(8.5.1)-8.5官窯中國陶瓷鑒賞

GuanWares官窯TheSongimperialkilnswerecentralizedintwolocations；attheformercapitalcityofBianjing(presentdayKaifengcity)duringtheNorthernSongDynasty,andlateratthecityofHangzhouintheSouthernSongdynastyaftertheregimemovedsouthward.宋官窯分為北宋官窯和南宋官窯兩處。北宋官窯設在汴京(遺址在當今的開封市),南宋官窯則是宋室南遷后設在杭州。TheNorthernSongImperialkilnsproducedceladon,butwithvariousshadesandlusterintheglaze.Theglazecolorsincludedlightgreenishblue,moonwhite,glossygrayandyellow-green.Thoughthecolorsweredifferent,theyallcontainedthecommonelementofgreenorblue-green,anditsbeautywasheightenedbytheuseofdifferentcoloredbodies.北宋官窯燒的是青瓷,但卻呈色不同,釉色有粉青、月白、油灰、青黃等。雖然顏色各有不同,但都還統(tǒng)一在青色的調(diào)子中。這種青色并非一覽無余的青,是通過胎質(zhì)的變化使釉色豐富多彩。ThebodiesmostoftenusedforImperialwarescontainedratherhighconcentrationsofiron,producinganeffectcalled"purplemouthandironfeet.”Atthemouthofthevessel,theglazewasthin,revealingthegroundunderneathandthusthepurplishcolor,thefeethadnoglazeatall,showingtheiron-richbody,whichturnedblackafterbeingfired.官窯多用含鐵量較高,呈色較深的胎質(zhì),出現(xiàn)了一種紫口鐵足”現(xiàn)象——器口部的釉薄隱約露出黑紫色胎骨顏色,足部無釉處呈黑色——這是由于胎體含鐵量較高,在燒制過程中較強還原焰使胎色變黑所至。HistoricalrecordsdescribethattheImperialkilnsoftheSouthernSongDynastywere"locatedatthefootofMountPhoenix.”Buttheactualruinsofthekilnswereneverdiscovered.有關(guān)南宋官窯的窯址,按文獻介紹“官窯在鳳凰山下”,但一直未真正發(fā)現(xiàn)其遺址的具體位置。AsecondImperialkilnwasbuiltduringtheSouthernSongDynasty,namedJiaotanImperialkiln.ItsruinsremaintodayatthesouthernsuburbsofHangzhouCity.南宋還修建了第二座官窯,叫郊壇官窯,窯址在今天杭州市南郊烏龜山一帶。ImperialporcelainoftheSouthernSongexcelledinglazecolor,thecracklingeffectoftheglazeandformofthevessels.Theywerepresentedinmodestsimplicity,yetelegant.Theglazingeffectmadeitfeelmoistandsmoothasifjade.Minimaldecorationswereused.南宋官窯青瓷主要以釉色、碎裂紋及造型取勝,器物造型占樸端莊,釉色滋潤似玉,因而裝飾題材并不豐富。Techniquesofdecorationincludedengravings,moldimprints,relief,sculpturing,piercedpatterns,piercedsculpturesandmore.Engravingwasmostlyusedonbowls,dishesandothercontainersfordailyuse.Moldimprintsweremorewidelyadoptedbythefullrangeofvessels.Embossedsculpturesweremostlyusedforvases,kettles,stovesandwinevessels,whichwereretro-styledvessels.Piercedsculpturewasfordecoratinglids,pedestalsandstoves.裝飾上常采用的手法有刻劃、模印、堆貼、捏雕、鏤空、透雕等,刻劃