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汽車碰撞計(jì)算機(jī)仿真方法及其常見問(wèn)題分析彭冰元EngineeringTechnologyAssociates,Inc.(ETA)E-mail:bpeng@汽車碰撞計(jì)算機(jī)仿真方法PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11內(nèi)容內(nèi)容:ETA簡(jiǎn)介;汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì);汽車碰撞仿真工具;LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介;汽車碰撞仿真的建模;汽車碰撞仿真障礙物模型;汽車碰撞仿真假人模型;汽車前碰撞仿真;汽車側(cè)碰撞仿真;碰撞模擬分析中常見問(wèn)題分析;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11EngineeringTechnology

Associates,Inc.(ETA)公司成立于1983年

公司位于:總部:Troy,MichiganUSA;上海:ETA-ChinainShanghai;南京:

ETA-ChinainNanjing;主要業(yè)務(wù):

從事汽車CAE方面的工程技術(shù)服務(wù)以及軟件開發(fā)(AutomobileCAE)

工程技術(shù)服務(wù):(EngineeringServices)

主要集中于汽車的整車開發(fā)與技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移軟件開發(fā)(SoftwareDevelopment)

ETA目前有三個(gè)軟件產(chǎn)品:

eta/VPG–

主要用于汽車的安全性,耐久性等分析;

eta/DYNAFORM–用于鈑金成型與模具設(shè)計(jì);eta/FEMB,bundledwithLS-DYNA/PC–LS-DYNA的通用前后處理器,先集成于VPG/Pre-Post中;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì):PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì):PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì):1988199019921994199820002002PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì):PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì):LS-DYNAPengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)Crashworthiness–GoMathTraditionHardwareTestNoMathToolsCAEConceptHardwareTestComputerInfrastructureComputerSoftware1.Highcost2.Longtime3.ReliableExplicitIntegrationPlasticityContactetc.1.Costlow2.Shorttime3.InsideViewPengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)DesignBenefitofCAEApplicationHardwareReductionDesignEnablingSavingTurnAroundTimeCostCutInsightViewofFailureModesPengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)HistoricalBackgroundExplicitFE-codeswasdevelopedin1970’sinU.S.foraerodynamicsandnuclearweaponeffectsFirstfullvehiclecrashsimulationmodelwasbuiltandanalyzedin1985withsupercomputer(Cray)Rapiddevelopmentintherecent10years,nowtheFEcrashsimulationisafullyintegratedtool.NocompetitivedevelopmentispossiblewithoutintensiveCAEsupportPengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)HistoricalBackgroundPengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的最新進(jìn)展和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)NumericalSimulationImprovement1.Explicittimeintegration2.Plasticity3.Contact-impacttreatment4.Airbag,seatbeltmodel5.Barriermodel6.Welding7.Materialfailuremodesdevelopment8.Jointdevelopment9.Foammaterial10.DummymodelPengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的工具汽車碰撞仿真的工具:CADDataSurfaceCleanUpMeshGenerationPartAssemblySolverPostProcessIDEASCATIAANSA

HypermeshFEMBEasiCrashHypeworkFEMBMode-EditPam-SafeLS-DYNARADIOSSPam-CrashABAQUSMADYMOMSC-DYTRANADINAHypermeshFEMBMod-AnimPam-SafeDyna-PostPengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介L(zhǎng)S-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介:LIVERMORESOFTWARETECHNOLOGYCORPORATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGYASSOCIATESPengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介隱式算法(ImplicitSolver)LS-DYNA顯式非線性動(dòng)態(tài)算法(ExplicitNonlinearDynamics)多種單元積分形式(ComprehensiveElementFormulation)豐富的材料模型(ExtensiveMaterialModels)自動(dòng)的接觸算法(AutomatedContactAlgorithms)PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11Inputschemeandkeywordformatprovidegreatflexibility:LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11Partname:WALLPID=1SECID=1MID=1Partname:BUMPERPID=2SECID=1MID=2Partname:PLATEPID=3SECID=1MID=2Partname:RAILPID=4SECID=1MID=2LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8$PARTTABLE$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8*PARTWALL$pidsecidmideosidhgidgravadpopttmid11100000*PARTBUMPER21200000*PARTPLATE31200000*PARTRAIL41200000$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8*SECTION_SHELL$secidelformshrfnipproptqr/iridicompsetyp121.0002.0000.00.001$t1t2t3t4nloc1.0001.0001.0001.0000$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8*MAT_RIGID$midroeprncouplemalias1.7830E-8207000.00.280000.00.00.00.0$cmocon1con21.0007.0007.000$lco_or_a1a2a3v1v2v30.00.00.00.00.00.0*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY$midroeprsigyetanfailtdel2.7830E-8207000.00.28000210.0000.00.00.0$cplcsslcsrvp0.00.00.00.00.0$eps1eps2eps3eps4eps5eps6eps7eps80.00.033900.040900.050000.151000.301000.701000.91000$es1es2es3es4es5es6es7es8210.000300.000314.000325.000390.000438.000505.000527.000$---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11BeamElementFormulation -Hughes-Liuwithcrosssectionintegration(default)

-Belytschko-SchwerResultantBeam -TrussandSpotweldBeam -Belytschko-Schwerfullcrosssectionintegration -Belytschko-SchwerTubularBeamwithcrosssectionintegration -DiscreteBeam/Cable -2DplaneStrainShellBeam -2DAxisymmetricShellElementShellElementFormulation -Hughes-Liu -Belytschko-Tsay(default)

-BCIZTriangularShell -Belytschko-TsayMembrane -S/RHughes-Liu -S/RCo-rotationalHughes-Liu -Belytschko-LeviathanShell -FullyIntegratedBelytschko-TsayMembrane -Belytschko-Wong-Chiang SolidElementFormulation -ConstantStressSolid(default) -FullyIntegratedS/RSolid -FullyIntegrated8NodesSolidwithNodalRotationsThickShellElementFormulationDiscrete(spring/damper),Seatbelt&MassElementFormulationsLS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介EQ.1:Hughes-Liu(default)EQ.2:Belytschko-SchwerresultantbeamEQ.3:TrussEQ.4:Belytschko-SchwerfullintegrationEQ.5:Belytschko-SchwertubularbeamEQ.6:Discrete3DbeamEQ.7:2DplanestrainshellEQ.8:2DaxisymmetricshellEQ.9:DeformableSpotweldBeamElementsLS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11BuiltincrosssectionsLS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11

EQ.1: Hughes-Liu EQ.2: Belytschko-Tsay EQ.3: BCIZtriangularshell EQ.4: C0triangularshell EQ.5: Belytschko-Tsaymembrane EQ.6: S/RHughesLiu EQ.7: S/Rco-rotationalHughesLiu EQ.8: Belytschko-Leviathan EQ.9: fullyintegratedmembrane EQ.10: Belytschko-Wong-Chiang EQ.11: FastHughes-Liu EQ.12: Planestress2Delement(x-yplane) EQ.13: Planestrain2Delement(x-yplane) EQ.14: AxisymmetricPetrov-Galerkin2Dsolid EQ.15: AxisymmetricGalerkin2Dsolid EQ.16: fullyintegrated(BWC)ShellElementsLS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11ThecostofshellelementsvarybyformulationLS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11EQ.0:1pointcrushablefoamelementEQ.1:Constantstress(default)EQ.2:8pointintegrationwithselectivereducedintegrationEQ.3:14pointintegrationquadratic8-nodebrickEQ.4:5pointintegrationquadratic4-nodetetrahedronEQ.5:1pointALEEQ.6:1pointEulerianEQ.7:1pointEulerianambientEQ.8:AcousticpressureelementEQ.9:1pointcrushablefoamelementEQ.10:1pointtetrahedronEQ.11:1pointALEmulti-materialelementEQ.12:1pointintegrationwithsinglematerialandvoid.SolidElementsLS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11-在立體單元中存在24種變形模式(Inasolidelementsthereare24deformationmodesincluding:)6rigidbodymodes12hourglassmodes6non-zeroenergymodes-控制零能模式有多種方法:增加材料剛度或增加粘性以增加抵抗變形的力(Thecontrolofthezeroenergymodesisaccomplishedbyaddingeitherviscousorstiffnessbasedforcestoresisttheformationofthesemodesinordertokeepthemfromcorruptingthesolution.)-控制沙漏系數(shù)為0.05~0.12(默認(rèn)為0.1),更大的值又會(huì)產(chǎn)生不穩(wěn)定(Usehourglassparametersbetween.05and.12sincehighervaluescancauseinstabilities(default=0.10).)LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11

LS-DYNAvs.970包括有140多種材料模型(comprehend140+MaterialModels)涉及的材料類型有(materialmodelsimplementedare:)

彈性(Elastic(orthotropicelastic,elasticwithviscosity,…))彈塑性(Elastoplastic(isotropicoranisotropicplasticity,piecewiselinearisotropicplasticity,temperatureandratedependentplasticity,…))剛性(Rigid)橡膠

(Rubber)泡沫(Foam(viscous,crushable,…))蜂窩鋁(Honeycomb)纖維(Fabric)其他(Others(polymer,composite,concrete,soil,ceramic,…))LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11*MATLS-DYNAhashistoricallyreferencedmaterialsbytypeidentifiers.Belowtheseidentifiersaregivenwiththecorrespondingkeywordname.Thenumbersinbracketsidentifytheelementformulationsforwhichthematerialmodelisimplemented:TYPE1: *MAT_ELASTIC[0,1H,1B,1I,1T,2,3]TYPE2: *MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_ELASTIC[0,2,3]TYPE3: *MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC[0,1H,1I,1T,2,3]TYPE4: *MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_THERMAL[0,2,3]TYPE5: *MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM[0]TYPE6: *MAT_VISCOELASTIC[0,1H]TYPE7: *MAT_BLATZ-KO_RUBBER[0,2]TYPE8: *MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN[0]TYPE9: *MAT_NULL[0,1,2]TYPE10:*MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_HYDRO[0]TYPE….0-Solids,1H-Hughes-Liubeam,1B-Belytschkoresultantbeam,1I-Belytschkointegratedsolidandtubularbeams,1T-Truss,1D-Discretebeam,1SW-Spotweldbeam,2-Shells,3-Thickshells.4-Specialairbagelement.LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11PlasticbehaviortypesLS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11AIRBAG_SINGLE_SURFACEAUTOMATIC_GENERALAUTOMATIC_NODES_TO_SURFACEAUTOMATIC_ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACEAUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACEAUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACECONSTRAINT_NODES_TO_SURFACECONSTRAINT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACEDRAWBEADERODING_NODES_TO_SURFACEERODING_SINGLE_SURFACEERODING_SURFACE_TO_SURFACEFORCE_TRANSDUCER_CONSTRAINTFORCE_TRANSDUCER_PENALTYFORMING_NODES_TO_SURFACEFORMING_ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACEFORMING_SURFACE_TO_SURFACENODES_TO_SURFACEONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACERIGID_NODES_TO_RIGID_BODYRIGID_BODY_ONE_WAY_TO_RIGID_BODYRIGID_BODY_TWO_WAY_TO_RIGID_BODYSINGLE_EDGESINGLE_SURFACESLIDING_ONLYSLIDING_ONLY_PENALTYSURFACE_TO_SURFACETIEBREAK_NODES_TO_SURFACETIEBREAK_SURFACE_TO_SURFACETIED_NODES_TO_SURFACETIED_SHELL_EDGE_TO_SURFACETIED_SURFACE_TO_SURFACETIED_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_FAILURE*CONTACT_LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11Surface-to-Surface(S2S):SURFACE_TO_SURFACE Type3AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE Typea3FORMING_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE Typem3CONSTRAINT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE Type17ERODING_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE Type14接觸力只是在壓縮的時(shí)候,而拉伸的時(shí)候沒有(Compressiononly-tensionisnotcarried)滑移通過(guò)摩擦在反映(Slidingcanberesistedbyfriction)完全對(duì)稱,主從面的選擇是任意的(Fullysymmetricchoiceofslaveandmastersurfacearbitrary)需要關(guān)心接觸面的方向除了AUTOMATIC類型(OrientationisnecessaryexceptforAUTOMATIC_type)LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11Nodes-to-Surface(N2S):NODES_TO_SURFACE Type5AUTOMATIC_NODES_TO_SURFACE Typea5FORMING_NODES_TO_SURFACE Typem5CONSTRAINT_NODES_TO_SURFACE Type18ERODING_NODES_TO_SURFACE Type16從面是用節(jié)點(diǎn)(集)來(lái)定義的(Slavesideisdefinedbyindividualnodesinsteadofsegments)不是對(duì)稱的(Not-symmetricchoiceofslaveandmastersurfacenotarbitrary)通常,網(wǎng)格粗糙的一邊應(yīng)該定義成主面(Generally,thecoarsersideshouldbethemastersurface)點(diǎn)對(duì)面的接觸是效率非??欤∟odes-to-surfacecontactiscomputationallyefficient)特別適合與點(diǎn)對(duì)剛性體的接觸(Especiallysuitedtonodescontactingrigidbodies)LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11SingleSurface:AIRBAG_SINGLE_SURFACE Typea13AUTOMATIC_GENERAL Type26AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE Type13ERODING_SINGLE_SURFACE Type15SINGLE_SURFACE Type4與面對(duì)面接觸相同,除了(Sameassurface-to-surfaceexceptthat:)總是考慮厚度偏置(Thicknessoffsetsarealwaysused)不需考慮接觸面的方向除了SINGLE_SURFACE

(SegmentorientationisnotneededexceptforSINGLE_SURFACE)接觸力只有通過(guò)定義力的傳感器才能得到(Reactionforcescanbeobtainedonlybyusingforcetransducerdefinitions)LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11InitialContactInterpenetrations(Interference)Causemajordifficulties通常很快就會(huì)導(dǎo)致不穩(wěn)定(Calculationmaygounstablewith250timesteps---oftensooner.)LS-DYNAtriestocorrectgeometry在第一步DYNA會(huì)將穿透的節(jié)點(diǎn)移動(dòng)到接觸面上來(lái)(Movesinterpenetratingnodestocontactsurfaceonfirstcycle.)但是這樣又會(huì)導(dǎo)致與其他面穿透(Movementmaycauseinterpenetrationsinanothercontactsurface.)SomegeometriescannotbeeasilymodifiedLS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11InitialInterference

Modelingerrorsdetected

undetectedInputerrorsCoarsemeshesShelledgesclosertobrickelementsthan1/2shellthicknessInterpenetrationscanleadtoincorrectresultsLS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11Edge-to-edgecontactisnotdetected!LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11

在LS-DYNA的每步迭代算法中,都要通過(guò)所有的單元來(lái)確定最小的時(shí)間步長(zhǎng)(DuringthesolutionLS-Dynaloopthroughtheelementsanddetermineanewtimestepsizebytakingtheminimumvalueoverallelements.)

whereNisthenumberofelements.

為了計(jì)算的穩(wěn)定性,取一個(gè)放到系數(shù)為0.9(默認(rèn)值)或更小的值。所以如果想減少計(jì)算時(shí)間,那就要讓時(shí)間步長(zhǎng)盡可能的大(Forstabilityreasonsthescalefactoristypicallysettoavalueof.90(default)orsomesmallervalue.Todecreasesolutiontimewedesiretousethelargepossiblestabletimestepsize.)TimestepLS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11臨界時(shí)間步長(zhǎng)Critical(orminimum)timestepsize:whereCisthesoundwavepropagationspeedin3D-continuum:TimestepLS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11ExamplesofSoundSpeedsInDifferentMaterials

AIR 331m/s WATER 1478m/s STEEL 5240m/s ALUMINUM 5328m/s TITANIUM 5220m/s PLEXIGLASS 2598m/s

在普通的汽車用金屬鋁和鋼中聲波的傳播速度為5000毫米/秒左右(Theacousticwavespeedforthe2mostcommonautomotivemetals,steelandaluminum,areintherangeof5000.m/s.)

在兩種材料中,單元的特征長(zhǎng)度為5毫米則它的時(shí)間步長(zhǎng)為1微妙,這通常作為工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Inbothmaterials,anelementcharacteristiclengthofabout5.mmwillleadtoatimestepof1.μs,frequentlysetasastandardintheindustry.)

由于時(shí)間步長(zhǎng)的原因,我們控制單元的最小長(zhǎng)度為5毫米,因此車模型的幾何通常在有限元中不能完全反映出來(lái)。這樣在如今的車模型中就會(huì)有很大的局限性:要求的最小單元尺寸經(jīng)常與詳細(xì)幾何會(huì)有沖突。(Sinceareasonabletimestepleadstoaminimumsidelengthof5.mm,carbodygeometriescanusuallynotberespectedcompletelybyFE.Thisisthemostseriouslimitationofvehiclemodelstoday:therequiredminimumelementsizeoftenpreventsgeometricallydetailedand/orsufficientlydensemesh.)LS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11*DATABASE_OPTIONOptionsforASCIIfilesinclude(ifthefileisnotspecifieditwillnotbecreated): SECFORC Crosssectionforces RWFORC Wallforces NODOUT Nodalpointdata ELOUT Elementdata GLSTAT Globaldata SSSTAT Subsystemdata DEFORC Discreteelements MATSUM Materialenergies NCFORC Nodalinterfaceforces RCFORC Resultantinterfaceforces DEFGEO Deformedgeometryfile SPCFORC SPCreactionforces SWFORC Nodalconstraintreactionforces(spotweldsandrivets) ABSTAT Airbagstatistics NODFOR Nodalforcegroups BNDOUT Boundaryconditionforcesandenergy RBDOUT Rigidbodydata GCEOUT Geometriccontactentities SLEOUT Slidinginterfaceenergy JNTFORC Jointforcefile SBTOUT Seatbeltoutputfile AVSFLT AVSdatabase MOVIE MOVIE MPGS MPGS TRHIST Tracerparticlehistoryinformation TPRINT ThermaloutputLS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11*DATABASE_BINARY_OPTIONOptionsforbinaryoutputfileswiththedefaultnamesgiveninclude: D3PLOT Dtforcompleteoutputstates D3THDT Dtfortimehistorydataofelementsubsets D3DRLF Dynamicrelaxationdatabase D3DUMP Binaryoutputrestartfiles RUNRSF Binaryoutputrestartfile INTFOR Dtforoutputofcontactinterfacedata XTFILE FlagtospecifyoutputofextratimehistorydataLS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11創(chuàng)建模型要確保單位的統(tǒng)一(TheunitsinLS-DYNAmustbeconsistent.)Onewayoftestingwhetherasetofunitsisconsistentistocheckthat: 1(forceunit)=1(massunit)x1(accelerationunit) andthat1(accelerationunit)=1(lengthunit)/[1(timeunit)]2Examplesofsetsofconsistentunitsare:UnitsLS-DYNA簡(jiǎn)介PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:目前趨勢(shì)是創(chuàng)建同一個(gè)模型用于3個(gè)主要的碰撞模擬分析(前碰、側(cè)碰和后碰);有限元網(wǎng)格是用自動(dòng)網(wǎng)格劃分工具生成的,并且把各個(gè)部件裝配起來(lái);車身大約包括20~25平方米的鈑金覆蓋件;MeshSizeNumberofshellElementsNormalSize10*10200,000Weldnuggetsize5*5800,000averagethickness1*120,000,000PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:碰撞仿真網(wǎng)格劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:CAD數(shù)據(jù):數(shù)據(jù)類型有:UG,CATIA,PRO-E,IGES等等;提供厚度信息和材料列表;幾何處理;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:基于翻邊的網(wǎng)格劃分方法:在汽車結(jié)構(gòu)中,焊點(diǎn)基本上都是分布在翻邊上;焊點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)的提供通常是晚于部件數(shù)據(jù);在翻邊上劃分網(wǎng)格的方法可以解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題:這種方法可以在所有的翻邊生成相同的網(wǎng)格;在翻邊的寬度方向上有2或3個(gè)單元;這種方法可以讓我們?cè)陬A(yù)先不知道焊點(diǎn)位置的時(shí)候就開始劃分網(wǎng)格;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:碰撞區(qū)域的網(wǎng)格劃分:PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的建模:PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:碰撞模擬分析中車身上一些重要部件:

Bumper;Foam;Rail(UpperandLower);

Subframe;EngineandTransmission;EngineMount;Rocker;Dash;A,BandCPillar;Floor;Tunnelandsoon;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:碰撞模擬分析中車身上一些封閉件(closure):

Hood;Fender;Door;Windshield;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:車身的裝配:(DynaBased)

Spotweld:onthecar,thereareabout5000spotweld;NodalRigidBody(RBE2):usuallyusedincarcrashsimulation;

SpotweldBeams(onnodesoronelements):itistheflexiblespotweld;Solid(onnodesoronelements):itisalsoaflexiblespotweld;Constrainedspotweld:itcanonlylinktwonodes,alsoarigidlink;

Enginemount:ItcanbeusedRigidlink;TheSpringcanalsobeused;

*CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIEScanbeusedtolinktworigidbodies;*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_optioncanbeusedtolinkhoodordoorwiththecarbody;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:創(chuàng)建車身的材料以及車身的單元特性:

材料的參數(shù)和部件的厚度由用戶提供;

LS-DYNA擁有豐富的材料模型庫(kù);不同的材料(鋼材,塑料,泡沫,膠,焊點(diǎn),玻璃等等)選用LS-DYNA中不同的材料模型;不同的單元類型(殼單元,立體單元,梁?jiǎn)卧瑥椈蓡卧鹊龋┻x用LS-DYNA中不同的積分方式;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:金屬材料特性:金屬材料的單向拉伸試驗(yàn):彈性階段屈服階段塑性硬化階段頸縮階段斷裂hardeningruptureonsetofneckingPengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:金屬材料的硬化模型:理想彈塑性模型:PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:金屬材料的硬化模型:雙線性模型:PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:金屬材料的硬化模型:指數(shù)形式模型:PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:金屬材料的硬化模型:分段線性模型:PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:金屬材料模型的定義方法:?jiǎn)蜗蚶煸囼?yàn)中得到的是力-變形曲線;

LS-DYNA材料模型庫(kù)中包含了所有前述的硬化形式的材料模型;定義材料的硬化曲線時(shí)是需要材料的有效應(yīng)力-有效應(yīng)變曲線;由力-變形曲線得到有效應(yīng)力-有效應(yīng)變曲線的步驟:生成工程應(yīng)力-工程應(yīng)變曲線;生成真實(shí)應(yīng)力-真實(shí)應(yīng)變曲線;把彈性應(yīng)變從真實(shí)應(yīng)力-真實(shí)應(yīng)變曲線中以去;最終得到有效應(yīng)力-有效應(yīng)變曲線;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:生成有效應(yīng)力-有效應(yīng)變曲線的方法:生成工程應(yīng)力-工程應(yīng)變曲線:PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:生成有效應(yīng)力-有效應(yīng)變曲線的方法:生成真實(shí)應(yīng)力-真實(shí)應(yīng)變曲線:PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:生成有效應(yīng)力-有效應(yīng)變曲線的方法:從真實(shí)應(yīng)力-真實(shí)應(yīng)變曲線中移去彈性應(yīng)變:PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:生成有效應(yīng)力-有效應(yīng)變曲線的方法:最終得到有效應(yīng)力-有效應(yīng)變曲線:PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:考慮材料應(yīng)變率的影響:金屬材料的應(yīng)變率將會(huì)影響材料的塑性行為;因此在高速碰撞中考慮材料應(yīng)變率的影響對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)材料的結(jié)構(gòu)特性非常重要;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:LS-DYNA材料庫(kù)中考慮應(yīng)變率的方法:

Cowper-SymondsPower-LawYield-StressscaledasafunctionofStrainRateAtableinputrelatinghardeningcurvestothestrainratesPengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:LS-DYNA材料庫(kù)中考慮應(yīng)變率的方法:

Cowper-SymondsPower-LawPengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:LS-DYNA材料庫(kù)中考慮應(yīng)變率的方法:

Yield-StressscaledasafunctionofStrainRate:它是一條曲線,定義的是屈服應(yīng)力縮放系數(shù)與應(yīng)變率的關(guān)系曲線:1.0YieldstressscalingfactorPengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:LS-DYNA材料庫(kù)中考慮應(yīng)變率的方法:

Atableinputrelatinghardeningcurvestothestrainrates:給定一系列在不同應(yīng)變率下的有效應(yīng)力-有效應(yīng)變曲線。PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:選擇LS-DYNA模型定義方法:彈性模量和泊松比屈服極限切向模量應(yīng)變率常數(shù),考慮應(yīng)變率的影響以曲線的形式定義材料的有效應(yīng)力-有效應(yīng)變曲線,或以表格的形式考慮應(yīng)變率的影響以8個(gè)有效應(yīng)力-有效應(yīng)變曲線上的點(diǎn)來(lái)定義材料的分段線性硬化特性屈服應(yīng)力縮放系數(shù)與應(yīng)變率關(guān)系曲線PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:懸掛(Suspension)

創(chuàng)建多剛體的懸掛模型:可以利用eta/VPG來(lái)創(chuàng)建這類懸掛模型;也可以把懸掛的ADAMS模型轉(zhuǎn)換為DYNA模型;對(duì)于碰撞有限元模型中的懸掛模型,可以僅僅考慮各個(gè)部件之間的鉸接關(guān)系,而不考慮橡膠襯套的影響;懸掛中的各部件可以考慮為剛性(賦予剛性材料);對(duì)于前后懸掛,分別需要調(diào)整各個(gè)部件之間的質(zhì)量;還需要分別用一個(gè)載荷來(lái)測(cè)試懸掛的連接關(guān)系;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:懸掛(Suspension)

創(chuàng)建用殼單元或立體單元模擬的懸掛模型:需要有懸掛的CAD數(shù)據(jù)模型;將CAD數(shù)模劃分為殼單元或立體單元網(wǎng)格;可以賦予柔性材料或剛性材料;可以僅僅考慮各個(gè)部件之間的鉸接關(guān)系,而不考慮橡膠襯套的影響;對(duì)于前后懸掛,分別需要調(diào)整各個(gè)部件之間的質(zhì)量;還需要分別用一個(gè)載荷來(lái)測(cè)試懸掛的連接關(guān)系;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:輪胎(Tire)

可以用VPG輪胎,用安全氣囊的方式模擬輪胎的胎壓;可以同時(shí)產(chǎn)生4個(gè)輪胎;產(chǎn)生的時(shí)候,如右圖,輸入輪胎的尺寸參數(shù)后輪胎可自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生;同時(shí)輪胎與輪軸之間的鉸接關(guān)系也自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:創(chuàng)建車身、懸掛、輪胎之間的連接關(guān)系

懸掛與車身之間的連接關(guān)系有鉸接和固接;鉸接需要用*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_option;固接可以用*CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY或用*CONSTRAINED_EXTRA_NODE(SET);懸掛與輪胎之間可以用*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_option;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:檢查整車的質(zhì)量和質(zhì)心位置碰撞模擬分析中,保證整車有限元模型的質(zhì)量和質(zhì)心位置與物理車一致是非常重要的;TotalvehicleMass1200kgDetailCarBody200kg100,000elements100,000nodes2gram/nodePowertrain200kgmeshedChassis&Wheels200kgmeshedComponents600kgAddedMassFor600masspoints:1kg/nodePengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:創(chuàng)建質(zhì)量塊單元以配重質(zhì)量塊單元可以用于代替非結(jié)構(gòu)質(zhì)量;質(zhì)量塊單元所在的位置位于所代替部件的質(zhì)心位置;質(zhì)量塊代替的部件一般有:電池油漆備用胎內(nèi)飾件儀表板上的部件油箱等等RadiatorSpeakersPengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:創(chuàng)建質(zhì)量塊單元的方法點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)的方式(Node-to-Node):被忽略的部件比較小,并且該部件的質(zhì)心接近于它所連接的部件;會(huì)影響局部應(yīng)力的分布以及變形模態(tài);RBE的方式被忽略部件的質(zhì)心離它所連接的部件比較遠(yuǎn);若被忽略的部件有多個(gè)連接點(diǎn)的時(shí)候,可以用RBE2把這些點(diǎn)連接起來(lái);也會(huì)影響局部的應(yīng)力;SeatsFuelTankDoorsHoodPengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:創(chuàng)建整車模型的接觸:

經(jīng)常定義一個(gè)自接觸(*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE或者*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_GENERAL),僅僅需要定義從面;如果計(jì)算過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)局部接觸失效,需要額外定義(通常*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_NODE_TO_SUFACE或者*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE);如果需要定義膠和車體,定義*CONTACT_TIED_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE;如果計(jì)算過(guò)程中有負(fù)體積發(fā)生:創(chuàng)建nullshell單元并且把它單獨(dú)定義在一個(gè)自接觸中;利用*CONTACT_INERTIOR來(lái)控制負(fù)體積;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的建模汽車碰撞仿真的建模:按裝配進(jìn)行重排號(hào)按照裝配對(duì)單元、節(jié)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重排號(hào)(白車身、封閉件、懸掛、座椅、假人、動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)等等;同時(shí)對(duì)材料,單元特性以及部件號(hào)也重排號(hào);可以用關(guān)鍵字*INCLUDE對(duì)整車模型進(jìn)行管理主文件白車身封閉件懸掛座椅假人動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)艙地板…………發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)蓋前門……前懸掛后懸掛……前排座椅后排座椅……假人一假人二…………………………………………PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11建議(Recommendations)劃分網(wǎng)格時(shí)要保證面與面之間有足夠的間隙(Adequatelyoffsetadjacentsurfacestoaccountforpartthicknessduringthemeshgenerationphase)保證高質(zhì)量的網(wǎng)格(Uniformmeshesorconsistentlyrefinedmeshescanimproveresults)小心定義殼單元和梁?jiǎn)卧某叽?,特別對(duì)于剛性體(Beverycarefulwhendefiningthicknessonshellandbeamsectiondefinitions---especiallyforrigidbodies)使用厚度偏置(Usethicknessoffsetsalways)避免尖角(Avoidsharpcorners)對(duì)于柔性體之間單向接觸網(wǎng)格粗糙面應(yīng)該定義成主面(Foraonewaytreatmentbetweendeformablebodiesmakethemastersidetheonewiththecoarsermesh)對(duì)于柔性體與剛體之間的單向接觸剛性體應(yīng)該定義成主面(Foraonewaytreatmentbetweenarigidanddeformablebodymakethemastersidetherigidbody)盡量定義帶有AUTOMATIC選項(xiàng)的接觸算法(Automaticcontactinputsimplifiestheproblemdefinitionandisgenerallymorereliable)不要重復(fù)定義接觸(Donotdoublydefinecontact)ASCII文件RCFORC和SLEOUT包含有接觸力和其他有用的信息(ASCIIoutputfilesRCFORC&SLEOUTcontainforceandusefulcontactinformation)如果必要縮放接觸厚度(Scalebackpartthicknessifnecessary(scalinga1.5mmthicknessto.75mmshouldnotcauseproblems;scalingto.075mmmight))警告:如果厚度很薄,有可能會(huì)使接觸失效(Warning:ifapartistoothincontactfailurewillprobablyoccur)Overall:

高質(zhì)量網(wǎng)格(goodmeshquality)

避免初始穿透(avoidinitialpenetration)汽車碰撞仿真的建模PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型:前碰撞模擬分析用的剛性墻:物理車試驗(yàn)時(shí)法規(guī)規(guī)定的剛性墻要求:壁障由鋼筋混凝土制成;壁障前部寬度不小于3m,高度不小于1.5m,厚度應(yīng)保證其質(zhì)量不低于70000kg;壁障前表面應(yīng)鉛垂,其法線應(yīng)與車輛直線行駛方向成00或300夾角;壁障表面應(yīng)覆以2cm厚狀態(tài)良好的膠合板;壁障固定在地面上,以限制其位移;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型:前碰撞模擬分析用的剛性墻:前碰撞有限元模擬分析用的剛性墻定義方法:剛性墻可以用關(guān)鍵字*RIGIDWALL_GEOMETRIC_FLAT或*RIGIDWALL_PLANAR;定義的時(shí)候只需要定義一個(gè)向量N;剛性墻可以是有限大,也可以是無(wú)限大的;剛性墻可以是固定的,也可以是移動(dòng)的(對(duì)于前碰是固定的);PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型:障礙物所用的蜂窩鋁材料:PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型:蜂窩鋁材料的LS-DYNA模型:LS-DYNA中提供兩種蜂窩鋁材料模型:MAT_HONEYCOMB;MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB;PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型:歐洲40%偏置前碰撞模擬分析用的障礙物:物理車試驗(yàn)時(shí)法規(guī)規(guī)定的障礙物要求:PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型:歐洲40%偏置前碰撞模擬分析用的障礙物:物理車試驗(yàn)時(shí)法規(guī)規(guī)定的障礙物上蜂窩鋁特性要求:PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型:歐洲40%偏置前碰撞模擬分析用的障礙物:物理車試驗(yàn)時(shí)法規(guī)規(guī)定的障礙物上蜂窩鋁特性測(cè)試:PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型:歐洲40%偏置前碰撞模擬分析用的障礙物:障礙物有限元模型蜂窩鋁特性的標(biāo)定:RigidPlateBumperspecimen(150×150×50mm)TestVelocity82.5mm/s165mm/s1000mm/sSpecimenArea150mm×150mmRegulationCrushstrength:Minimum:1.54MPa,Maximum:1.711MPaMax.ContactForce38.158KN38.275KN39.265KNCrushstrength1.6959MPa1.701MPa1.745MPa0.882%0.584%1.98%PengBingyuan,ETA-China,2006.4.11汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型汽車碰撞仿真的障礙物模型:歐洲40%偏置前碰撞模擬分析用的障礙物:障礙物有限元模型材料模型:ComponentNameMaterialModelBumper*MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB(126)MainBlock*MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB(126)Bumperfaceshell*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY(24)Mainblockfaceshell*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY(24)Mounting-Plate*RI

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