(完整版)懂你英語(yǔ)筆記L4U2

英語(yǔ)流利說(shuō)英語(yǔ)流利說(shuō)L4U22/4listeningSeethingsfromdifferentpointofviewAThismanisholdingapieceoffruitinhishand.Thepieceoffruitiseitheranorangeoranapple.Wecantseewhichitisbecausewecan'tseeinsidethebox.Theprobabilitythatitisanorangeisequaltotheprobabilitythatitisanapple.ItmaybeanappleanditmaybeanorangeIt'sgottobeoneortheother.Itcan'tbeanythingelse.BNow,let'slookatitfromtheman'spointofview.Fromhispointofviewtheprobabilitiesisdifferent.Fromhispointofview,theprobabilitythatisanorangeisonehundredpercentorzeropercent.That'sbecauseheknowswhathehas.Forhim,thereisnouncertainty（ 不確定性）.Ifhehasanorange,theprobabilityisonehundredpercent.Ifhedoesn'thaveanorange,theprobabilityiszeropercent.Heeitherhasitorhedoesn't.CFromourpointofviewtheprobabilitythathehasanorangeisfiftypercent.Fromhispointofview,theprobabilitythatthere sanorangeisonehundredpercentorzeropercent.Sotheprobabilitydependsonyourpointofview.DPeopleseethingsfromdifferentpointsofview.Thisoftenleadstoargumentsbetweenpeople.Herearesomeexamples.Fromthisman'spointofview,heisrelaxing.Heneedstorelax,becausehehasbeenworkingtoohard.Hehasn'tbeengettingenoughsleep.EHiswifeseesthingsdifferently.Sheisn'tawareofhowhardhehasbeenworking.Fromherpointofview,heisdoingnothing.However,sheknowswhatneedstobedonearoundthehouse.Itisn'tfairthatshehastoworkwhilehedoesnothing.FWhenpeopleseethingsfromdifferentpointsofview,theyoftencometodifferentconclusions.Thesedifferencescancauserealcommunicationproblems.練：Shellbeangrybecauseitisn'tfairthatshedoesallthework.11maybeanapplebutitcan'tbeabanana.Ifhiswifeshoutsathimandtellshimtogetupanddosomething,hemayshoutbackandrefusetohelpher.Itmaybeanappleanditmaybeanorange.Ifhiswifeaskshimtogetupandhelpherheprobablywon 'tbehappy.Ifherefusestogetupandhelpher,shewillbeangryathim.Ifhegetsupandhelpshershemaynotappreciatehishelp.Theprobabilitydependsonyourpointofview,orhowmuchyouknow.Ifhiswifedoesn'taskhimtogetupandhelpher,hewillappreciateherunderstanding.L4 U2 2/4vacabularySeriouseventandreligion（宗教）AEarthquakesarecausedbyforcesdeepwithintheearth.Whentheearthshake,buildingscancollapseandpeoplecanbeburiedinside.Anexplosionisarapidviolentrelease（ 釋放）ofenergy.爆炸是一種快速的猛烈的能量釋放Explosioncanbecausedbychemicalreactionssuchasinsideanengine.Asparkcanignite（著火，燃燒，點(diǎn)燃）amixtureofgasesandreleasesenergyforgoodordestructive（有害的，破壞性的）purposes（目的）.一個(gè)火花可以點(diǎn)燃一種氣體的混合物，并釋放能量，以達(dá)到良好或破壞的目的Accidentsareoftencausedbypeopledoingfoolishthingsorbynotbeingcareful.Onemajorcauseofaccidentsisdrivingtoofast.Accidentswithfirecanbeveryseriousandcanresultinverypainfulinjuries.Epidemics（流行?。゛retherapidspread（傳播）ofadiseasesuchasthefluorEbola（ 埃博拉病毒）.Throughouthistory,epidemicshavekilledmillionsofpeople.Stormsarecausedbychangesintheatmosphere,resulting（ 導(dǎo)致,應(yīng)..而發(fā)生）inhighwindsandheavyrain..Thunderstormsarecausedbyelectricchargesintheatmospherethatproducelightning,whichcancauseforestfires..Somestormscausefloodingandmajordamagetohomesandcities.練習(xí)：Toreducethedangerofanexplosion,it'simportanttopreventgasleaks（漏出,滲透）insidethehome.Epidemicshavekilledmorepeoplethanallwarsandnaturaldisasters.Manyforestfiresarecausedbylightning.BFollowersofIslam（ 伊斯蘭）religionarecalledMuslims（穆斯林，回族）.ThisMuslimsareprayinginsideamosque（清真寺）.Muslimsarecalledtoprayerfivetimesaday,beginningjustbeforesunrise.Christianity（ 基督教義）isbasedontheteachingofJesus（耶穌）Christ（基督）wholivemorethantwothousandyearsago.Christians（基督教徒）believethatJesusisthesonofGod.Christiansoftengatherinchurchesorcathedrals（ 總教堂，大教堂）toworship.FollowersofJudaism（猶太教）arecalledJews（ 猶太教徒）.ThisJewsaremeetinginsidesynagogue（ 猶太人教堂，猶太集會(huì)）whichisaplaceofworship（敬奉，信奉）instudy.Judaismwasfoundedoverthirty-fivehundredyearsagointhemiddleeast.猶太人的象征：白色、藍(lán)色、大衛(wèi)王之星，是廣泛分布于世界各國(guó)的一個(gè)族群。猶太人引歷史始于公元前第二個(gè)一千年的頭五百年，始祖是亞伯拉罕、其子以撒和其孫雅各。一場(chǎng)遍及全國(guó)的饑荒迫使雅各和他的兒子們，即以色列十二個(gè)部落的祖先移居埃及，在那里他們的后代淪為奴隸。幾個(gè)世紀(jì)之后，摩西（Moses）率眾人出埃及，擺脫奴役，奔向自由，最終擊敗迦南人，占領(lǐng)迦南人的故地。他們?cè)谖髂危⊿inai）沙漠上流浪了40年，在那里形成了一個(gè)民族，并接受了包括十誡在內(nèi)的摩西律法，他們的始祖?zhèn)兯鶆?chuàng)立的一神教從此初具規(guī)模。猶太人的民族、文化和宗教信仰之間具有很強(qiáng)的關(guān)聯(lián)性，猶太教是維系全體猶太人之間認(rèn)同感的傳統(tǒng)宗教。JudaismisbasedontheteachingofMoses（摩西）wholabeled（標(biāo)簽）themostimportantprophet（先知書）.Buddhism（佛教）beganinIndiaandisbasedontheteachingsoftheBuddha.佛陀（對(duì)佛教的創(chuàng)始人喬答摩?悉達(dá)多［公元前約5634勺460］的尊稱；他原是印度王子，放棄家產(chǎn)、與家人斷絕關(guān)系后成為一名苦行者，通過(guò)默想達(dá)到了大徹大悟的境界后，開始向所有前來(lái)求道的人傳播思想）.Thereligion（ 宗教）isabouttwentyfivehundredyearsold..SomeBuddhists（佛教徒）practiceaformofmeditation（沉思，冥想）inwhichtheyemptytheirmindsofanythought.一些佛教徒練習(xí)一種冥想的形式，他們清空了他們的思想。14.Hinduism（ER度教）istheworld'sthirdmostpopularreligionandisthemainreligionofIndia.15.Hinduismhasnofounderandisamixtureofmanybeliefs.印度教源于古印度韋陀教及婆羅門教，是世界主要宗教之一，主要流行于印度16.SomeHindusbelieveinthecycleofbirth,life,deathandrebirth（重生，再生）.練習(xí)：1、JewsbelievethatMosesisthemostimportantprophet.L4U22/4dialogueAboutthemissingaircraftADoyouanymoreinformationaboutthelocation（位置）ofthemissingaircraft.No,wedon'ttheonlyinformationwehaveisthatitdisappeared.Whataboutthelastcommunicationwiththeaircraft.Thelastcommunicationwasaboutfifteenminutesbeforeitdisappeared.Wasthereanythingunusualinthecommunication?No,therewasn'tanythingunusual.Nothingpointedtoanykindofproblem.BAnyway,weareconfidentthatwewillfindit.It'salargeraircraft,soitshouldn 'tbedifficulttofind.Howmanycountriesarehelpingwiththesearch.Rightnow,wehavesearchteamsfromthreecountriesduringthesearch.It'sabigareatosearchsocanyougiveusanestimate（ 估計(jì)）abouthowlongitwilltake?Yes,it'sabigareasomighttakealongtime.Butwewon'tgiveup.Wewillsearchuntilwefindit.CHavetheyfoundthewreckage（失事，殘骸）yet.Whatareyoutalkingabout?Youknowtheairplanethatdisappearlastyear?Oh,yes,nowIknowwhatyou'rereferringto.Yes,they'vefoundsomepiecesofit.DWhatabouttheblackboxes.No,theystillhaven'tfoundtheblackboxes.It'shardtobelievethattheystilldon 'tknowofwhathappened.Perhapsthey'llneverknowespeciallyiftheydon'tfindtheblackboxes.Whateverhappenedtoit,thereisnogoodreasonwhyamodernairlineisalloweddodisappear.Iagreewithyou.練：1.Theyplantosearchforituntiltheyfindit.L4-U2-3/4-listeningAlcatraz-thefamousprisonAAlcatraz［阿爾卡特拉斯島（加利福尼亞州圣弗朗西斯科灣巖石島嶼,1934至1963年間它是防范最嚴(yán)密的聯(lián)邦監(jiān)獄所在地））isasmallislandinSanFranciscobay（ 海灣），onepointfivemilesfromSanFrancisco.FromAlcatrazyoucanseethefamousGoldenGatebridge.Alcatrazisalsofamousandisnowamajortouristattraction.Touristscanreachtheislandbyboatfromthecity.BAlcatrazhasoftenappearedinmoviesincludingescapefromAlcatrazwhichwasmadeinnineteenseventy-nine(1979).Onereasonit'sfamousisbecauseitusedtobeaprison,averyspecialprison.Itwasdesignedforprisonerswhowerecausingtroubleinotherprisons,suchastryingtoescape.Itwasamaximum(最大限度)securityprison,soescapewasalmostimpossible.Thewatersaroundthecoast,andonlyverystrongswimmerscanswimfromtheislandtoSanFrancisco.CThefirstgroupofprisonersarrivedinnineteenthirty -four(1934).Therewereonehundredthirty-sevenprisoners,includingbankrobbersandmurderers.TheycamebytrainfromanotherprisoninthestateofKansas.Duringthattrip,therewasheavysecurity.Theprisonerswereunderguardandhandcuffed.Nobodywantedthemtoescape.DTheprisonwasdesignedtoholduptothreehundredthirty -sixprisoners.However,theaveragepopulationwasonlyabouttwohundredseventy.Althoughtherewereseveralnotorious （聲名狼藉，臭名昭著的）inmate（囚犯）suchasAlCapone,mostoftheinmateswerenotwellknown.Manyhadtriedtoescapefromotherprisonsorwereconsideredviolent.Ifamandidnotbehaveatanotherprison,hecouldbesenttoAlcatraz.AtAlcatraz,therewasjustoneinmateineachprisoncell.EPrisonlifeatAlcatrazwashighlystructuredandboring.Itwasdesignedtoteachprisonerstofollowrules.Theyhadfourrights:food,clothing,shelterandmedicalcare.Everythingelsewasaprivilege（特權(quán)，特惠待遇）thathadtobeearned.Privilegesincludedworking,visitsfromfamilymembersandaccess（接近）totheprisonlibrary.Therewerealsoactivitiessuchaspaintingandmusic.Onceaprisonershowedthathecouldfollowtherules,hecouldbetransferredbacktoanotherprisontofinishhissentence.FAlcatrazwasusedasaprisonfortwenty-nineyears（1934-1963）.Duringthattime,noprisonerescapedsuccessfully.Therewerefourteenescapeattempts,involvingthirty -sixprisoners.Twenty-threewerecaughtaliveandsixwereshotandkilled.Twomentriedtoescapetwice.Twodrownedandfivewerelistedasmissingandpresumed（推定）drowned（淹沒(méi)，溺死）.Themostviolentescapeattempt（嘗試,努力）occurredonMaysecondnineteenfortysix,whensixprisonerstriedtoescape.Thateventiscalledthebattle（ 戰(zhàn)役）ofAlcatraz.GWhileitwasused,Alcatrazhadsomeofthemostnotorious（ 聲名狼藉，臭名昭著的）criminalsinAmericanhistory,suchasAlCapone.AlCaponewasacrimebosswhobuilthiscareerinChicago.Theprisonwasfinallyclosedin1963（nineteensixtythree）.Itwasclosedbecauseitwastoexpensivetooperate.練習(xí)NoprisonereverescapedfromAlcatraz.Anotoriousinmateisonewhoisverywellknown.L4-U2-3/4-vocabularyStatisticalchart（統(tǒng)計(jì)圖）andlawAAbargraphusesrectangularbars （——個(gè)條形圖使用矩形條）ofdifferentlengthstoshowandcomparedata （數(shù)據(jù)）.Thelengthsofthebarsareproportional（ 成比例的）tothevalues（準(zhǔn)則，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）theyrepresent（ 代表，描繪，描述，構(gòu)成）.條形的長(zhǎng)度與它們所代表的值成比例Thebars（條）canbevertical（垂直的），upanddownorhorizontal.（水平的）AcirclegraphoftencalledaPiegraphisshapelikeacircle.圓形圖通常稱為餅圖，它形狀像一個(gè)圓圈Itisdividedintosegments（ 部分）thatlooklikepiecesofapie.Percentages（百分比）areusedtocomparethesegments,whichareorderedfrombiggesttosmallest.Linegraphsareusedtoshowtherelationshipbetweentwovariables（變量）,suchastimeanddistance.Thesevariablesareplottedontwoaxes,theX-axisandY-axis.這些變量是被繪制在兩個(gè)軸，x軸和y軸。TheX-axisoftenshowstime,whiletheY-axisshowshowquantitiessuchasdistance.Temperatureorprofits,changewithtime.Aflowchartisatypeofgraphthatshowshowaprocessorprojectflowsfromstarttofinish.Aflowchartconsists（ 由???.組成）ofstartpointinputs,outputsanddecisionpoints.Anorganizationalchartwasorgchargeshowsthestructureofcompany.Itshowshowpeopleanddepartmentswithinacompanyareconnected.Itdefines （定義）therolesandresponsibilitiesofpeopleandapartmentswithinacompany.練習(xí)Linegraphsareverygoodatshowinghowthingschangeovertime.Alinegraphusesconnectedpointstoshowhowthingsarerelatedtoeachother.Acirclegraph,oftencalledapiegraph,isshapedlikeacircle.Inaflowchart,adecisionpointshowswhathappenswhenadecisionismade.Aflowchartshowshowaprocessorprojectflowsfromstarttofinish.Anorgchartshowshowpeopleanddepartmentswithinacompanyareconnected.TheX-axisoftenshowstime,whiletheY-axisshowshowquantitiessuchasprofitschangewithtime.BLawsarerulesthatpeoplearesupposedtofollow.Asystemoflawsgovernsthebehaviorofpeopleinthecountry.Criminalsarepeoplewhobreakthelaw.Peoplewhocommitacrimearecalledcriminals.Somecriminalsareverydangerousandneedtobeputinjail.Ajailorprisonisaplaceforcriminalsarelockedbehindboxessometimesformanyyears.Prisonsaredesignedtokeepcriminalsawayfromotherpeople.Acourthouse（SK!）wassomeonechargedwithcommittingacrimegoesontrial（審訊）.Incalled（被稱為）evidence，證據(jù)）presentedtoshowedtheguilt（犯罪，有罪）o門nnocence（ 清白，無(wú)罪）ofthepersonontrial.Whensomeonebreaksthelaw,theymaybearrestedbythepolice.Toarrestsomeonemeanstotakeandholdthemuntiltheygoontrial.練習(xí)：Anactionthatfollowsthelawisalegalaction.Anactionthatisagainstthelowisan川egalaction.Someonewhoisfoundguiltyofcommittingacrimeissenttoprison.Ifsomeonebreaksthelaw,theymaybearrestedandputontrial.Whenapersonischargedwithbreakingalaw,theyaretriedinacourtoflaw.L4-U2-3/4-diolgueAboutchangemoneyMayIhelpyou,sir?I'dliketochangesomeUSdollarsintoJapaneseyen,please.Yes,certainly.Sir.Howmuchwouldyouliketochange?I'dliketochangefivehundreddollars.MayIseeyourpassport,please?Idon'thaveitwithme,butIdohavemydriver 'slicense.Wouldthatbeok?No,I'msorrysir.Ineedtoseeyourpassport,it sthelaw.Look,I'mnotaskingforaloan（ 貸款）12.Ijustwanttoconvert（轉(zhuǎn)換）mydollarsintoyen.13.WhydoIneedmypassport?惱?5

苦

(甬

惱?5

苦

(甬

^7怒sir,butthat'sthelaw.15.Icannotdosomething,thatis川egal.BOk,doyouhaveanysuggestions?Sure,theeasiestthingforyoutodoistouseamachineinoneofthehotelsnearhere.Youcanborrowsomeone'spassport,andthendotheconversion（轉(zhuǎn)變，轉(zhuǎn)換）.Sothemachinedoesn'tcheckmyfingerprintsoranythinglikethat?No,sir.Butthere'salimitastohowmuchyoucanchangeatonetime.Youalsohavetopayahigherfee.Thanksforyourhelp.Youwelcome,sir.練Ifsomeoneisfrustrated,theyareabitirritable.L4-U2-4/4-listeningThecrimeboss-AlCaponeAAlCaponewasoneofthemostfamouscriminalsinAmericanhistory.Hecamefromanimmigrantfamily.理發(fā)師）.HisparentscamefromItaly,andhisfatherwasabarber（理發(fā)師）.Asaboyhebelongedtoastreetgang.Hequit（離開,擺脫）schoolafterfinishingthesixthgrade.BHebuilthiscareerasacrimebossinChicago.Hebecamebossattwenty-sixwhenthepreviousleaderwasnearlykilled.Hiscrimeorganizationmadealotofmoneymorethanonehundredmilliondollarsayear.Mostofmoneycamefrom川egalactivities,especiallythesaleofillegalliquor（ 酒）.Hisorganizationwasalsoinvolvedingambling（ 賭博）andprostitution（賣淫業(yè)）.CCaponewasaflashydresserwhoenjoyedbeingfamous.Heprotectedhimselfbybribing（ 賄賂）policeandpublicofficials.Thoughhewasinvolvedinthedeathsofmany,hewasneverconvicted（已被判開［J）ofaseriouscrime.Whenhewasfinallyarresteditwasforminor （重要性、嚴(yán)重性或意義上）較小的，次要的；較輕微的；crimes.Innineteentwentynine,heandhisbodyguardwerearrestedforcarryingdeadlyweapons（ 武器）.Forthat,theyweresentenced（ 判決）toayearinprison.Caponewasreleased（釋放）inninemonthsforgoodbehavior.DInnineteenthirty,CaponewaspublicenemynumberoneinChicago.Ayearlater,hewasarrestedforfailuretopaytaxes.Thegovernmenthadfinallyfoundawaytocatchhim.Afteratrial,hewasfoundguiltyandsentencedtoelevenyearsinprison.HespentthefirsttwoyearsofhissentenceataprisoninAtlantaGeorgia 亞特蘭大佐治亞州.ThenhewassenttoAlcatraz,thecountry'smostfamousprison.EAtAlcatraz,hewasdiagnosed（診斷）withadiseasethatbegantotakeoverhisbrain.Asaresult,hespentmuchofhistimeintheprisonhospital.Bythetimehewasreleasedfromprisoninnineteenthirty-nine,hewasnolongerabletoleadhisorganization.Hediedofastroke（中風(fēng)）andpneumonia（肺炎）innineteenfortyseven.練習(xí)：Gamblingandprostitutionarebothillegalactivities.Thelargestportionofitsincomewasfromthe川egalsalesofliquor.Hewasfoundguiltyoftaxevasion（躲避，回避，逃避）.Hewassenttoprisonfortaxevasion.Whenhewentouthelovedtobethecenterofattention.Hespentmuchofhistimeintheprisonhospitalbecauseofhisillness.Liquorincludesalcoholicdrinkssuchaswhiskeyandvodka.Hebribedpoliceandpublicofficials.Its川egalactivitiesincludedgamblingandprostitution.L4-U2-4/4-vocabularyAboutmoneyanddifferenttypepeopleAIncomeismoneyreceivedforworkorfrominvestments（投資）.Foracompanytosurviveit'sincomeneedstobemorethanitsexpenses（費(fèi)用）.Peoplewhoearnagoodsalarycanbuywouldtheyneedtosurvive.Areceiptisgiventoyouafteryouhavepaidforsomething.Areceiptisproofthatyouhavepaidforsomething.Areceiptshowsthatsomethinghasbeenpaidfor.Afterpayingforsomething,besuretogetareceipt.Aninvoice（發(fā)票,賬單）isarequestforpayment.Aninvoiceliststhepricesandproductsbeingbought.Toinvoicesomeonemeanstogivethemabillforproductsorservices.Onceaninvoiceispaid,itcanbeusedasareceipt..Taxesarewhatwepaytothegovernmentforgovernmentservices..Taxespayformanyservices,suchaseducation,policeandhealthcare..Anincometaxisataxonyourincome..Insomecountries,incometaxesareveryhigh.16.Interest（禾息）iswhatwepaytolenders（貸方，借出者）whenweborrowmoney.17.Ifsomeonelendsyoumoneyyoupayinterestfortheuseofthatmoney.練習(xí)：Ifyougetaloanfromabank,youwillpayinteresttothebank.Banksearnmoneybycharginginterestwhentheymakealoan.Peoplepaytaxestopayforgovernmentservices.Asalaryiswhatyouearnfordoingyourjob.BEmotional（情緒化）peopleoftenshowtheirfeelingsandhaveabadtemper.Theymakeadecisionbasedontheirfeelingsmorethanfacts.Sometimesthesepeoplemakebaddecisionsbecauseoftheiremotions.Leadersarepeoplewhotakeresponsibilityandaretrustedbyothers.Goodleadersmakegooddecisionsandgetthingsdone.Inmanysituations,otherslooktothemforleadership（ 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力）.Loyal（忠誠(chéng)的）peoplecanbedependedontofollowtheirleader.Theywillsupportandprotecttheirleadersandfriends.Astrongtermneedsagoodleaderandloyalfollowers.Itdependentpeoplecandothingsontheirown..Theyoftenpreferworkingbythemselves..Sometimestheyhavedifficultyworkinginagroup..Creativepeoplecomeupwithnewideasandwaysofdoingthings..Theyoftenhaveagoodimaginationandcanseethingsindifferen