國(guó)際私法（國(guó)際課程）教學(xué)大綱

PAGEPAGE26《國(guó)際私法國(guó)際課程》教學(xué)大綱一、教學(xué)目標(biāo)本課程在比較法視野下審視審視國(guó)際私法，以當(dāng)代國(guó)際私法實(shí)踐，尤其是中國(guó)國(guó)際私法最新的理論、立法與實(shí)踐為著眼點(diǎn)來(lái)進(jìn)行課程設(shè)計(jì)與教學(xué)。本課程實(shí)行全英語(yǔ)教學(xué)。本課程的教學(xué)目標(biāo)是：1、掌握國(guó)際私法的基本理論和基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)；2、了解國(guó)國(guó)際私法法的前沿問(wèn)題和最新動(dòng)態(tài)；3、熟悉國(guó)際私法關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)的英文表達(dá)；4、掌握一帶一路倡議下中國(guó)國(guó)際私法的新問(wèn)題、新發(fā)展；5、能夠運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)，分析和解決涉外相關(guān)法律實(shí)務(wù)問(wèn)題。開(kāi)設(shè)本課程，旨在通過(guò)理論教學(xué)與實(shí)踐操作訓(xùn)練，使學(xué)生掌握國(guó)際私法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，包括有關(guān)國(guó)際民事訴訟管轄權(quán)、外國(guó)人的法律地位、沖突規(guī)范、法律適用、國(guó)際民事司法協(xié)助、國(guó)際民商事?tīng)?zhēng)議解決機(jī)制等等議題。本課程通過(guò)英語(yǔ)授課的形式，旨在培養(yǎng)同學(xué)們的實(shí)務(wù)外語(yǔ)技能，促使同學(xué)將所學(xué)知識(shí)與中國(guó)提出的一帶一路倡議相接軌，從而更好地為今后的學(xué)習(xí)和實(shí)踐服務(wù)。PrefaceInaworldwhichisshrinkingbyincreasedandimprovedmeansofcommunicationandexchange,privateinternationallaw,especially,inacomparativeperspective,hasacquiredextraordinaryimportanceandbecomeanindispensabletoolforalllawyers.ItisinthissensethatthisCoursefulfilsitsutilitarianpurpose,asitexploresbothdoctrinalandpragmaticaspectsofChineseprivateinternationallawwithinthecontextoftheBelt&RoadInitiative.ThisCourseisdesignedforuseinatypicalthree-creditcourseonprivateinternationallawtaughtinEnglish,whichisdevotedtoprovidingdetailedandin-depthanalysisofthecurrentconflictrulesinChinaconcerningjurisdiction,choiceoflawandforeignjudgmentsandawardsincivilandcommercialrelateddisputes,andtocarryingoutupdatedcaseanalysiswhichcoulddiscoverthejudicialpracticeintheChinesePeople’sCourts.PartIconsistsofthreechapterswhichprovidesanintroductiontothecoursewithoutenmeshingstudentsindetailsandcomplexitiesbetterprovidedinlaterparts.Chapter1isageneraldescriptionofprivateinternationallawwhereitsname,scope,nature,definition,raisonsd’etreandsourcesarediscussed.Theremainingtwochaptersexaminethesourcesofprivateinternationallawandavitalconceptofoursubject–“ConflictRules”respectively.PartIIexploresthehistoricaldevelopmentwhichiscomposedofthreechapters,i.e.,theEuropeanContinentalHistory,theAnglo-AmericanHistory,andtheChineseHistory.Thispartisimportant,insofarasmodernprivateinternationallawhasbeenstronglyinfluencedbyitsownhistory.PartIIIturnstothe“SubjectsofPrivateinternationalLaw”.UndertheChinesescholarship,naturalpersonsandlegalpersonsasclassifiedas“regularsubjects”,whilestatesandinternationalorganizationsas“exceptionalsubjects”.Thefirsttwochaptersofthispartlayoutthenationalityanddomicileofnaturalpersonsandlegalpersons;andthelastchapterdiscussestheissuesofstatesandinternationalorganizationsasthesubjectsofprivateinternationallaw.China’spositionandpracticeontheimmunitiesofstatesandtheirpropertyhavealsobeenthoroughlyanalyzedinchapter3.PartIVdealswith“JurisdictionofCourtsinInternationalCivilLitigation”.Asjurisdictionisusuallythefirstissuethatacourthastodealwithwhenadisputeissubmittedbeforeit,thispartexaminesthejurisdictionofcourtsininternationalcivillitigationpriortothediscussionofchoiceoflawissues.Chapter1providesacomprehensiveexegesisofthebasicsofinternationalciviljurisdiction.Chapter2summarizesandanalyzesthecurrentChineselegislationandjudicialpracticeoninternationalciviljurisdiction;thereafteritprovidescommentsandsuggestions.PartVspellsoutthe“GeneralPartofConflictsLaw”,whichexaminesanumberofconceptualissuesrecurindiscussionsofchoice-of-lawproblemssuchascharacterization,renvoi,proofofforeignlaw,evasionoflawandordrepublicreservation.Entitled“SelectedAreasofConflictRules,PartVI,exposesstudentstothecoresetofissuesneededtounderstandprivateinternationallaw.ThispartfocusesonconflictrulesthatscatterthroughvariousChineselaws,includingnewConflictsActof2010,whosebalancewillbedevotedtoasurveyofselectedareasofChineseconflictrules,scrutinizingtherelevantlegislationaswellasjudicialpracticeand,providingsystematiccomments.Theconflictrulesforcapacity,contract,tort,familyissues,successionandpropertyareselectedasthetopicsofdiscussioninthispart.ThehighlightedareasarechosenpartlyfortheirimportanceintermsoftheireffectontherelationshipsbetweenChinaandotherstatesandbetweenChinesecitizensandforeigners,andpartlybecauseofthelackofavailablematerialsotherthanthesesubjects.PartVIIis“RecognitionandEnforcementofJudgmentsandAwards”whichincludestwochapters.Chapter1providesanoverviewoftherecognitionandenforcementofforeignjudgmentsandaddressestherecognitionandenforcementofforeignjudgmentsinChina.Chapter2reviews,interalia,thedistinctionbetweenrecognitionandenforcement,theregimeforrecognitionandenforcementofforeignawardsinChinaand,theapplicationoftheNewYorkConventioninChina.本課程使用的教材：霍政欣著：高等院校法學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)雙語(yǔ)課程規(guī)劃教材：《國(guó)際私法》，對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)出版社2017年版。二、課程綱要PartOneIntroductionChapterOneDescriptionoftheSubject【LearningOutcomes】BytheendofthisChapterandtherelevantreadings,youshouldbeableto:StatethedefinitionofprivateinternationallawfromtheperspectiveofcomparativelawDefine“foreignelement”inChineselegalcontextUnderstandthescopeandnatureofprivateinternationallawfromtheperspectiveofcomparativelawComprehendthereasonswhyChinesescholarshipupholdabroaderscopeofprivateinternationallawUnderstandtheraisonsd’etreofprivateinternationallaw【KeyConceptionsorTerms】privateinternationallaw,conflictoflaws,foreignelement,sovereignty,forumshopping【CaseStudy】On23May2004,asectionofthefuturistic,cylindricalpassengerterminalatParis’CharlesdeGaulleairportcollapsed,killingfourpeople.ThedeadincludedtwoChinese,oneCzechandoneUkrainian.Threeotherpeoplewereinjuredinthecollapse.InFebruary2005,theresultsfromtheadministrativeinquirywerepublished.Theexpertspointedoutthattherewasnosinglefault,butratheranumberofcausesforthecollapse,inadesignthathadlittlemarginforsafety.Theenquiryfoundtheconcretevaultedroofwasnotresilientenoughandhadbeenpiercedbymetallicpillarsandsomeopeningsweakenedthestructure.Sourcesclosetotheenquiryalsodisclosedthatthewholebuildingchainhadworkedasclosetothelimitsaspossible,soastoreducecosts.PaulAndreu,thedesigneroftheterminal,denouncedthebuildingcompaniesforhavingnotcorrectlypreparedthereinforcedconcrete.Whereshouldthevictimsortheirrelativessuefordamages?Whomshouldthevictimssue?Whatlawcontrolstheirclaims?Shoulddifferentlawsgovernthevictimsofdifferentnationalities?AretheplaintiffsentitledtothebenefitoftheFrenchrulethatallowsanawardof“moraldamages”forgriefoverthelossoftheinjuryofcloserelatives?IftheplaintiffschosetosubmittheirclaimsbeforeaFrenchcourtinParis,canthejudgmentrenderedbythatFrenchcourtberecognizedinChina?Thiscaseprovidestheissueswithwhichprivateinternationallawhastocope.Thelegalissuesitposesaredifficultbecauselawhasbecometheprerogativeofterritorialsovereigns,whereashumanaffairsfreelycrossstateandnationalboundaries.Asthiscaseillustrates,thetensionbetweensovereigntyandmobilityraisesaseriousofquestionswhichcanbegroupedtogetherunderthefollowingthreeheadings:(1)Jurisdiction(wherecanthepartiesresolveadisputebysuitorothermeans,suchasarbitrationorreconciliation?)(2)Choiceoflaw(whatlawwillajudgeoranarbitratorapplytoresolvethedispute?)(3)Recognizeandenforcementofjudgmentsorawards(whatwillbetheeffectofanyjudgmentoraward?Ortobemorespecific,canotherjurisdictionsandnationsbeexpectedtohonorthedeterminationsofthecourtorthearbitratorsthatdecidedthedispute?)Basically,theabovethreequestionsconsistofthemaintopicsofprivateinternationallaw.Consequently,thesubjectmatterofthiscourseiscentraltoplanninginternationaltransactionsandtoresolvingdisputesresultingfromthosetransactions.【Exercise】(1)WhatisprivateinternationallawundertheChinesedoctrine?(2)

AccordingtotheargumentsofChinesescholars,whatisthenatureofprivateinternationallaw?(3)Whatisthe“AirplaneDoctrine”advocatedbyProf.HANDepei?(4)Whatisthe“l(fā)iberalthree-element-test”?(5)(6)Whatisforumshopping?Isforumshoppingefficientorinefficient?ChapterTwoSourcesofPrivateInternationalLaw【LearningOutcomes】BytheendofthisChapterandtherelevantreadings,youshouldbeableto:DefinesourcesoflawUnderstandsourcesofprivateinternationallawfromtheperspectiveofcomparativelawStatesourcesofprivateinternationallawinChinaComprehendthestatusofdifferentsourcesunderChineselegalstructure【KeyConceptionsorTerms】source,legislation,caselaw,internationalconvention,internationalpractice【CaseStudy】InJanuary2011,P,Chinesenational,tookaJapanAirlinesplanefromBeijingtoTokyo.However,theJALflightwasforcedtodiverttoOsakaairportratherthanlandatNaritaairportduetopoorweatherconditions.Pwasforcedtostayintheairportwaitinghallwithoutadequatefoodorwaterduringanunscheduledlayoverwhichlastedunexpectedlyforsixteenhours.Pclaimedthatpassengersofothernationalitieswereallowedtoleaveandwereprovidedwithhotelaccommodation;JALofficials,onthecontrary,saidthattherehadbeennodiscrimination,andthatpassengersofallnationalitieshadbeentreatedequally.AfterhisreturntoBeijing,PwasplanningtosueJALforcompensations.Duetothelackofsolidevidencetosupporttheallegeddiscrimination,thedisputewasresolvedasamatterofserviceprovisionratherthandiscrimination.AsneitherinternationalconventiontowhichChinaisacontractingpartynorChinesedomesticlawprovidesanyarticleregulatingthespecificserviceofcarrierintheabovedescribedsituation,theCounselofPreliedontheinternationalpracticetowintheclaim.【Exercise】(1)Whatissourceoflaw?Fromtheperspectiveofcomparativelaw,whataresourcesofprivateinternationallaw?(2)Summarizethedevelopmenttrendsofmodernprivateinternationallawlegislation.(3)Analyzethestatusofstatuteasasourceoflawincommonlawcountries.(4)SummarizesourcesofprivateinternationallawinChina(5)Statetheroleofcourtsinthedevelopmentofprivateinternationallaw,andthestatusofjudicialdecisionsinChina.ChapterThreeConflictRules【LearningOutcomes】BytheendofthisChapterandtherelevantreadings,youshouldbeableto:StatethedefinitionandstructureofconflictrulesDefinetheconnectingfactorsDistinguishunilateralconflictrulesfrommultilateralconflictrulesMemorizethemostimportantconnectingfactors【KeyConceptionsorTerms】legalcategory,attribution,connectingfactor,unilateral,multilateral【Exercise】(1)

Whatareconflictrules?Whatarethedifferencesbetweenconflictrulesandsubstantiverules?(2)Whatisaconnectingfactor?Whatisitsroleinaconflictrule?(3)Whatarethecategoriesofconflictrules?(4)Whatarethemostimportantconnectingfactors?PartTwoABriefHistoryofPrivateInternationalLawChapterOneTheEuropeanContinentalHistory【LearningOutcomes】BytheendofthisChapterandtherelevantreadings,youshouldbeableto:UnderstandthelegalenvironmentinAncientGreeceandRomanEmpireDefine“personallawperiod”UnderstandthebasicargumentsoftheItalian,French,andDutchSchoolofStatuteTheoriesComprehendtheseattheoryUnderstandtheunderliningthreadofthehistoricdevelopmentofprivateinternationallawintheEuropeancontinent【KeyConceptionsorTerms】personallaw,statutetheory,comity,seat【Exercise】(1)

Whydothemajorityofscholarsconcludethatconflict-of-lawsystemdidnotexistinancientGreeceandRome?(2)

WhatarethemajorargumentsofBartolus?(3)

ComparethedoctrineofD’argentréandthatofDumoulin,andanalyzethereasonsbehindtheirdifferences.(4)

WhatarethreeaxiomsofHuber?Whyaretheyimportantinthehistoryofprivateinternationallaw?(5)WhatisthemodernfeatureofprivateinternationallawinEuropeancountries?ChapterTwoTheAnglo-AmericanHistory【LearningOutcomes】BytheendofthisChapterandtherelevantreadings,youshouldbeableto:UnderstandthelegalenvironmentinEnglandbeforethe16thcenturyanditsimpactonthedevelopmentofconflictslawDefinetheVestedRightsDoctrineUnderstandthelegalenvironmentintheUnitedStatesanditsimpactonthedevelopmentofconflictslawComprehendthemajordoctrinesappearedintheAmericanConflictsRevolutionEvaluatetheinfluenceoftheAmericanConflictsRevolution【KeyConceptionsorTerms】vestedrights,AmericanConflictsRevolution,locallaw,governmentalinterestanalysis【CaseStudy】Babcockv.Jackson,191N.E.2d279(N.Y.1963)AhusbandandwifefromNewYorkwentonacartripwithafriendBabcocktoOntario.WhileinOntariotheyhadamotorvehicleaccident.BabcocksuedJackson,thedriver,claimingtheirnegligencecausedthecarcrash.Thiscasebroughtupaquestionof“choiceoflaw”;ifthelawoftheplaceofresidenceoftheaccidentvictims(NewYork)beapplied,or,shouldthelawoftheplaceofthetort(Ontario)beapplied.Undertheoldconflictrules,thelawoftheplaceoftheaccidentshouldapply.However,Ontariohadalawthatprohibitedpassengersfromsuingthedriver.Thecourtrejectedatraditionalfixedmethodofdeterminingwhichlawshouldapply,andinstead,aprocessofweighingfactorssuchasrelationshipbetweentheparty,decisiontotakethetrip,connectionstothelocality.Thus,theCourtheldthatthepartiesdidnothavesubstantialconnectionwithOntarioandsoitwouldbeunfairtoapplythelawasthelocationwaslargelyfortuitous.TheCourtfoundthatthejurisdictionwiththemostconnectionswasNewYorkandsoNewYorklawshouldapply.ThisisalandmarkU.S.caseonconflictoflawswhichimpliedthattheAmericanconflictslawabandonedthevestedrightsdoctrineandanticipatedtheAmericanConflictsRevolution.【Exercise】(1)

WhyprivateinternationallawinEnglanddevelopedmuchlaterthanthatontheEuropecontinent?(2)

Afterthe18thcentury,thelegalenvironmentinBritainhadchangedfundamentally;canyoudescribethosechangesandanalyzetheirimpactonthedevelopmentofEnglishprivateinternationallaw?(3)

SummarizetheopinionofJosephStoryontheconflictoflaws.(4)

ListthemajordoctrinesthatoccurredduringtheAmericanConflictsRevolution.ChapterThreeTheChineseHistory【LearningOutcomes】BytheendofthisChapterandtherelevantreadings,youshouldbeableto:ComprehendthearticlesrelatedtoprivateinternationallawintheTangCodeUnderstandthelegalenvironmentandtraditioninancientChinesesocietyandtheirimpactonthedevelopmentDefine“foreignconsularjurisdiction”UnderstandthebasiccontentoftheconflictsActof1918ComprehendthehistoricdevelopmentofprivateinternationallawduringthefirstthreedecadesaftertheestablishmentofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaEvaluatethedevelopmentofprivateinternationallawafterthe1980sinmainlandChinaEvaluatethedevelopmentofprivateinternationallawaftertheBelt&RoadInitiative【KeyConceptionsorTerms】TangCode,foreignconsularjurisdiction,openandreform,legislation【Exercise】(1)

Whatarethebasicconditionsfortheexistenceanddevelopmentofprivateinternationallaw?DoyoubelievethatsuchconditionsexistedinAncientChina?Why?(2)

Afterthemid-19thcentury,didChinaprovideaspawninggroundforprivateinternationallawtodevelop?Why?WhyLIHongzhanglamentedthatthegreatchangesthatChinawaswitnessingatthattimehadneverhappenedduringthelastthreethousandyears?(3)

SummarizethefeaturesoftheActof1918,andtrytoprovideanobjectiveevaluation.(4)

SummarizethedevelopmentofprivateinternationallawinChinabetween1949and1978.(5)Summarizethedevelopmentofprivateinternationallawafter2013whenBelt&RoadInitiativewaspublished.PartThreeSubjectsofPrivateInternationalLawChapterOneNaturalPersons【LearningOutcomes】BytheendofthisChapterandtherelevantreadings,youshouldbeableto:StatethedefinitionofnationalityanditslegalimplicationsbothinpublicinternationallawandprivateinternationallawUnderstandthereasonsfortheconflictofnationalitiesandtheapproachestosolvingsuchconflictDefinedomicileandthedifferenttypesofdomicilesDistinguishdomicilefromhabitualresidence【KeyConceptionsorTerms】nationality,domicile,residence,habitualresidence【CaseStudy】A,whowasoriginallyaRussian,attheageoftwentiestraveledtotheUnitedStateswiththeintentionofmakingherpermanenthomethereandacquiringanAmericannationality.AfterhermarriagewithanAmerican,sheobtainsAmericancitizenshipandanAmericandomicilebyAmericanlaw,butRussiarecognizesdualcitizenship,therefore,sheisofbothAmericanandRussiannationalities.InMay2011,shetraveledtoChinaforbusinesswhereshegotinvolvedinacivildisputewithaChinesenational.AquestionbeforetheChinesecourt,therefore,wastodeterminewhichnationalityshepossesses.ResortingtoArticle19oftheConflictsActof2010,theChinesecourtdeemedherasanAmerican,insofarasshehasdomicile(andcertainlyhabitualresidence)intheUnitedStates.【Exercise】(1)Whatisnationality?Inthecontextofprivateinternationallaw,whynationalityisanimportantdefinition?(2)Howdoesconflictofnationalitiesarise?Fromtheperspectiveofcomparativelaw,whataretheapproachestosolvingsuchconflict?(3)SummarizethebasiccontentofChineseNationalityLaw,andanalyzethereasonswhydualcitizenshipisnotpermittedunderthisLaw.Giventheinternationalanddomesticsituationinthe21stcentury,doyouthinkitiswiseandnecessarytoamendthisLawtorecognizedualcitizenship?Why?(4)Whatisdomicile?Whatisresidence?Whatishabitualresidence?(5)Fromtheperspectiveofcomparativelaw,whataretheapproachestosolvingtheconflictofdomiciles?ChapterTwoLegalPersons【LearningOutcomes】BytheendofthisChapterandtherelevantreadings,youshouldbeableto:StatethedefinitionoflegalpersonsandtheirroleininternationaleconomicexchangesUnderstandthemajorapproachestodeterminingthenationalityofalegalpersonandtheirrespectiveadvantagesanddisadvantagesDefinemultinationalcorporationsComprehendtheprincipletodeterminethenationalityofamultinationalcorporationUnderstandthemajorapproachestodeterminingthedomicileofalegalpersonandtheirrespectiveadvantagesanddisadvantagesStatethemeanstorecognizeaforeignlegalperson【KeyConceptionsorTerms】legalperson,thetheoryofcontrol,placeofestablishment,multinationalcorporation,recognition【CaseStudy】Whenitwasincorporated,ShanghaiYong’anCorporationwasofAmericannationality.AftertheoutbreakoftheWorldWarII,theCorporationchangeditsnationalitytoChineseinordertosafeguarditselffromtheJapaneseoppressionuntiltheendoftheWarwhenitresumeditsAmericannationality.AftertheestablishmentofthePRC,however,theChinesegovernmentclassifiedtheCorporationasaChinesecorporation,disregardingitsAmericannationality,onthegroundthatitwasinvestedbyChinesenationalsandhadbeenoperatedandcontrolledbytheChinesenationals.Inthiscase,thenationalityofalegalpersonisdeterminedbythatofwhomitactuallybelongsandwhocontrolsit,whichiscalled“thetheoryofcontrol”.【Exercise】(1)

WhatisalegalpersonandhowisitsnationalitydeterminedundertheChineselaw?(2)

Whatis“thetheoryofcontrol”todeterminethenationalityofalegalperson?Pleaseevaluatethistheoryindetail.(3)

corporationdetermined?(4)

Whatarethethreemajorapproachestodeterminingthedomicileofalegalperson?(5)

Whatisrecognitionofforeignlegalpersons?Howarelawsappliedintheprocessofrecognizingaforeignlegalperson?ChapterThreeStatesandInternationalOriginations【LearningOutcomes】BytheendofthisChapterandtherelevantreadings,youshouldbeableto:UnderstandthecharacteristicsofstatesasthesubjectsofprivateofprivateinternationallawStatethemajordoctrinesoftheimmunitiesofstatesandtheirpropertyComprehendChina’spositionandpracticeontheimmunitiesofstatesandtheirpropertyDefineinternationalorganizationsinthischapterUnderstandtheapplicablelawofinternationalorganizations【KeyConceptionsorTerms】sovereignty,immunity,absolutedoctrine,restrictivedoctrineinternationalorganizations【CaseStudy】ThePhilippineAdmiral,thevessel,wasownedbythePhilippinegovernment,hadwritsissuedagainstitinHongKongbytwoshippingcorporations.InMay1973P(aHongKongShippingCompany)broughtactionintheSupremeCourtofHongKongagainsttheShip(PhilippineAdmiral)forgoodssuppliedanddisbursementsmadefortheship.ThewritwasservedonL.WhentheGovernmentoftheRepublicofthePhilippinesheardoftheactionsagainsttheShip,itappliedtothecourtfortheproceedingsbesetasideonthegroundthattheship,thepropertyoftheGovernmentwasentitledtosovereignimmunity.ThePrivyCouncil,hearingthecaseonappealfromtheSupremeCourtofHongKong,reviewedpreviousdecisionsonsovereignimmunityandconcludedthatitwouldnotfollowthePortoAlexandrecase.LordCrossgavefourreasonsfornotfollowingtheearliercase.First,thattheCourtofAppealwronglyfeltthattheywereboundbytheParlementBelgedecision.Secondly,thattheHouseofLordsinTheCristinahadbeendividedontheissueofimmunityforstate-ownedvesselsengagedincommerce.Thirdly,thatthetrendofopinionwasagainsttheabsoluteimmunitydoctrine;andfourthlythatitwas‘wrong’toapplythedoctrinesincestatescouldintheWesternworldbesuedintheirowncourtsoncommercialcontractsandtherewasnoreasonwhyforeignstatesshouldnotbeequallyliabletobesued.Thus,thePrivyCouncilheldthatincaseswhereastate-ownedmerchantshipinvolvedinordinarytradewastheobjectofawrit,itwouldnotbeentitledtosovereignimmunityandthelitigationwouldproceed.ThedecisionofthiscasemarksthatBritainswitchesitspoisonontheimmunitiesofstatesandtheirpropertyfrom“theAbsoluteDoctrineto“theRestrictiveDoctrine.”【Exercise】(1)

Asthesubjectsofprivateinternationallaw,stateshavecertaincharacteristics,whatarethosecharacteristics?(2)

Canyousummarizethehistoricdevelopmentofthedoctrineofimmunitiesofstatesandtheirproperty?(3)

SummarizeChina’spositionandpracticeontheimmunitiesofstatesandtheirproperty.(4)WhatisyoursuggestiontoChinaontheimmunitiesofstatesandtheirpropertyundertheB&RInitiative?PartFourInternationalCivilJurisdictionChapterOneBasicTheoryofJurisdiction【LearningOutcomes】BytheendofthisChapterandtherelevantreadings,youshouldbeableto:DefinethemeaningofjurisdictioninthecontextofprivateinternationallawStatethecategoriesofjurisdictionsfromtheperspectiveofcomparativelawUnderstandthereasonswhyconflictofjurisdictionsareinevitableComprehendtheapproachestosolvingconflictofjurisdictionsbothatinternationallevelanddomesticlevel【KeyConceptionsorTerms】jurisdiction,territorialjurisdiction,personaljurisdiction,inpresonamjurisdiction,inremjurisdiction【CaseStudy】SinochemInternationalv.MalaysiaInternationalShippingCorp549U.S.422(2007)549U.S.422(2007).Acontractbetweenpetitioner(Sinochem),aChinesestate-ownedimporter,andanAmericancorporationnotaparty(Triorient)hereprovidedthatSinochemwouldpurchasesteelcoilsandthatTriorientwouldbepaidunderaletterofcreditbyproducingavalidbillofladingcertifyingthatthecoilshadbeenloadedforshipmenttoChinaonorbeforeApril30,2003.Triorientsubcharteredavesselownedbyrespondent(MalaysiaInternational),aMalaysiancompany,totransportthecoils,andhiredastevedoringcompanytoloadthecoilsinPhiladelphia.Abilloflading,datedApril30,2003,triggeredpaymentundertheletterofcredit.SinochempetitionedGuangzhouadmiraltycourtinChinaforpreservationofamaritimeclaimagainstMalaysiaInternationalandarrestofthevessel,allegingthattheMalaysiancompanyhadfalselybackdatedthebilloflading.TheChinesecourtorderedtheshiparrested,andSinochemtimelyfiledacomplaintinthattribunal.TheChineseadmiraltycourtrejectedMalaysiaInternational’sjurisdictionalobjectionstoSinochem’scomplaintandthatrulingwasaffirmedonappeal.ShortlyaftertheChineseadmiraltycourtorderedthevessel’sarrest,MalaysiaInternationalfiledthisactioninaUnitedStatesDistrictCourt,assertingthatSinochem’spreservationpetitiontotheChinesecourtcontainedmisrepresentations,andseekingcompensationforlossessustainedduetotheship’sarrest.Sinochemmovedtodismissonseveralgrounds,includinglackofsubject-matterandpersonaljurisdictionandthedoctrineofforumnonconveniens,underwhichafederaldistrictcourtmaydismissanactionifacourtabroadisthemoreappropriateandconvenientforumforadjudicatingthecontroversy.TheDistrictCourtdeterminedithadsubject-matterjurisdictionoverthecause,concludeditlackedpersonaljurisdictionoverSinochemunderPennsylvanialaw,conjecturedthatlimiteddiscoverymightrevealthatithadpersonaljurisdictionunderFederalRuleofCivilProcedure4(k)(2),butdismissedonforumnonconveniensgrounds,findingthatthecasecouldbeadjudicatedadequatelyandmoreconvenientlyintheChinesecourts.Agreeingthattherewassubject-matterjurisdictionandthatpersonaljurisdictioncouldnotberesolvedsansdiscovery,theThirdCircuitpanelheldthattheDistrictCourtcouldnotdismissthecaseundertheforumnonconveniensdoctrineunlessanduntilitdetermineddefinitivelythatithadbothsubject-matterandpersonaljurisdiction.Adistrictcourthasdiscretiontorespondatoncetoadefendant’sforumnonconveniensplea,andneednottakeupfirstanyotherthresholdobjection.Inparticular,acourtneednotresolvewhetherithasauthoritytoadjudicatethecause(subject-matterjurisdiction)orpersonaljurisdictionoverthedefendantifitdeterminesthat,inanyevent,aforeigntribunalisthemoresuitablearbiterofthemeritsofthecase.SinochemInternationalCo.,Ltd.v.Malaysia