句子成分基礎(chǔ)版

取得英語語法成功的基石句子成分和句子的基本類型句子成分主謂賓表

主語謂語賓語表語定語

狀語

補(bǔ)語同位語主語謂語賓語觀察下面一個例句，你能找到句中的“主語”

、“謂語”、“賓語”嗎?Ibeatyou.主語

謂語賓語SVO因此這是個典型的“主謂賓”句型。主語(Subject)

主語是動作的主體部分(“什么人”或“什么事”）在主動句中：主語是動作的發(fā)出者M(jìn)s.Yang

teachesusEnglish.

在被動句中：主語是動作的承受者Youarebeaten.主語一般由名詞、代詞或數(shù)詞充當(dāng)。Twelvedividedbyfouristhree.（數(shù)詞）主語還可以由從句或非謂語動詞充當(dāng)。WhatIwanttodoisjoiningtheparty.Smokingisharmfultoyourhealth.TolearnEnglishisdifficult.主語1)Failureisthemotherofsuccess2)Peterlikessinging.3)Doingexercisesisgoodforourhealth.4)Toswiminthepoolisdangerous.5)Whatyousaidisright.————————————————————————————謂語(Verb)

謂語表示一個動作、行為，是由動詞充當(dāng)?shù)?。（“做什么”或“怎么樣”）Iteach

youEnglish.Sitdownplease!一個句子能不能沒有謂語？謂語謂語(Verb)Ourparentscareaboutus.TheChildrenareplayinggames.Ihavedonemyhomework.Theschoolrequiresthatweshouldgotobedat11p.m.Theworkwasfinishedyesterday.Youmaygohomenow.謂語常由動詞或動詞短語結(jié)合時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等充當(dāng)Ourparentscareaboutus.TheChildrenareplayinggames.Ihavedonemyhomework.Theschoolrequiresthatweshouldgotobedat11p.m.Theworkwasfinishedyesterday.Youmaygohomenow.謂語常由動詞或動詞短語結(jié)合時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等充當(dāng)謂語1）Shemarriedarichman.2)Weshouldstudyhard.3)Theyaretalkingaboutthestranger.4)Tomwasbeatenbyhisfather.5)Youshouldhavetoldmethetruth.謂語(Verb)注意：1）一個句子不能沒有謂語2）弄清兩個概念：

及物動詞(vt)：后面直接跟賓語的動詞（有被動）

不及物動詞(vi)：不能直接跟賓語的動詞（無被動）判斷以下動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞動詞buy,catch,find,invent,like,raise,see,receive,make,tell,take,hear…go,come,listen,look,die,work,belong,fall,exist,rise,arrive,sit,sail,succeed,fail…vt.vi.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動詞，其意義不變。如begin

都是作"開始"講。Eg.Everybody,

our

game

begins.

Let’s

begin

our

game.

類似的還有：start,

answer,

sing,

close,

consider,

insist,

read,

learn,

prepare,

pay,

hurt,

improve,study....

既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動詞，其意義完全不同。這類動詞作不及物動詞是一個意義；而作及物動詞時(shí)卻是另一個意義。如lift作不及物動詞時(shí)是指煙霧的“消散"。we

saw

the

mountain

when

the

clouds

lifted.

作及物動詞時(shí)是“升高；舉起”。

He

lifted

his

glass

and

drank.

類似的還有：beatvi.跳動

vt.

敲、打grow

vi.生長

vt.

種植play

vi.玩耍vt.

打（牌、球）,演奏

ring

vi.（電話、鈴）響vt.打電話speak

vi.講話vt.

說（語言）hangvi.

懸掛vt.絞死operate

vi.動手術(shù)vt.

操作

賓語(Object)指及物動詞或介詞之后使之意思完整的詞或短語。常由名詞、代詞、動詞不定式、動名詞或從句充當(dāng)。Helikesswimming.Hetoldmethathefeltlonely.Ithink(that)learningenglishisuseful.賓語(Object)

賓語的分類：動詞賓語：動作涉及的對象。Iloveyou.介詞賓語：介詞所涉及的對象。Iwanttogivethisbooktoyou.WelikeEnglish

andaregoodatit.動賓介賓______________動賓介賓賓語1)Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.2)PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.3)Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?5)Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.表語(Predicative）與系動詞連用，說明主語的性質(zhì)特征等。由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語從句等充當(dāng)。Herfatherisanengineer.Thetwocountrieswereatwarthen.Thefactseemsthathedidn’tnoticethecar.表語(Predicative）注意：系動詞分兩類表情況：be,keep,seem,look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,remain表變化：get,grow,become,turn表語1)Theboyisupset.2)Theoldmanfeltverytired.3)Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.4)SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.定語(Attributive):定語的作用用于修飾、限定名詞或代詞。定語一般由？？？充當(dāng)。abeautifulgirl定語還可以由名詞充當(dāng)，表用途、材質(zhì)、類別、時(shí)間等。

apencilbox，astonebridge,adiamondnecklace,abasketballmatch/player,tomorrowmorning,Mondaymorning定語形容詞定語(Attributive):

定語也可以由從句或非謂語動詞充當(dāng)。ThosewhowanttolearnEnglishwellshouldstudyharderthanothers.amanwateringflowersameetingtoattend定語也可以由副詞（詞組）或介詞（詞組）充當(dāng)。-Thebooksontheshelf

-Thestudentsherearehard-working定語1）Thesebeautifulflowerswereplantedbymyfather.2)Thisismyfatherworkingonthefarm.3)Wouldyoucometomorrowafternoon?4)Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.5)Canyouhandmethebookwhichisonthedesk?狀語(Adverbial)

狀語是用于修飾副詞、形容詞或動詞的成分。狀語一般由副詞充當(dāng)。Thoseproblemsareprettyhard.Hisfatherwasseriouslyill.Shesetdownthenotecarefully.形容詞也可以充當(dāng)狀語。Happytoseehim,sheforgoteverything.狀語(Adverbial)

介詞詞組、非謂語動詞和從句也可以充當(dāng)狀語。TheymanagedtofinishthejobbeforeMonday.（介詞詞組）Theoldmansatonthebench,enjoyingthesun-set.（介詞、現(xiàn)在分詞詞組）Ashewasleavingtheoffice,itstartedtorain.（時(shí)間狀語從句）時(shí)間狀語地點(diǎn)狀語伴隨狀語狀語1)Therewasabigsmileonherface.2)Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.3)HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.4)Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.5)Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.6)Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.7)Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.8)ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)間狀語時(shí)間狀語伴隨狀語原因狀語條件狀語目的狀語補(bǔ)語(Complement)某些及物動詞及介詞（with)后，除有一個賓語外，還需要有一個賓語補(bǔ)足語才能使語義完整。這類詞有：

make,get,have,see,find,keep,hear等。

Whathesaidmademeangry.Isawhimcomeintotheclassroom.Isawthemoneystolen.IsawhimdancingwhenIgothome.補(bǔ)語一般由不定式（有時(shí)要省略to),名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語充當(dāng)。補(bǔ)語(Complement)副詞、介詞（詞組）或非謂語動詞也可以充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語。Shelaidthebabyonthebed.(prep.)Isawhimrushing

intotheclassroom.Withtheteacherhelping

us,wearesuretomakegreatprogress.Thethiefwasbroughtin,withhishandstiedonhisback.賓語補(bǔ)足語1)Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.2)Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.3)Shefounditdifficulttodothework.4)TheycallmeLilysometimes.5)IsawMrWanggetonthebus.同位語(Appositive)同位語是位于名詞或代詞后面的個別名詞或名詞詞組，對前者進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明同位語一般由名詞或名詞詞組充當(dāng)TheGreatWall,oneofthewondersintheworld,attractsalargenumberofforeignfriends.DuanYan,ourmonitor,isalovelygirl.LuoJie,ourmonitor,isahard-workingboy.同位語名詞性從句也可以充當(dāng)同位語（修飾抽象名詞為多）Thenewsthathewentabroadsurprisedme.Thetruththathisfatherwasseirouslyhurtmadehimupset.同位語LiYong,asenior1student,ishard-working.2)ThisisMr.Jiang/Li,ourheadteacher.3)Igothisreplythathewon’tcomenextweek.4)Iwasshockedbythenewsthathisfatherwasseriouslyill.句子的基本類型根據(jù)不同的謂語動詞，我們可以把句子分成五種我們用S表示主語，V表示謂語,O表示賓語，C表示補(bǔ)語，P表示表語。謂語為不及物動詞謂語為及物動詞謂語為連系動詞謂語為能帶雙賓的及物動詞謂語為能帶復(fù)合賓語的及物動詞句子的基本類型

基本句型一：Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋謂）基本句型二：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ（主＋謂＋賓）基本句型三：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｐ（主＋系＋表）基本句型四：Ｓ+Ｖ+IO+DＯ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）基本句型五：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）基本句型一SV（主＋謂）這個句型的特點(diǎn)是：謂語動詞均為不及物動詞，且能表達(dá)完整的意思，因此不需要跟賓語。

Ｓ Ｖ（不及物動詞）1.Timeflies.2.Themoonrises.5.Everybodylaughed?6.Iwoke.8.Hewalkedyesterday.9.Heisplaying.10.They havegone.基本句型三SVO（主＋謂＋賓）此句型的特點(diǎn)是：謂語動詞都是及物動詞，都具有實(shí)義，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，才能使意思完整。ＳＶ（實(shí)義動詞）Ｏ(賓語)1.Who2.She3.He8.He5.They6.Danny7.I4.Heknowslaughsatunderstandsmadeatelikeswantsaidtheanswer?her.English.cakes.someapples.singing.tohaveacupoftea."Goodmorning."基本句型二SVP（主＋系＋表）這個句型的特點(diǎn)是謂語動詞為連系動詞。Heisanexcellentteacher.系動詞分兩類

1）表情況：be,look,feel,smell,taste,sound，stay,prove,remain,stand2）表變化：get,grow,become,turn,go，表語還是賓語？千萬記住：表語?。樱郑ㄊ窍祫釉~）Ｐ(表語)1.This2.Thedinner3.He4.Everything5.Thestory6.Thebook7.Theweather8.Hisfaceissmells(聞)feelslooksprovesisbecameturnedanEeresting.warmer.red.基本句型四Ｓ+Ｖ+o+Ｏ

（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）

此句型的特點(diǎn)是：謂語動詞必須跟有兩個賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。此類謂語動詞有buy,find,bring,give,teach,tell,lend,offer,promise,give,pass,bring,show等這兩個賓語通常一個指人(間接賓語)；一個指物(直接賓語)。ＳＶ（及物）ｏ（多指人）Ｏ（多指物）1.She2.She3.He8.He5.I6.I7.I4.Hepassedcookedbroughtboughtshowedgavetoldexplain-edhimherhusbandMaryyouherhimhimmeanewdress.adeliciousmeal.adictionary.nothing.mypictures.ahand.howtorunthemachine.thatthebuswaslate.基本句型五Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ

（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）此句型的特點(diǎn)是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。ＳＶ（及物）Ｏ（賓語）Ｃ（賓補(bǔ)）1.We2.They3.They4.