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Unit1TextA
HowDifficultIsEnglish?
英語(yǔ)有多難LikethenationalpushforAsianliteracy(n.有文化,有教養(yǎng),有讀寫能力)inAustralia,就如澳大利亞在全國(guó)推行學(xué)亞洲語(yǔ)言同樣,therehasbeenforeignlanguagesfervorinChina,中國(guó)也掀起一股外語(yǔ)熱,withEnglishontopofthelist.在這股熱潮中,英語(yǔ)高居榜首。Englishisnotonlytaughtatschools,collegesanduniversities,butalsoateveningclasses,onradioandTV.不僅各級(jí)學(xué)校教英語(yǔ),夜校、電臺(tái)、電視臺(tái)也都設(shè)有英語(yǔ)課程。Parentshire
privatetutorsfortheirschoolchildren;父母為學(xué)齡的孩子聘請(qǐng)英語(yǔ)家教,adultEnglishlearnerswouldsacrificetheweekendatanEnglishcornerinapublicparkpracticingtheirspokenEnglishwithpeopleofthesameinterestanddetermination.成年英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者會(huì)犧牲周末休息日,到公園參與英語(yǔ)角,與志趣相投的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者練習(xí)口語(yǔ)。IsEnglishsuchadifficultlanguagethatitreallydemandspeopletoinvestalargeamountoftimeandenergybeforeitismastered?英語(yǔ)真的有這么難,需要人們投入大量的時(shí)間和精力才干掌握嗎?Theanswer,if
Iamaskedtooffer,isundoubtedly,yes.假如我被問(wèn)及這個(gè)問(wèn)題,那么毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),我的答案是:是的。Frommypersonalexperience,從我個(gè)人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)看,IthinklearningEnglishmeansfarmorethanlearningitspronunciation,itsgrammaticalrules,itswords,etc.英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)不僅僅是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)發(fā)音、語(yǔ)法規(guī)則、詞匯等,Itinvolveslearningeverythingaboutthecountrieswhereitisusedandthepeoplewhouseit.它涉及學(xué)習(xí)與使用該語(yǔ)言的國(guó)家和民族有關(guān)的所有內(nèi)容。Withoutsuchacompleteunderstandingofthelanguage,對(duì)英語(yǔ)沒(méi)有這樣全面的理解,theEnglishaforeignerspeakswillinevitablysoundstrangeorevenunintelligiblethoughthereisnotanythingwrongwithhispronunciation,sentencestructureandthewordsheuses.即使發(fā)音、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、措辭毫無(wú)錯(cuò)誤,一個(gè)外國(guó)人所講的英語(yǔ)也難免聽起來(lái)稀奇古怪甚至難以理解。ThesocialcustomsandhabitsoftheEnglish-speakingpeoplecontributealottothedifficultyaforeignerhasinlearningit.講英語(yǔ)民族者的社會(huì)風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣增長(zhǎng)了外國(guó)人學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的難度。TaketheChineseEnglishlearnersforexample.以學(xué)英語(yǔ)的中國(guó)人為例,"Hello"and"Goodmorning"maysoundalittlebitsimpletoChinesepeople."你好"和"早上好"是非常簡(jiǎn)樸的。ItistotallybeyondtheunderstandingofaChineseEnglishlearnerthatnativeEnglishspeakerswouldbeannoyedwhenthey'readdressed"Whereareyougoing?",whichisacommonlyusedaddressingamongtheChinese."你去哪兒?"是中國(guó)人常用的問(wèn)候語(yǔ),若英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)者被問(wèn)及"你去哪兒?",他們會(huì)因此感到不悅,這一點(diǎn)讓中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者大為不解。IsthereanythingwrongwiththeEnglishsentencestructure?這個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)不對(duì)嗎?
Ofcoursenot.當(dāng)然不是。Ittakesquitesometime
foraChineseEnglishlearnertounderstandthewesternconceptofprivacybeingviolatedinthisaddress.學(xué)英語(yǔ)的中國(guó)人得費(fèi)點(diǎn)兒時(shí)間才干理解這一問(wèn)候語(yǔ)侵犯了西方人的隱私。Bythesametoken,同樣,"Haveyoueaten?"(whichisanotheraddressingtermtheChinesepeopleusuallyuse)willsoundtonativeEnglishspeakersthattheChinesearesohospitablethattheyinvitepeopletomealsoff-handedly.英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)者聽到"你吃了嗎?"(中國(guó)人常用的此外一個(gè)問(wèn)候語(yǔ)),會(huì)覺(jué)得中國(guó)人非常好客,會(huì)在事先毫無(wú)準(zhǔn)備的情況下請(qǐng)人吃飯。Meanwhile,theChinesewouldbeshockedtohear,"Oh,it'sveryniceofyou.When?",iftheaddresseehappenstohaveacravingforChinesecookingandhasnothadhisdinneryet.假如聽話者此刻正希望品嘗一下中國(guó)美食,又恰巧沒(méi)有吃飯,他會(huì)回答"太好了,什么時(shí)候?",中國(guó)人為此也會(huì)大吃一驚。"Wecansaywearegoingtohavechickenfordinner.Whycan'twe
saypig,bullorsheepfordinnerinsteadofpork,beeformutton?"ChineseEnglishlearnersmayraisesuchquestions.中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者也許會(huì)這樣問(wèn):"我們可以說(shuō)吃雞,為什么不能說(shuō)吃豬、吃牛、吃羊,而要說(shuō)吃豬肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?"FiguringoutthereasonsforthepeculiarEnglishvocabularyisnoeasytaskforChineseEnglishlearners.對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō),為這些特殊的英語(yǔ)詞匯找出理由并非易事。ButtheproblemisthatmemorizingEnglishwordsmechanically
wouldbedevastatingandinefficientiftheydidnotknowwhathadhappenedinBritishhistory.問(wèn)題在于假如不懂英國(guó)歷史,死記硬背英語(yǔ)單詞毫無(wú)效率。ThuslearningEnglish(andotherlanguagesas
well)involveslearningthehistoryofthecountrieswhereitisspoken.所以說(shuō),學(xué)英語(yǔ)(其他語(yǔ)言亦如此)還涉及學(xué)習(xí)使用該語(yǔ)言國(guó)家的歷史知識(shí)。Ataskofthiskind
ismoredifficultforChineseEnglishlearnersthanforpeoplewhospeakawesternlanguageotherthanEnglishbecauseChinesehasnothingincommonwiththealphabeticEnglishandChinahadlittlecontactwiththeWesternworldinmodernhistory.學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的中國(guó)人要做到這一點(diǎn)比其他非英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的西方人要困難得多,由于漢字和英語(yǔ)這種拼音文字毫無(wú)共同之處,并且中國(guó)和西方世界在近代史上很少接觸。Consequently,所以,thebackgroundknowledgeofEnglishfascinateslargenumbersofinterested
anddeterminedEnglishlearnersinChinabutatthesametimedisheartensquiteafew.在中國(guó),英語(yǔ)背景知識(shí)既吸引了大量英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者,也使許多人喪失信心。TheWesternandOrientalvaluesarefoundtobeinconfrontationinlearningEnglish.英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中,東西方的價(jià)值觀念是互相沖突的。NativeEnglishspeakersmaycomplainaboutChineseconfusionwhenusing"he"and"she",forthetwowordssoundthesame,though,differentinwrittenformsinChinese.英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)的人會(huì)混淆漢語(yǔ)中"他""她"的用法,由于這兩個(gè)字盡管字形不同,讀音卻相同,他們因此經(jīng)常抱怨。Asaresult,somenativeEnglishspeakersconcludethattheChineseareunabletotellthedifferencebetweenthetwosexes.結(jié)果有些英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)的人得出結(jié)論,認(rèn)為中國(guó)人不區(qū)分兩種性別。ButnativeEnglishspeakersaremoregenderblindthantheChinesewhentheymentiontheircousins.但是在涉及表親的時(shí)候,英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)的人更是混淆性別。TheconfusioncausedbytheconfrontationofWesternandChinesevalues,東西方價(jià)值觀的沖突導(dǎo)致的語(yǔ)言上的混淆,toacertainextent,affectstheChineseEnglishlearner'scomprehensionofwhathe/shereadsandhears.在一定限度上影響學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的中國(guó)人對(duì)自己所讀或所聽到的內(nèi)容的理解。Onlybydevelopinganunderstandingandtolerance(忍受)ofdifferentculturalvaluescanaChineseEnglishlearnerreachthegoalofcommunicatingwithnativeEnglishspeakers.學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的中國(guó)人只有增長(zhǎng)不同文化價(jià)值觀之間的理解和寬容,才干達(dá)成與英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)者交流的目的。AChineseEnglishlearnercouldnothaveagoodcommandofEng1ishunlessheovercomestheculturalbarriers(notall,ofcourse!)inlearningEnglish.學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的中國(guó)人,只有在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的過(guò)程中克服文化障礙(當(dāng)然不也許是克服所有文化障礙!)才干很好地掌握英語(yǔ)。ManyChinesetranslatewhattheythinkaboutinChineseintoEnglishwhentheytalkorwrite.很多中國(guó)人說(shuō)話或?qū)懽鞯臅r(shí)候,將自己漢語(yǔ)思維的內(nèi)容翻譯成英語(yǔ),ThiskindofEnglishinevitablyaffectsthefluencyandflowofspeech,theamountofinformationconveyed,and,aboveall,thequalityofcommunication.這勢(shì)必會(huì)影響英語(yǔ)表達(dá)的流暢、傳達(dá)的信息量,最重要的是,影響交流的質(zhì)量。Theaboveis,notwholly,howdifficultEnglishis.盡管不完全,以上就是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的困難。Somenativespeakersmighthavesaid,"Youforeignersdon'tusegoodEnglish!"atthetimeaforeignerfailstounderstandwhatheissaying.英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)者被外國(guó)人誤解的時(shí)候也許會(huì)說(shuō):"你們外國(guó)人不懂地道的英語(yǔ)!""Whyshouldl?"Iwouldprotest,我要辯駁:"我們?yōu)槭裁匆?"though.Still,Ihavetokeepaskingmyself:IsitpossibleforaforeignertocommandEnglish?盡管,直到現(xiàn)在,我還要問(wèn):一個(gè)外國(guó)人也許精通英語(yǔ)嗎?
TextB
LearningaLanguage
學(xué)語(yǔ)言Moststudentswouldliketoknowhowtolearnalanguagemoreeasily.大部分學(xué)生都想知道如何可以輕松地學(xué)好一門語(yǔ)言,Mostlinguistsandlanguageteacherswouldalsoliketoknowthis.大部分語(yǔ)言學(xué)家和語(yǔ)言教師也想弄清楚這個(gè)問(wèn)題。Linguistsareworkingonthisproblemintwoways.語(yǔ)言學(xué)家從兩個(gè)方面研究這個(gè)問(wèn)題。First,theyaretryingtounderstandhowchildrenlearntospeakandunderstandtheirnativelanguage.一方面,他們致力于弄清楚兒童是如何學(xué)會(huì)母語(yǔ)、理解母語(yǔ)的。Theyarealsotryingtolearnhowpeoplelearnasecondlanguage.另一方面致力于研究人是如何學(xué)習(xí)第二語(yǔ)言的。Linguistsarenotsurehowchildrenlearntospeak.語(yǔ)言學(xué)家并不擬定兒童是如何學(xué)說(shuō)話的。Somelinguiststhinkthatchildrenarebornwithanabilitytolearnandusealanguage.一些語(yǔ)言學(xué)家認(rèn)為兒童生來(lái)就有學(xué)習(xí)和使用語(yǔ)言的能力。Thisdoesnotmeanthattheycomeintotheworldknowingtheirnativelanguage.這并不是指一個(gè)人的母語(yǔ)是與生俱來(lái)的;Itmeansthat,alongwithmanyotherthings,theyarebornwiththeabilitytolearntheirnativelanguage.而是指一個(gè)人生來(lái)具有學(xué)習(xí)其母語(yǔ)的能力,這種能力與人在其他方面表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的能力是相同的。Withjustalittleexposuretothelanguage,孩子只要與要學(xué)習(xí)的語(yǔ)言有一定接觸,andalittlehelpfromtheirparents,theyareabletolearntospeak.在父母的些許幫助下就可以學(xué)會(huì)說(shuō)話。Anothergroupoflinguistsdoesnotthinkthisiscorrect.此外一派語(yǔ)言學(xué)家則對(duì)此持有異議。Thissecondgroupoflinguiststhinksthatchildrenlearntousea1anguagefromtheirparents.持反對(duì)意見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家認(rèn)為兒童是跟著父母學(xué)會(huì)使用語(yǔ)言的。Theybelievethatparentsteachtheirchildrentoproducesoundsandwordsintheirlanguage.他們認(rèn)為父母一方面教孩子發(fā)聲、吐字。Whenchildrenknowsomewords,theirparentswillbegintoteachthemtosaysentences.當(dāng)孩子掌握一定詞匯以后,父母就開始教他們?nèi)绾谓M織句子。Theselinguistsdonotthinkthatparentsteachtheirchildreninthesamewaythatadultsaretaughtasecondlanguage.但是他們認(rèn)為,父母教孩子的方式不同于教成年人學(xué)習(xí)第二語(yǔ)言的方法。Instead,相反,parentsprobablyteachtheirchildrenbytalkingtothemandcorrectingtheiruseof1anguage.父母是通過(guò)與孩子交談并糾正他們的語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤來(lái)教孩子說(shuō)話的。Theselinguistsfeelthatchildrenlearntheirlanguagemainlyfromtheenvironment.這一派語(yǔ)言學(xué)家認(rèn)為,兒童重要通過(guò)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境學(xué)會(huì)使用語(yǔ)言的。Inthiscase,這種情況下,theenvironmentistheirfamilyandtheirhome.語(yǔ)言環(huán)境是家庭和生活環(huán)境。Asyousee,可以看出,thefirstgroupoflinguistsdisagrees.第一派語(yǔ)言學(xué)家對(duì)此并不贊同。Therearesomeothertheoriesabouthowchildrenlearnalanguage.關(guān)于兒童如何學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言尚有一些其他理論。Manypeoplearestudyingtheprocessoflanguagelearningbychildren.Thisworkisbeingdoneinmanycountries.許多國(guó)家中有很多人正著手研究?jī)和瘜W(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的過(guò)程。Linguistsarenottheonlypeoplewhoareinterestedinthisprocess.Manypsychologists,doctors,andparentsarealsointerested.Peoplewhoteachforeignlanguagesareinterested,too.不僅語(yǔ)言學(xué)家,許多心理學(xué)家、醫(yī)生和父母都對(duì)兒童的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程感愛(ài)好。外語(yǔ)教師也對(duì)這一過(guò)程很感愛(ài)好。Foreignlanguageteachersareinterestedinhowchildrenlearntospeaktheirnativelanguageforaveryimportantreason.外語(yǔ)教師對(duì)兒童如何學(xué)說(shuō)母語(yǔ)感愛(ài)好,有其很重要的因素。Iftheyknewhowchildrenlearntheirnativelanguage,他們假如知道兒童如何學(xué)習(xí)母語(yǔ),perhapstheywouldhaveaneasywaytoteachadults,aswellaschildren,asecondlanguage.就也許找到一種簡(jiǎn)便的方法教兒童和成年人學(xué)習(xí)第二語(yǔ)言。Thisisaveryinterestingidea.這是一種非常故意思的想法。Someforeignlanguageteachersbelievethatadultslearnasecondlanguagethesamewaychildrenlearntheirnativelanguage.有些外語(yǔ)教師認(rèn)為成年人學(xué)習(xí)第二語(yǔ)言的過(guò)程和兒童學(xué)習(xí)母語(yǔ)的過(guò)程是相同的。Theseteacherstrytomaketheirstudents'learningsimilartothatofchildren.這部分外語(yǔ)教師模仿兒童學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的過(guò)程組織教學(xué):Theseteachersspeakonlytheforeignlanguageintheclassroom.課堂上只講外語(yǔ),Theywillnottalktostudentsinthenativelanguage.不與學(xué)生講母語(yǔ)。Theytrytoexposethemtoasmuchofthespokenforeignlanguageaspossible.Theydonotteachthemanyrulesforusingthelanguage.他們使學(xué)生盡也許多地接觸所學(xué)外語(yǔ)的口語(yǔ)形式,不教學(xué)生語(yǔ)言使用的規(guī)則。Mostparentsdon'tteachtheirchildrenrulesforlanguageusage,either.Theysimplytellthemhowtosaysomethingcorrectly.Foreignlanguageteachersusingthisspokenlanguagemethoddothesamething.外語(yǔ)教師采用這種口語(yǔ)教法是由于大多數(shù)父母在教孩子說(shuō)話的時(shí)候也不教孩子語(yǔ)言使用規(guī)則,而只是告訴孩子如何發(fā)言是對(duì)的的。Forsomestudents,對(duì)一些學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),thismethodissuccessful.這種方法是成功的,Theylearntospeakquicklyandeasily.他們可以輕而易舉地、不久地學(xué)會(huì)所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言。Theyseemtoenjoyusingthelanguage,他們似乎很喜歡去用所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言,andtheydonotpaymuchattentiontowhethertheyuseexactlytherightrulesforwhattheysay.并不很在意是否使用了對(duì)的的語(yǔ)言規(guī)則。Somestudents,however,cannotlearnalanguagethisway.Linguistsaretryingtofindanotherwaytoteachthemalanguage.此外一些學(xué)生則不適合這種方法,語(yǔ)言學(xué)家著手尋找一種適合他們的教學(xué)方法。Asecondmethod,therule-learningmethod,sometimesworksbetterwiththesestudents.此外一種方法--語(yǔ)言規(guī)則學(xué)習(xí)法--更適合這部分學(xué)生。Somelinguistsbelievethatlearningaforeignlanguageisdifferentfromlearningtospeakone'snativelanguage.一些語(yǔ)言學(xué)家認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)不同于學(xué)習(xí)母語(yǔ)。Theyfeelthatstudentsmustlearntherulesforusingthelanguagebymemorizingthemandmustpracticesayingthingsinthelanguageandusingtherulescorrectly.學(xué)生必須通過(guò)記憶來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言使用規(guī)則,必須練習(xí)使用這種語(yǔ)言,練習(xí)對(duì)的地使用這些規(guī)則。Theselinguiststrytoteachstudentstherulesofthelanguagetheywanttolearn.語(yǔ)言教師一方面教學(xué)生要學(xué)的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,Thentheygivethemmanysentencesinthelanguagetosayoverandoveragain.再給學(xué)生一些例句讓他們反復(fù)練習(xí),Thestudentsareencouragedtomakeupnewsentences,usingtherulesthattheyhavelearnedandthewordsthattheyknow.同時(shí)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生使用所學(xué)過(guò)的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則和他們所掌握的詞造句。Somestudentsareverysuccessfulwiththissecond,rule-learningmethod.一些學(xué)生使用這種語(yǔ)法規(guī)則學(xué)習(xí)法效果非常好,Theylearnthelanguagequitequicklyandcanuseitwell.他們學(xué)得不久,用得也好。Theyknowtherulesforusingthelanguageandcanspeakthelanguageandunderstandit,too.他們掌握了語(yǔ)言使用規(guī)則,可以使用所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言,也可以理解別人的話。Formanystudents,thisisthebestwaytolearnaforeignlanguage.對(duì)一些學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),這是學(xué)外語(yǔ)最佳的方法。Forsomestudents,bothofthesemethodsmaywork.對(duì)此外一些學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),兩種方法都行之有效。Sometimesteachersuseacombinationofthesemethodsinclass,有時(shí)候,老師在課堂上將兩種方法結(jié)合起來(lái)用,hopingthateveryonewillbeabletolearnthelanguagewithonemethodortheother.目的是讓每個(gè)學(xué)生都能受益。Somepeoplecangotoacountryand"pickup"thelanguagesimplyfromhearingitandtryingtocommunicateinit.有些人可以到國(guó)外通過(guò)傾聽,與人交流等手段自然而然的學(xué)會(huì)那個(gè)國(guó)家的語(yǔ)言。Thesepeoplearerare.但這畢竟是少數(shù)人。Mostpeopletrytolearnalanguagebytakingclassesandstudyingitinsomeway.大多數(shù)人還是通過(guò)課堂或者其他方式來(lái)學(xué)語(yǔ)言的。Mostteacherswilltrydifferentwaystohelpstudentslearnalanguagequicklyandeasily.大多數(shù)老師也通過(guò)不同的教法來(lái)幫助學(xué)生輕松快速的學(xué)會(huì)一門語(yǔ)言。Linguistsandpsychologistsaretryingtounderstandhowpeoplelearnandusealanguage.語(yǔ)言學(xué)家和心理學(xué)家正致力于弄清楚人是如何學(xué)會(huì)并使用語(yǔ)言的。Perhapslanguagelearningwillbeeasierwhentheyhaveaclearunderstandingofhowpeoplelearnandusealanguage.也許在解決了這個(gè)問(wèn)題之后,語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)變得容易一些。Unit2TextA
CaughtBetweenTwoCultures
夾在兩種文化之間
IwasbornandraisedinHongKong.我是土生土長(zhǎng)的香港人。ForthepastsixyearsI’vebeenlivingintheUnitedStates.六年來(lái)一直生活在美國(guó),Iworkasa
salesgirlinalargedepartmentstore.是一家大百貨商店的女售貨員。RightnowI’m
goingthroughadifficultperiodofmylifewhichishardformetotalkabout.目前我正經(jīng)歷人生中一段痛苦,自己也很難講述。Afewmonthsago
IwenttoHongKongforavisit.幾個(gè)月前,我回香港探親,ItwasthefirsttimeI’dgonebacktheresincecomingtotheUnitedStates.這也是我到美國(guó)后第一次回家探親。Iwaseagertoseemyparents,mybrothersandsisters,andmyfriends.我期待著見(jiàn)到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。IreallygotashockwhenIarrived.到達(dá)時(shí),我的確大吃一驚。HongKongwasnotthesamecitythatIleftsixyearsago.香港已經(jīng)不是六年前我離開時(shí)的那座城市了。ThingshadchangedsomuchthatIdidn’trecognizepartsofit.這兒發(fā)生了巨大的變化,一些地方都認(rèn)不出來(lái)了。Myelementaryschoolwasgone.我讀書的那所小學(xué)已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在。ThehousesonthestreetwhereIusedtolivehadbeentorndownandreplacedbyofficebuildings.曾經(jīng)住過(guò)的那條街上的房子已被拆掉,代之而起的是辦公大樓。Theshockfromthephysicalchangesinthecity,however,wasnothingcomparedtotheconfusionandhurtIsoonbegantofeelinmyparents’home.但是,我到了父母親家里不久,就發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些令我想不通的問(wèn)題,情感上也受到了挫傷。與之相比,香港外觀上的變化給我的震驚算不得什么。MyfamilygreetedmewarmlywhenIarrived.我的家人熱情地迎接我回家。Whilemymotherwasbusypreparingaspecialdinnerinmyhonor,我母親特意忙著準(zhǔn)備了一頓飯為我接風(fēng),therestofthefamilyeagerlyaskedmequestionsaboutmylifeintheUnitedStates.家里其余的人迫不及待地問(wèn)我在美國(guó)的生活。Ifelthappythatdayandforacoupleofdaysafter,那天和之后的幾天我都非常快樂(lè)。butthenIbegantofeelthatsomethingwaswrong.但是不久我就開始感覺(jué)到事情有些不對(duì)勁兒。Inoticedthatmyfamily,especiallymymother,wouldsometimesglanceatmeinastrangewaywhenIwasspeaking.我注意到,在我發(fā)言的時(shí)候,我的家人,特別是我母親,會(huì)以一種奇怪的目光看我。Theygraduallybecamelesswarmandfriendlytowardme,漸漸地,大家對(duì)我疏遠(yuǎn)起來(lái),不像開始時(shí)那么熱情、和諧了。andIbecameuncomfortableandconfusedasto(至于)whytheywerebehavingthatway.我感到不舒適,弄不明白他們?yōu)槭裁催@樣對(duì)待我。Idecidedtotalktomymother.我決定和母親談一談。Sheaskedme,“HaveyouforgottenyourChineseway?”她問(wèn)我:“你忘了中國(guó)的規(guī)矩了嗎?”Iaskedherwhatshemeant.我問(wèn)她指的是什么。Shesaid.“You’veforgottentheplaceofwomeninaChinesehome.她回答說(shuō):“你忘了中國(guó)家庭里女人的地位了。Youtalkwhenyoushouldremainsilent.應(yīng)當(dāng)保持沉默的時(shí)候,你卻在發(fā)言。Youspeakonmattersthatareofconcernonlytomen.你就那些只與男人有關(guān)的事情發(fā)表見(jiàn)解。Youspeakopenlyofyourinnerfeelingsanddesires.你直言不諱你的內(nèi)心感受和愿望,That’snotthewayofaChinesewoman.這不是中國(guó)女人的做法。Wekeepourthoughtsandfeelingstoourselves.”我們的想法和感情都不說(shuō)出來(lái)?!盇smymotherspoke,聽著母親這樣講,Irealizedwhathadhappenedtome.我意識(shí)到了是怎么回事。AmericanincludingAmericanwomen,美國(guó)人,涉及美國(guó)女性,aremuchfreerinexpressingtheirthoughtsandfeelings.都非常自由地表達(dá)自己的思想和感情。AlsoAmericanwomenfeelasfreeasmentospeakorgiveanopinionaboutanysubject.美國(guó)男女同樣,對(duì)任何問(wèn)題都自由地發(fā)表見(jiàn)解。Theydon’ttakeasilentbackseatduringadiscussion.在討論中,她們不會(huì)做一個(gè)沉默的旁觀者。IguessedthatthroughmyassociationwithAmericansduringthepastsixyears,我想,過(guò)去六年和美國(guó)人的交往中,Ihadgraduallyadoptedsomeoftheirways.我漸漸學(xué)了他們的一些做法。DuringthenextfewdaysItriedtobeaChinesewoman.接下來(lái)的幾天,我盡力作一名中國(guó)女性,Butitdidn’twork.可是沒(méi)用。Myfamilyremaineddistantfrom
me.家人和我疏遠(yuǎn)。Theycouldnolongeracceptmefullyasoneofthem.他們無(wú)法完全把我當(dāng)作自己人。IbecamemoreuncomfortableandhurtasthingsweresaidanddonethatmademefeelthatIwasanoutsider,astrangerinmyowncountry.身在家鄉(xiāng)卻被視為外人,這使我更加不自在,感覺(jué)受到了深深的傷害。IcutmyvisitshortbythreeweeksandcamebacktotheUnitedStates.我提前三周結(jié)束了這次探親,回到美國(guó)。Butcomingbackheredidn’tlessentheconfusionandpain.但是回來(lái)之后并沒(méi)有減輕我的困惑和苦惱。Infact,事實(shí)上,Ifeelmoreconfusedthanbefore.我比以前更加困惑,Inowfeelhomeless.感到無(wú)家可歸。Idon’tfeellikeanAmerican.我感覺(jué)自己不是美國(guó)人,Americanshaven’tacceptedme.美國(guó)人也不接受我。ThewomenIworkwithatthe
storearepoliteenough,商店里一起工作的女同事們都對(duì)我非常禮貌,buttheydon’ttrytogetclosetome
orletmegetclosetothem.但是她們不接近我,我也無(wú)法接近她們。Duringthemorningcoffeebreaktheymakeplanstohavelunchtogetherandgoshopping.上午工作休息喝咖啡時(shí)她們計(jì)劃一起吃午飯,一起購(gòu)物;OnFridaystheytalkaboutthediscoplacethey’regoingtothatnight.星期五她們談?wù)撏砩弦ツ募业蠌d,Theyneverincludemeintheirplans。但是從未將我列入她們的計(jì)劃。Myaccent,我的口音、myname,andmyorientalfeaturesmarkmeasaforeigner.名字和東方人的長(zhǎng)相顯示我是個(gè)外國(guó)人。I’vefeltforalongtimethatIwasn’tbeingacceptedbyAmericans,butI’dfeltthatIwasChineseandthatmyhomewasHongKong.長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),我感到自己是中國(guó)人,我的故鄉(xiāng)是香港,自己不被美國(guó)人接受。NowInolongerconsiderHongKongmyhome.現(xiàn)在我不再將香港視為我的故鄉(xiāng),AndsoIfeelhomeless.因此感到無(wú)家可歸。I’mcaughtbetweentheoldworldwhereIno1ongerbelongandthenewworldwhichhasnotyetacceptedme.我被夾在兩個(gè)世界當(dāng)中——不再屬于本來(lái)的世界,尚未被新世界接納。
TextB
CultureShock—
TheInitialStresses
文化沖擊—最初的壓力
MyfriendDr.DonghadawonderfulchancetogotoSeattletopresentapaperataprofessionalmeeting.我的朋友董醫(yī)生有幸獲得了一次去西雅圖在一個(gè)專業(yè)會(huì)議上做學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告的好機(jī)會(huì)。HavingattendedmycourseinInterculturalCommunications,已經(jīng)上過(guò)我的跨文化交際課程,heconsultedmetoreviewsomeoftheculturaldifferenceshemightexperience.他請(qǐng)我?guī)退麥亓?xí)一下他也許碰到的一些文化差異。Ialsogavehimthephonenumberofafriendofminewholivedinthearea.我也把在本地居住的一個(gè)朋友的電話號(hào)碼給了他。Whenhegotback,wemettoreviewhisexperience.他回來(lái)后,我們又聚到一起回顧了他的經(jīng)歷。Dr.Dongtoldmethatthecourseinformationhadhelpedhim.董醫(yī)生告訴我,跨文化交際課上學(xué)的東西派上了用場(chǎng)。Heexperiencedthetypicalstagesofcultureshock.他經(jīng)歷了文化沖擊的典型階段。Hearrivedexpectantandhappyandenjoyedhisfirstdaysverymuch.他滿懷期待高快樂(lè)興地到了美國(guó),非??鞓?lè)地度過(guò)了最初幾天。Atthemedicalconference,在醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)議上,hefeltquiteconfidentofhisareaofresearchandwasabletoperformwellinhispresentation.他對(duì)自己的研究領(lǐng)域頗為自信,并且他所做的發(fā)言也相稱成功。Butafterafewdays,但幾天后,hebegantofeeluncomfortable.他開始感到有些不適應(yīng)了。HismedicalEnglishwasfine,他的醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)不錯(cuò),butthesocialinteractionskillsweredifferent,可是社會(huì)交往技能卻是另一碼事,andhewasunsureofthecuesandthecommunicationstyles.他拿不準(zhǔn)那些暗示及交際風(fēng)格。HeworriedmoreandmorethathewasmisunderstandingsimpleEnglishgreetingsandtabletalkconventions.他焦躁不安,連簡(jiǎn)樸的英文問(wèn)候語(yǔ)以及餐桌交談習(xí)俗也弄不懂了。Whenpeoplegreetedhimwith,“Hi,how’sitgoing?”有人用“嗨,一切都好嗎?”和他打招呼,hethoughttheyhadaskedhim“whereareyougoing?”他認(rèn)為是問(wèn)他“你要去哪兒?”,andansweredwiththenameoftheconferencehall,答之以會(huì)議廳的名字,onlytogetaconfusedstarefromthem.結(jié)果招來(lái)了疑惑的目光。Atawesternstyledinner,在一次西式的晚宴上,acolleagueasked,“Sohow’reyouenjoyin’theStates?”一位同事問(wèn)他:“你在美國(guó)過(guò)得好嗎?”hethoughtheheard,“Sohowareyouenjoyingyoursteak?”他聽成了“你覺(jué)得牛排味道如何?”,andansweredthathewashavingchicken,notbeef.回答他在吃雞肉,不是牛肉。Thattime,hiscolleaguesmiled,那次,那位同事笑了,andpatientlyrepeatedthequestion.并耐心反復(fù)了他的問(wèn)題,Atlast,theybothlaughedattheerror.之后倆人對(duì)這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤大笑一通。
Suchfailuresinunderstandingsandcommunicationswereminor.這類誤解和交流不暢還是次要的。ButforDr.Dong,但對(duì)董醫(yī)生來(lái)說(shuō),theywerethebeginningofasenseof“culturalconfusion”.它們是“文化困惑”感的開始。Bytheendofthemeetings,在會(huì)議快要結(jié)束時(shí),hefeltadeepsenseof“culturalstress”andwaswornoutfromhavingtopayattentiontosomanynewexpressionsandwaysofdealing([di:l]n.待遇)withthings.他深深地感到了“文化壓力”,為待人接物時(shí)那么多的新表達(dá)方法和方式而感到精疲力竭。HefelthishandshakewasnotasfirmasAmericans’,他感到自己握手不如美國(guó)人那么有力;foundthatpeoplereacted反映(常與to連用)unusuallywhenhemodestlyinsistedhisEnglishwasnotgoodaftertheycomplimentedhim,人們稱贊他時(shí),他謙虛地堅(jiān)持說(shuō)自己的英語(yǔ)不好,他發(fā)現(xiàn)別人的反映異乎尋常;didn’tknowhowtoacceptdinnerinvitationsproperlyandthereformissedoutongoingtoseverallunches,andsoon.由于搞不清如何適本地接受宴會(huì)邀請(qǐng)而錯(cuò)過(guò)了幾次午餐,如此等等,不一而足。Eventually,hewassobewildered
thathefeltthefullimpactof“cultureshock”.最終他被搞得不知所措,徹底感受了“文化沖擊”。
Whatiscultureshockandwhydoesitoccur?什么是文化沖擊,為什么會(huì)存在文化沖擊?Thetermwascoinedabout50yearsagobyaSwedishscholar.這一術(shù)語(yǔ)是大約50年前一位瑞典學(xué)者最先發(fā)明使用的。Hisseminalarticle,“CultureShock;AdjustmenttoNewCulturalEnvironments”hasbeenreprintedandrevisedformanytextbooksandmagazines.其拓荒之作《文化沖擊:適應(yīng)新的文化環(huán)境》為許多教科書及雜志所再版和修訂。Hecalledit“theoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad”.他將“文化沖擊”定義為“忽然移居海外的人所患的職業(yè)病”。Hisuseoftheword“disease”isapun,他用的“disease”這個(gè)詞是個(gè)雙關(guān)語(yǔ),becauseitimpliesthatitislikean“illness”withitsown“symptomsandcure”.由于它暗示這如同一種“病,有其自身的癥狀和療法”,butalsothattherootcauseisalsoafeelingof“dis-”easeorunsettleduneasiness.并且其根源也是一種(dis)不(ease)適或心神不寧的感覺(jué)。
Thinkbackonyourownexperience.回想一下你自己的經(jīng)歷。Haveyouevermovedfromonecontexttoanother
?你曾從一個(gè)環(huán)境遷到另一個(gè)嗎?
Manystudentsfeelthisadjustmentshockwhentheychangefromoneschooltoanother,ormovefromasmalltowntoabigcity.很多學(xué)生,從一所學(xué)校轉(zhuǎn)到另一所,或從一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)到一座大城市時(shí),都會(huì)感到這種順應(yīng)沖擊。
Thesensationsonefeelsinnewsurroundingsofteninclude:在新的環(huán)境下人們的感受經(jīng)常涉及:Feelinglikeanoutsider,feelingunsureofoneselforevenfeelingstupid;感到像個(gè)局外人,對(duì)自己沒(méi)有信心,甚至感到愚蠢;Sensingthatone’slanguageskillsaren’tgoodenough,missingjokes,colloquialphrases,
referencestoTVshowsorpopsongsorothercultural“insider”information;感到自己的語(yǔ)言能力局限性,領(lǐng)略不了笑話、口語(yǔ)化用語(yǔ)的含義,也搞不懂電視節(jié)目及流行歌曲或其他文化“內(nèi)涵”的信息;Feelinguneasyandunsettled,irritableandincreasinglyshort-tem-pered;感到不適和不安,易激怒并且脾氣越來(lái)越暴躁;Feelinglonelyandwantingtogo“home”,feelingmoreandmorelikeastrangeroroutcast;感到孤獨(dú)并且想要回”家”,感覺(jué)愈來(lái)愈像個(gè)陌生人和被拋棄的人;Feelingoverwhelmed,overloaded,daydreaming,staringblanklyatthingsorevenstaringatnothing;感到不能自持.承擔(dān)過(guò)重,想人非非,失神發(fā)呆;Becomingmoreandmoreafraidofcommunicatingandofmakingmistakes,worriedanxious.越來(lái)越膽怯交流和犯錯(cuò)誤,緊張、焦急。Theseareallsymptomsofinitialcultureshock.這些都是文化沖擊的最初癥狀。Withanewcontextcomenewwaysofdoingthings.新的環(huán)境隨著著新的行事方法。Beinguninitiatedandunsureofwhattodo,peopleusuallyhaveastrongsenseofdisplacementinthebeginning.最初若沒(méi)有積極性并且不知道該做什么,這種移位感通常都很強(qiáng)烈。Butthegoodnewsisthatwehumansareverygoodatadapting.但是好在我們?nèi)祟惡苌朴谡{(diào)整適應(yīng)。Thoughalmostallofusundergosomedegreeofmentalstressinthisperiod.盡管在轉(zhuǎn)變過(guò)程中都經(jīng)歷了某種限度的心理壓力,afterafewweeksormonths,數(shù)周至數(shù)月后,welearnhowto“read”ournewcontext.我們就學(xué)會(huì)如何“解讀”新環(huán)境,Webecomeawareofthenewcues,thenewexpectations,andthenewwaysofcommunicating.逐漸懂得了新的暗示、新的盼望、新的交際方法。Withsometrials(n.考驗(yàn),磨難,困難,患難)
anderrors(錯(cuò)誤),andwitha1otofpatiencen.
忍耐withourselves,幾經(jīng)磨練,加上自己的耐心,mostofussucceedinovercomingcultureshockandlearntoenjoyournewcontext.大多數(shù)人成功地克服了文化沖擊,學(xué)會(huì)享受新環(huán)境。
Dr.Dong’svisittotheUSwasonlythreeweekslong,董醫(yī)生的美國(guó)之行僅僅3周的時(shí)間,butbytheendofthefive-daymedicalconference,但未等5天的醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)議結(jié)束,hewasalreadystartingtofeelmoreconfident.他已經(jīng)開始感到比較自信了。Surehefeltalittlefoolishaboutsomeofthemistakeshehadmade,當(dāng)然他感到自己所犯的一些錯(cuò)誤有點(diǎn)兒愚蠢,buthequicklylearnedtolaughathiserrorsandfoundthathiscolleaguessmiledwithhim.但他不久就學(xué)會(huì)調(diào)侃自己的過(guò)錯(cuò),并發(fā)現(xiàn)他的同事也在向他微笑。Thisbrokedownthebarrierstocommunicationandhelpedhimbuildsomegoodprofessional專業(yè)的relationships.這些消除了交流的障礙,幫助他建立了一些良好的業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系。Andaftertheconference,hecontacted聯(lián)系thefamilyIhadreferredhimtoandhadaverynicetimevisitingthem.會(huì)議結(jié)束后,他同我提到的那一家人取得聯(lián)系,并快樂(lè)地拜訪了他們。Thereweresomenewculturalsurprises,在此過(guò)程中他又經(jīng)歷了一些新的文化驚奇,buthediscoveredhecouldbetterunderstandandadapttothem.但他發(fā)現(xiàn)他可以更好地了解并適應(yīng)他們。
BythetimehereturnedtoChina,回到中國(guó),hewasfeelingquitepositiveaboutthisAmericantrip,他感到本次美國(guó)之行很故意義,andwasgladforthenewexperiencesandnewskillsithadgivenhim.對(duì)此行的新經(jīng)歷和獲得的新技能感到快樂(lè)。Hehadbecomesuccessfulintheinitialperiodinanewculture.接觸一種新文化的最初階段,他取得了成功,Thoughhehadgonethroughsomeembarrassingculturestresses,盡管經(jīng)歷了一些尷尬的文化壓力,eachhadproventobeavaluablelearningexperience,但每一次都證明是頗有價(jià)值的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷,andintheendhadhelpedhimovercomehiscultureshock.并且,最終幫助他戰(zhàn)勝了文化沖擊。Unit3TextABooks
書
Knowledgemaybeacquiredthroughconversation,watchingtelevisionortraveling,知識(shí)可以通過(guò)交談、看電視或旅游來(lái)獲得,butthedeepestandmostconsistentwayisthroughreading.但最進(jìn)一步、最經(jīng)常的途徑是讀書。Ifweconsidertheliteratepopulationoftheworld,假如我們考慮一下世界上受過(guò)教育的居民,wemayconcludethatafewspendtheirwholelivesonacademicreading;便可得出這樣一個(gè)結(jié)論:把整個(gè)一生用來(lái)閱讀學(xué)術(shù)書籍是少數(shù);manyreadsomethinglightforpleasure,多數(shù)人只是看些閑書消遣;afewdipintosomethingmoreseriousnowandthen;時(shí)常瀏覽一些比較嚴(yán)厲讀物的人也是少數(shù);whileverymanymen,womenandchildrenneveradvancebeyondthesportspageofanewspaper,afashionarticleoracomic.而更多的男人、婦女和兒童只看報(bào)紙上的體育新聞、時(shí)裝介紹或連環(huán)漫畫。Ifyouhavelearnttolovebooksasachild,假如從小就學(xué)會(huì)愛(ài)讀書,thereadinghabitwillneverdesertyou.那么你會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)保持讀書的習(xí)慣,Butifthishasnotbeenyourgoodfortune,但假如你沒(méi)有這種好運(yùn)氣養(yǎng)成愛(ài)讀書的習(xí)慣,youtendtothinkofreadingasabore.你就會(huì)認(rèn)為讀書是件討厭的事。Afew,butveryfew,cometothehabitlateinlife.有一些人,為數(shù)不多,直到晚年才養(yǎng)成愛(ài)讀書的習(xí)慣。Thecircumstanceswhichhelptosetachildonthepathtotheliteraryadventureare:有助于使兒童走上讀書道路的環(huán)境是:alifeevenbarelyaboverealpoverty,有一個(gè)略高于赤貧生活水平的家庭,sothatthereisscopeinthefamilyforthoughtsandactivitiesnotwhollydevotedtothestruggleformakingaliving;這樣的家庭才有機(jī)會(huì)想些別的而不至于全盤心思為謀生而奮斗;theavailabilityoffreebookseitherathomeorinapubliclibrary;或者家中有書,或者可在公共圖書館借書,做到看書不花錢;andthepossession(n.擁有)ofacharacter(n.性格)bothcurious好奇的andindependent.本人具有求知欲和獨(dú)立性。
Inordertodesiretoreadonemustbecurious.一個(gè)人想讀書,必須有求知欲。Afewchildrenareabletokeepthiscuriosityandtheirmentalindependencealivedespitetheeducationalsystemoftheircountry.少數(shù)兒童不管他們國(guó)家的教育制度如何,始終可以保持這種求知欲和思想上獨(dú)立性。Butmanyfailtodosoeitherbecauseofanoverstrictsystemwherewhatismostimportantismemorywork;orbecauseofacarelessandlazyonewhereeventhebasicdisciplinesofliteracyareignoredinthesacrednameoffreeexpression.但多數(shù)兒童卻做不到這一點(diǎn),這要么是由于教育制度過(guò)于嚴(yán)格,把死記硬背看做天下第一號(hào)大事;要么是由于教育制度松散、使人怠惰,在“自由表達(dá)”的神圣旗幟下,甚至連讀書寫字這樣的基本規(guī)定也被忽視。Itisawonderthatatleastafewchildrensurvivetheirschoolingandemergeaspeoplewhocanthink,peoplewhoareopen-mindedandknowledgeable.堪稱奇跡的是,至少有少數(shù)兒童居然沒(méi)有被這種學(xué)校教育所糟蹋,而是脫穎而出,成為善于思考、思緒開闊、博學(xué)多聞的人。
Thus,variouscircumstancesarenotfavorableforthereadinghabit.因此,不利于培養(yǎng)閱讀習(xí)慣的環(huán)境是各種各樣的,Andwemayaddtothistheworldwideatmosphereofviolence(n.暴力)andanarchy(n.無(wú)政府狀態(tài)),我們對(duì)此還可加一條,那就是遍及全世界的暴力行為和無(wú)政府狀態(tài)——theNewDarkAgeinwhichwelivetoday.我們現(xiàn)在就生活在其中的新黑暗時(shí)代。Manyofusnolongerhavethepeaceofmindnecessarytoaquiethourwithabook.我們很多人再也沒(méi)有靜下來(lái)讀上一小時(shí)書所必需的那種心情了。Butitisprecisely(adv.精確地)
becauseofourpresent現(xiàn)在的
troublesthatweshouldread.然而正是由于當(dāng)前存在的各種問(wèn)題,我們更應(yīng)當(dāng)讀書。How,否則,otherwise,arewetounderstandthenatureofhatred,我們?cè)跄芾斫馐裁词浅鸷?、ofcruelty,什么是殘酷、ofpowerpolities?什么是強(qiáng)權(quán)政治呢?How,otherwise,arewetotakeastandontheseriousquestionofindividualfreedomandauthority?我們?cè)跄茉趥€(gè)人自由和權(quán)威這類嚴(yán)厲的問(wèn)題上表白我們的立場(chǎng)呢?How,otherwise,arewetocomprehendandperhapssolvetheseurgent緊急的problemsthatfaceus?我們?cè)跄芾斫獠⑶乙苍S解決我們所面臨的迫在眉睫的許多問(wèn)題呢?Ideallythen,因此,aschoolsystemsho
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