大學(xué)英語四級(低頻)猜測詞義

閱讀技巧

—猜測詞義Doyouknowtheword“music”?Doyouknowthephrase“facethemusic”?Whatwillyoudoifyoucomeacrossawordyoudon’tknow?guessthemeaningofwordsTrytoguessthemeaningofthephrasefromthepassage:ThismorningIwaslateforschool.AndIfailedintheEnglishexam.Ididn’twanttogohomebecauseIwasafraidIhadtofacethemusicwhentheteachercalledmyparents.Whatdoes“facethemusic”meanhere?Itmeans“toacceptthepunishmentbecauseofdoingsomethingwrong”.一題干特點詞義理解題常見的題型有:Theauthorusestheword“…”tomean____.Theunderlinedword(phrase,term)“…”means_____.Accordingtothepassage,theword“…”properlymeans_____.Theword“…”inparagraph…refersto____.By“…”,theauthormeans_____.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningto“…”?Whatis“…”?Whatdoes“…”inthelasttwoparagraphsstandfor?二解題技巧

Howtoguessthemeaningofawordaccordingtothecontext?弄清上下文關(guān)系，找有效信息1．根據(jù)定義猜測詞義

如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義，理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義eg：Anthropology

isthescientificstudyofman.anthropology-----“研究人類的科學(xué)”

Inslangtheterm"jam"

isknownasastateofbeinginwhichapersonfindshimselforherselfinadifficultsituation.jam——“困境”定義句的謂語動詞多為：be,mean,referto,becalled,beknownas,define,等。.Itwillbeveryhardbutalsovery

brittle------thatis,itwillbreakeasily.

從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。

.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.

定語從句中l(wèi)ooksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為"牧人"。

定義法定義或釋義關(guān)系常由定語從句或由is，or，thatis(tosay),inotherwords，becalled，beknownas,bedefinedas等詞匯或破折號來表示.利用所出現(xiàn)生詞的上下文與其意義上的聯(lián)系或下文進(jìn)一步的敘述，猜測詞義。例一：Thefemalemosquitoisavampireandlivesonblood.如不知道vampire的詞義，從下文livesonblood(靠吸血而生存)則可得知其詞義為吸血昆蟲。例二：Theoldmanputonhisspectaclesandbegantoread.如不知道spectacles的詞義，從下文“戴上‘spectacles’后開始閱讀”可以猜得其詞義“眼鏡”。2、根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測詞義

同位語：Semantics,thestudyofthemeaningofwords,isnecessaryifyouaretospeakandreadintelligently.

semanties指“語義學(xué)”Capacitance,ortheabilitytostoreelectriccharge,isoneofthemostcommoncharacteristicsofelectroniccircuits.

capacitance---電容量

注意：同位語前常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,.Weareonthenightshift----frommidnightto8a.m.---thisweek.

兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明nightshift是"夜班"的意思。

同位法同位法的標(biāo)志：逗號，破折號定語從句：KrabacbersuffersfromSAD,whichisshortforseasonalaffectivedisorder,

asyndromecharacterizedbysevereseasonalmoodswings.

SAD----“季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥”Theinventionofsnorkel,alongairtubethatreachesuptothesurface,hasmadeitpossibleforsubmarines(潛艇)tousetheirdieselengineevenwhentheyaresubmerged.句中snorkel一詞的意思，可通過其同位語“alongairtubethatreachesuptothesurface”來猜得。由此，我們可確定該詞義為“通氣管”。：Thetypeofmeteriscalledmultimeter,whichisusedtomeasureelectricity.通過定語從句“whichisusedtomeasureelectricity”(用來測量電的)，我們可將“multimeter”的詞義確定為“萬用表”。：Theywillbeonthenightshift—frommidnightto6a.m.—nextweek.由破折號之間的解釋內(nèi)容，我們可以了解到“nightshift”意思為“夜班”。3、根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義：

Theconsequencesofepochaleventssuchaswarsandgreatscientificdiscoveriesarenotconfinedtoasmallgeographicalareaastheywereinthepast.

epochal-----“重要的”

Someartistsplantheirpaintingsaroundgeometricformslikesquares,circlesandtriangles.如不知道geometricforms的意思，可從文中所列舉的三角形，正方形、圓形來猜得其意義為“幾何圖形”。Todayyoungcoupleswhoarejuststartingtheirhouseholdsoftenspendlotsoftheirmoneyonappliancesforinstance,washingmachines,refrigeratorsandcolortelevisions.如不知道appliances的意思，從文中的舉例“washing-machines(洗衣機)，refrigerator(冰箱)，televisions(電視機)”可以猜得該詞的意思為“家用電器”。

二、內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系

對比/同義/因果/轉(zhuǎn)折1．對比

AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest.

supercilious------“目空一切的，傲慢的”

Agoodsupervisorcanrecognizeinstantlytheadeptworkersfromtheunskilledones.

adept——“熟練的”

表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要是unlike，but，however，despite，inspiteof，incontrast和while

2．同義同對比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。

Greenlovestotalk，andhisbrothersaresimilarly

loquacious.

loquacious-----“多話的”表示同義關(guān)系的詞和短語主要是similarly，like，justas，also等。

同/近義法1.Thenewtaxlawsupersedes,orreplaces,thelawthatwasineffectlastyear.supersede和replace,是對同義詞，不難猜出supersede是“取代”之意。and,or,suchas,like，forexample,forinstance常連接同義詞組。In

many

nations

there

are

two

financial

extremes,from

penury

to

great

wealth．penury和great

wealth是經(jīng)濟狀況的兩個極端（two

financial

extremes），因此它們是一組反義詞，由于great

wealth是“非常富有”，那么

penury就是“非常貧窮”。Heissohomely，notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根據(jù)notatall...handsome我們不難推測出homely的意思，即“不英俊、不漂亮的”。表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞常有如but,while,however,insteadof,ratherthan,unlike,onthecontrary等。反義詞

3．因果

Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisionswithoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.

autocratic——

“獨斷專行的”

ThereweresomanydemonstratorsintheRedSquarethathehadtoelbowhiswaythroughthecrowd.

elbow的——

“擠，擠過”

因果法

Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，therefore等)表示前因后果。從后面的結(jié)果"永遠(yuǎn)不能再運動"中，可以推測permanent的意思為"永遠(yuǎn)的，永久的"。

4．同義替代

Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.

jeopardize——“使...陷入危險，危及、危害”

Doctorsbelievethatsmokingcigarettesisdetrimentaltoyourhealth.Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful.

detrimental——“不利的，有害的”Americanbusinessmenexpectemployeestobepunctual.Theydonotexpectthattheworkerswillcomelate.文中bepunctual的意思，可理解為“notcomelate”，即“準(zhǔn)時，不遲到”。例九：Unlikehergregarioussister,Janeisashyperson,whodoesnotliketogotoparties,ortomakenewfriends.根據(jù)文中“unlike...”的意思，可將gregarious理解為與文中“ashypersonwhodoesnotliketogotoparties,ortomakenewfriends.”相反的意思，即：表示“好交際的”。利用文章中用不同的話對同一概念的解釋，猜測詞義例：Shouldthegovernmentregulatethecostofresourcessuchasoilandgas?Somepeopledonotbelievethatgovernmentcontrolisthesolutiontotheproblemoftherisingcostoffuel.文中“regulate”的詞義可猜測為與“governmentcontrol”的意思相近。例：Oneofthepredominantconcernstodayisthefutureofournaturalresources.Thisissueisofgreatestimportancebecauseitisbecomingcleartomanypeoplethatourpresentresourceswillnotlastforever.文中“predominant”的詞義可猜測為具有與“ofgreatestimportance”相近的意思。例：Cleaningupwaterwaysisanenormoustask.Thejobissolarge,infact,thatthegovernmentmaynotbeabletosavesomeoftheriversandlakeswhichhavebeenpolluted.文中“enormous”的詞義可猜測為與“solarge”的意思相近。

三、外部相關(guān)因素

Husband：It'sreallycoldouttonight.Wife:Sureitis.Myhandsarepracticallynumb.Howaboutlightingthefurnace?

numb——“凍僵的，凍得麻木的”

Thesnake

slitheredthroughthegrass.

slither——“爬行”

*依靠構(gòu)詞方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義

1．根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義

Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,semiconscious,forafewminutes.semiconscious——“半清醒的，半昏迷的”

I'milliterateaboutsuchthings.

illiterate——“一竅不通，不知道的”

2．根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義

Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.

insecticide—“殺蟲劑”Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplets.

droplet—“小滴，微滴”

3．根據(jù)合成詞的各部分猜測詞義

Growingeconomicproblemswerehighlightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.

hightlight—“以強光照射，使突出”

BullfightisverypopularinSpain.

bullfight—斗牛

Manyhousesinthecitycollapsed

duringtheterribleearthquakeandmanypeopledied.根據(jù)上下文和常識，地震中房子應(yīng)該是“倒塌”之意根據(jù)上下文線索Whatdoes“collapsed”meanhere?構(gòu)詞法派生法（Derivation）合成法(Compounding)

轉(zhuǎn)化法（Conversion）縮略法（Abbreviation）

ableunable;teachteacherspace+shipspaceshipvisitv.visitn.Doityourself.DIYerorianisteseess后綴,構(gòu)成可數(shù)名詞menttionnesssionerying后綴,構(gòu)成抽象名詞alanbleernfulishivelessylyous形容詞后綴enizeify動詞后綴widenrealize,beatifyterrifydisinmisunnon否定前綴recominipremultiantientele其它前綴重復(fù)共同,平等小反，抗使--可能遠(yuǎn)程---前多的Putwhatyouhavelearnedtopractice:shortenunsinkablemispronunciationmultinational

v.縮短adj.不可沉沒的n.錯誤發(fā)音adj.多國的即時訓(xùn)練（1）WhenIfirstbecameareporterIknewamanwhogaveupaverywellpaidrespectablejobattheDailyTelegraphtogoandeditasmallweeklynewspaper.AtthetimeIwasastonishedbywhatappearedtometobehiscompletelyabnormal（反常的）mentalstate.HowcouldanyoneturnhisbackonFleetStreetincentralLondonforasmalllocalarea?Iwantedtoknow.69.Theunderlinedphrase“turnhisbackon”mostprobablymeans_______.A.leaveforB.returntoC.giveupD.relyon（2）Whatissleepallabout?Thesimplestwaytofindoutwhatsleepisforistodowithoutitforawhileandseewhathappens.Thebrainstartsgoinggentlycrazyifdeprivedofsleepfortwoorthreedays.Itsimplystopsworkinginasensiblefashion.48.Theunderlinedphrase“deprivedof”probablymeans__________.A.lackofB.giventoomuchC.stolenD.forcedtogiveup（3）Supportersofundergrounddevelopmentsaythatbuildingdownratherthanbuildingupisagoodwaytousetheearth’sspace.Thesurface,theysay,canbeusedforfarms,parks,gardensandwilderness.H.G.Wells’“moonpeople”wouldagree.Wouldyou?4.Theword“wilderness”inthelastparagraphmeans________.A.wildlifeB.poordistrictsC.desertD.anareathatisnotallowedtobuildon（4）Whensomekindofpainkillerwasbroughtoutrecently,researchersfoundthatthecolours

turnsthecustomersoffbecausetheymadetheproductlookweakandineffective.Eventually,itcameonthemarketinadarkblueandwhitepackage-bluebecausewethinkofitassafe,andwhiteascalm.65.Theunderlinedpart“thecoloursturnedthecustomersoff”meansthatthecolours______.A.attractedthecustomersstronglyB.hadweakeffectsonthecustomersC.trickedthecustomersintoshoppingD.causedthecustomerstoloseinterest（5）

Inaddition,thegovernmentcouldtakeresponsibilityforthe.careoftheelderly.Thiscouldbefinancedthroughgovernmenttaxestoincreasethelevelofpensions.Furthermore,somein-situtionshouldbecreatedforseniorcitizens,whichcanhelpprovideacomfortablelifeforthem.Unfortunately,asthepresentsituationinourcountryshows,thisisnotatrulyviableanswer.Thegovernmentcanseldomaffordtocarefortheelderly,particularlywhenitisbusytryingtocarefortheyoung.48.Theunderlinedword"viable"mostprobablymeans"_________".A.impossibleB.practicalC.usefulD.successful（6）

WhenAndreaPetersonlandedherfirstteachingjob,shefacedthedauntingtaskofcreatingamusicprogramwithalmostnomoneyforequipmentorsuppliesinaclimatewherestandards-basedlearningwasthefocusandmusicjustprovidedabreakforstudentsandteachers.Forherdriveandcreativityinovercomingthosechallenges,she’sbeennamenationalteacheroftheyear.65.Theunderlinedword“daunting”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans___.A.discouragingB.interestingC.creativeD.unbearable（7）Socialsciencemajorsarenotonlyexperiencingsuccessintheirlong-termcompanyjobs,buttheyarealsofindingjobsmoreeasily.…Finally,althoughsomesocialsciencemajorsmaystillfinditmoredifficultthantheirtechnicallytrainedclassmatestolandthefirstjob,recentgraduatesreportthattheydon’tregrettheirchoiceofstudy.45.Theunderlinedword“l(fā)and”inthelastparagraphprobablymeans______.A.successfullygetB.loseregretfullyC.immediatelystartD.keepforsometime（8）

Manypeoplewhoachievedgreatthingsweresuperstitious….Eventheageofsciencehasnotdestroyedpeople’sbeliefsinirrationalthings.Thefollowingstoryisagoodexample.ApanicshookEuropewhenHalley’scomet(彗星)wasexpectedtoappearin1910.Itseemedthatwheneverthiscomethadappearedinthepast,devastatingeventshadtakenplace.In66A.D.,forexample,itsappearancecoincided(與…巧合)withthefallofJerusalem.Sothepeopleofthetwentiethcenturyfearedanothercatastrophe.Theyweresofrightenedthattheyevenboughtanti-cometpillsandmaskstoprotectthemselvesfromdeadlyfumes.58．Asusedinthispassage,thewordirrationalmeans

. A．notreasonable B．notdangerous C．unimportant D．unforgettable

Exercises：

1．

Archaeologyisthestudyoftheburiedremainsofancienttimes,suchashouses,pots,toolsandweapons.

A.地理學(xué)B.生態(tài)學(xué)C.心理學(xué)D.考古學(xué)2．Thisstrictofficerisamartinet,apersonwhodemandstotalobedience（服從）torules,disciplineandorders.

A.專制的人B.軟弱的人

C.強硬的人D.要求嚴(yán)格服從紀(jì)律和命令的人3．ThoughMr.Smithhasbeengeneralmanagerforjustthreemonths,hehasalreadymademuchgreaterachievementsthanhispredecessors.

A.上級B.前任C.同事D.下級4．Thefootballgamewasgettingmoreandmoreexciting,however,theoldladywasstillasdozyassheusuallywas.

A.昏昏欲睡的B.亢奮的C.欣喜若狂的D.麻木的DDBA5．Allhisattemptstounlockthedoorwasfutile,becausehewasusingthewrongkey.A.成功的B.徒勞的C.有效的D.匆促的6．Shedidnothearwhatyousaidbecauseshewascompletelyengrossedinherreading.

心不在焉的B.緊張的C.全神貫注D.睡意濃的7．Oneofsymptomscausedbythepeculiarillnessisahighfever.A.癥狀B.疾病C.恐懼D.威脅8．Inthestrongwind,thebeggarshiveredwiththeterriblecold.A.流淚B.乞討C.呻吟D.顫抖BCAD9．Thehottropicalweathercreatedafeelingoflassitudeandencouragedlaziness.A.興奮B.厭惡C.清醒D.疲倦10．Toquiteagreatmanypeople,moneyisanirresistibletemptation（誘惑）.

A.不可抗拒的B.可抗拒的

C.接受的D.不可接受的DA12.I'maresoluteman.OnceIsetupagoal,Iwon'tgiveitupeasily.

A.frighten B.braveandcarelessC.firm D.angryC16.Nearby

is

the

race