrictionishamperingenlightenment,andwhichdoesnot,orevenpromotesit?Ianswer:Thepublicuseofaman'sreasonmustbefreeatalltimes,andthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen.Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage?

(45)____________

[A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedom,namely,thefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters.

[B]Enlightenmentisman'sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone'sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligence,butbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone'sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment.

[C]Theansweris:No,butinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositi

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

D