建筑巖土工程勘察基本術(shù)語

建筑巖土工程勘察基本術(shù)語第二章通用術(shù)語第一節(jié)巖土工程及有關(guān)學(xué)科1巖土工程（大地工程、土力工程、土質(zhì)工學(xué)）geotechnicalengineering,geotechnology土力學(xué)soilmechanics巖石力學(xué)rockmechanics基礎(chǔ)工程foundationengineering工程地質(zhì)學(xué)engineeringgeology環(huán)境工程地質(zhì)學(xué)environmentalengineeringgeology地震工程學(xué)earthquakeengineering災(zāi)害地質(zhì)學(xué)disastergeology,hazardgeololgy水文地質(zhì)學(xué)（地下水水文學(xué)） hydrogeology,（groundwaterhadrology）地下水動(dòng)力學(xué)groundwaterdynamics環(huán)境水文地質(zhì)學(xué)environmentalhydrogeology水化學(xué)hydrochemistry水文地球化學(xué)hydrogeochemistry環(huán)境地球化學(xué)environmentalgeochemistry15同位素地質(zhì)學(xué)isotopegeology近海工程offshoreengineering數(shù)學(xué)地質(zhì)mathematicalgeology航空地質(zhì)aerialgeology遙感地質(zhì)remotesensinggeology第二節(jié)地球的構(gòu)造大氣圈atmosphere水圈hydrosphere生物圈biosphere地殼earthcrust地幔mantle6地核core巖石圈lithosphere第三節(jié)地貌地貌geomorphologyrelief地形landform地貌單元landformunit,geomorphicunit微地貌microrelief河漫灘floodplain,valleyflat沖擊平原alluvialplain7三角洲delta古河道fossilrivercourse,fossilstreamchannel河流階地fluvialterrace沖擊扇alluvialfan洪積扇diluvialfan坡積裙talusapron坳溝shallowflatravine沖溝gully15分水嶺divide16喀斯特（巖溶）karst巖溶基準(zhǔn)面karstbase-level巖溶率degreeofkarstification巖溶地貌karstlandfeature,karstlandform溶洞solutioncave,karstcave落水洞sinkhole土洞karsticearthcave第四節(jié)礦物巖石黏土礦物claymineral高嶺石kaolinite蒙脫石montmorillonite4伊利石illite5云母mica長石feldspar石英quartz巖石rock9硬質(zhì)巖石strongrock10軟質(zhì)巖石weakrock11巖石的結(jié)構(gòu)rockstructure12巖石的構(gòu)造rocktexture巖漿巖（火成巖）magmaticrock（igneousrock）花崗巖granite流紋巖rhyolite閃長巖diorite安山巖andesite18輝長巖gabbro19玄武巖balsat20正長巖syenite粗面巖trachyte沉積巖sedimentaryrock膠結(jié)物cement,binder膠結(jié)類型typeofcementation礫巖conglomerate26角礫巖breccia黏土巖claystone泥巖mudstone頁巖shale砂巖sandstone石英巖quartzite32石灰?guī)rlimestone33泥灰?guī)rmarl白云巖dolomite變質(zhì)巖metamorphicrock36片麻巖gneiss大理巖marble板巖slate片巖schist千枚巖phyllite構(gòu)造巖tectonite42斷層角礫巖faultbreccia糜棱巖mylonite包含物inclusion充填物fillingmaterial第五節(jié)地質(zhì)構(gòu)造地質(zhì)體geologicalbody地質(zhì)構(gòu)造geologictexture,geologicstructure產(chǎn)狀attitude走向strike5傾向dip傾角dipangle7褶曲fold背斜anticline向斜syncline構(gòu)造盆地structuralbasin斷層fault正斷層normalfault逆斷層reversefault平移斷層transcurrentfault,strike-slipfault活斷層activefault擦痕面slickensides斷裂rupture,fracture發(fā)震斷裂causativefault,seismogenicfault破碎帶fracturezone節(jié)理joint節(jié)理組jointset22節(jié)理頻數(shù)（裂隙度）jointfrequency裂隙fissure,crack裂隙率fractureporosity,fissureporosity極射赤平投影stereographicprojection第六節(jié)外力地質(zhì)作用及其產(chǎn)物沉積物sediments2冰積物till分選sorting磨圓度roundness5沖刷深度scourdepth,erosiondepth6凍結(jié)深度frostdepth7風(fēng)化作用weathering風(fēng)化殼weatheringcrust風(fēng)化程度degreeofweathering風(fēng)化帶weatheredzone第七節(jié)物探地球物理勘探geophysicalprospecting,geophysicalexploration工程地球物理勘探engineeringgeophysicalprospecting綜合物探方法comprehensivegeophysicalmethod4聲波探測(cè)sonicprospecting,acousticprospecting,acousticexploration大地電流場(chǎng)telluric(electric)field自然電場(chǎng)naturalelectricfield自然電場(chǎng)法naturalelectricfieldmethod電法勘探electricalprospecting,electricalexploration9地震勘探seismicprospecting,seismicexploration磁法勘探magneticprospecting,magneticexploration重力勘探gravityprospecting,gravityexploration放射性勘探radioactivityprospecting地球物理測(cè)井geophysicallogging電測(cè)井electriclogging電阻率測(cè)井resistivitylogging溫度測(cè)井temperaturelogging井斜測(cè)井driftlogging放射性測(cè)井radioactivitylogging井徑測(cè)量holediametermeasurement單孔下傳法down-holemethod單孔上傳法(檢層法)up-holemethod(boreholemethod)22跨孔法crossholemethod遙感技術(shù)remotesensingtechnique紅夕卜探測(cè)infra-redacquisition,infra-reddetection航片地質(zhì)解釋geologicalinterpretationofaerialphotograph衛(wèi)片地質(zhì)解釋geologicalinterpretationofsatellitephotograph傳感器transducer28探頭(探測(cè)器、探針)probe第八節(jié)勘探勘探exploration勘探線exploratoryline勘探點(diǎn)exploratoryspot,exploratorypoint勘探孔(井)explorationhole(well)勘探生產(chǎn)孔(井)explorationproductionhole(well)探槽exploratorytrench,testtrench7平洞adit探井exploratorypit,testpit,exploratoryshaft斜井inclinedshaft豎井shaft,verticalshaft釬探rodsounding槽探trenching井探（坑探）test-pitting鉆探drilling,boring鉆孑Lborehole,drillhole鉆孔結(jié)構(gòu)drillholestructure回轉(zhuǎn)鉆進(jìn)rotarydrilling沖擊鉆進(jìn)percussiondrilling,churndrilling鋼砂鉆進(jìn)shotdrilling跟管鉆進(jìn)follow-downdrilling巖芯鉆探coredrilling振動(dòng)鉆探vibro-boring,vibro-drilling泥漿鉆探mudflushdrilling空氣鉆探airflushdrilling巖石的可鉆性rock-drillability26巖芯采取率corerecovery,coreextraction沖洗液flushfluid正循環(huán)沖洗directcirculation29反循環(huán)沖洗reversecirculation泥漿med,slurry泥皮mudcake32沖洗液消耗量flushfluidloss漏水段lostcirculationinterval鉆機(jī)drillingrig鉆頭drillbit,drillingbit36螺旋鉆頭auger勺鉆spoonbit沖擊鉆頭percussionbit,choppingbit桶式鉆頭bucketauger抽桶bailer鉆桿drillrod套管casing巖芯管corebarrel取土器sampler,samplingtube面積比arearatio46內(nèi)間隙比innerclearanceratio外間隙比outerclearanceratio厚壁取土器thickwallsampler薄壁取土器thinwallsampler束結(jié)式取土器ringed-linebarrelsampler,thinwalledshoeandbarrelsamplerassem回轉(zhuǎn)取土器rotarysampler,doublecorebarrelsampler活塞取土器pistonsampler水壓活塞取土器hydraulicpistonsampler謝爾貝取土器Shelbytubesampler原狀土樣undisturbedsample擾動(dòng)土樣disturbedsoilsampler第九節(jié)通用圖件地形圖topographicalmap地貌圖geomorphologicmap地質(zhì)圖geologicalmap第四紀(jì)地質(zhì)圖quaternarygeologymap覆蓋層地質(zhì)圖driftmap,overburdenmap6基巖地質(zhì)圖bedrockmap構(gòu)造地質(zhì)圖geologicalstructuremap地質(zhì)剖面圖geologicalsection,geologicalprofile實(shí)測(cè)地質(zhì)剖面圖field-acquiredgeologicalprofile橫剖面圖transverseprofile,cross-section縱剖面圖longitudinalprofile綜合柱狀圖compositecolumnarsection13立體投影圖fencediagram14節(jié)理玫瑰圖rosediagramofjoints第三章巖土力學(xué)及基礎(chǔ)工程第一節(jié)土的類別土的統(tǒng)一分類法unifiedsoilclassificationsystem塑性圖plasticitychart殘積土residualsoil坡積土slopewash洪積土diluvialsoil沖擊土alluvium,alluvialsoil風(fēng)積土eoliandeposit8海積土marinesoil有機(jī)土organicsoil10泥炭peat沼澤土swampsoil,marshsoil漂石boulders塊石blockystones卵石gravels,cobbles碎石angulargravels,angularcobbles圓礫finegravels,pebbles角礫angularfinegravels,angularpebbles砂土sand礫砂gravellysand粗砂coarsesand中砂mediumsand細(xì)砂finesand粉砂siltysand粉土silt砂質(zhì)粉土sandysilt粘質(zhì)粉土clayeysilt輕亞黏土sandyloam亞砂土siltyloam,sandyloam,clayeysilt粘性土cohesivesoil粉質(zhì)黏土siltyclay亞黏土clayloam,leanclay黏土clay紅黏土redclay,lateriticsoil裂隙黏土fissuredclay網(wǎng)紋黏土latticeclay軟土softclay淤泥softorganicclay,mud凍土frozensoil膨脹土expansivesoil,swellingsoil鹽漬土saltysoil,salinesoil濕陷性土collapsiblesoil,slumpingsoil黃土loess43人工填土fill素添土plainfill雜填土miscellaneousfill沖填土hydraulicfill,dredgerfill回填土backfill質(zhì)控填土engineeredfill49紋泥（季候泥）varvedclay正常固結(jié)土normallyconsolidatedsoil欠固結(jié)土underconsolidatedsoil超固結(jié)土overconsolidatedsoil第二節(jié)巖土物理性質(zhì)物理性質(zhì)physicalproperty均質(zhì)性homogeneity非均質(zhì)性heterogeneity均質(zhì)層homogeneousstratum,homogeneouslayer非均質(zhì)層heterogeneouslayer,heterogeneousstratum6各向同性isotropy各向異性anisotropy各向同性介質(zhì)isotropicmedium各向異性介質(zhì)anisotropicmedium粒徑（粒度）grainsize,particlesize粒組fraction

12131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354顆粒級(jí)配grainsizedistribution;gradation;grading;granulometricdistribution粒徑分配曲線(顆粒累積曲線)grainsizedistributioncurve;gradingcurve;granulometriccurve;grainaccumulationcurve有效粒徑effectivegrainsize,effectivediameter平均粒徑meandiameter限制粒徑constraineddiameter均勻系數(shù)coefficientofuniformity級(jí)配系數(shù)coefficientofgradation渾圓度roundness球度sphericity比面積specificsurface土骨架soilskeleton宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)macro-structure微觀結(jié)構(gòu)micro-structure單粒結(jié)構(gòu)singlegrainedstructure聚粒結(jié)構(gòu)aggregatedstructure絮凝結(jié)構(gòu)flocculentstructure組構(gòu)分析fabricanalysis觸變性thixotropy活動(dòng)性activityofsoil綢度consistency阿太堡界限Atterberglimits縮限shrinkagelimit塑限plasticlimit(PL)液限liquidlimit(LL)塑性指數(shù)plasticityindex(PI)液性指數(shù)liquidityindex含水比watercontentratio密度density重度bulkweight,unitweight干重度dryunitweight浮重度buoyantunitweight,submergedunitweight飽和重度saturatedunitweight含水量moisturecontent,watercontent飽和度degreeofsaturation孑L隙率porosity孑L隙比voidratio相對(duì)密度relativedensity臨界孔隙比criticalvoidratio密實(shí)度compactness收縮shrinkage體縮volumetricshrinkage,bulkshrinkage膨脹性expansibility,expansiveness自由膨脹率freeswell

55崩解性（濕化性）slaking濕陷性collapsibility自重濕陷性self-weightcollapsibility凍脹frostheave融陷性thawcollapsibility巖石的吸水率absorptionrateofrock巖石的飽水率watersaturationofrock巖石的飽水系數(shù)water-saturationcoefficientofrock巖石的抗凍性frostresistibilityofrock第三節(jié)巖土力學(xué)性質(zhì)力學(xué)性質(zhì)mechanicalproperties總應(yīng)力totalstress有效應(yīng)力effectivestress4中性應(yīng)力（中性壓力）neutralstress孑L隙水壓力porewaterpressure超孔隙水壓力excessporepressure孑L隙水壓力參數(shù)porepressureparameters孑L隙（水）壓力消散dissipationofporewaterpressure9應(yīng)力路徑stresspath莫爾圓Mohr’scircle非線性應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系relationofnonlinearstress-strain彈性介質(zhì)elasticmedium彈性半空間elastichalfspace泊松比Poisson’sratio彈性模量modulusofelasticity,elasticmodulus,Youngsmodulus粘彈性viscoelasticity彈塑性elastoplasticity18彈性區(qū)elasticzone塑性區(qū)plasticzone米塞斯屈服準(zhǔn)則Vonmisesyieldcriteria21特萊斯卡屈服準(zhǔn)則Trescayieldcriteria莫爾-庫侖屈服準(zhǔn)則Mohr-Coulombyieldcriteria23德魯克-普拉格屈服準(zhǔn)則Druker-Prageryieldcriteria24庫侖-太沙基破壞準(zhǔn)則Coulomb-Tezaghicriteria流變性rheologicalproperty蠕變creep剪脹性dilatancy抗剪強(qiáng)度shearstrength峰值抗剪強(qiáng)度peakshearstrength殘余抗剪強(qiáng)度residualshearstrength長期抗剪強(qiáng)度long-termshearstrength莫爾包絡(luò)線Mohr’senvelope33粘聚力（內(nèi)聚力，凝聚力）cohesion34似粘聚力apparentcohesion

353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576假粘聚力pseudo-cohesion附著力（粘著力）adhesion內(nèi)摩擦角angleofinternalfriction夕卜摩擦角angleofexternalfriction休止角angleofrepose有效粘聚力effectivecohesion有效內(nèi)摩擦角effectiveangleofinternalfriction不排水抗剪強(qiáng)度undrainedshearstrength固結(jié)consolidation壓縮性compressibility初始固結(jié)initialconsolidation主固結(jié)primaryconsolidation次固結(jié)（壓縮） secondaryconsolidation各向等壓固結(jié)isotropicconsolidation（IC）各向不等壓固結(jié)anisotropicconsolidation（AC）固結(jié)系數(shù)coefficientofconsolidation固結(jié)度degreeofconsolidation前期固結(jié)壓力（先期固結(jié)壓力）preconsolidationpressure似前期固結(jié)壓力quasi-preconsolidationpressure,psedo-preconsolidationpressure超固結(jié)比overconsolidationratio（OCR）壓縮系數(shù)coefficientofcompressibility壓縮系數(shù)compressionindex再壓縮指數(shù)recompressionindex體積壓縮系數(shù)coefficientof（volume）compressibility壓縮模量modulusofcompressibility變形模量modulusofdeformation體積模量bulkmodulus剪變（切）模量shearmodulus初始切線模量initialtangentmodulus切線模量tangentmodulus割線模量secantmodulus回彈模量reboundmodulus卸荷模量unloadingmodulus旁壓模量pressuremetermodulus次固結(jié)（壓縮）系數(shù)coefficientofsecondaryconsolidation（compression）濕陷起始?jí)毫nitialcollapsepressure濕陷系數(shù)coefficientofcollapsibility巖石抗拉強(qiáng)度tensilestrengthofrock巖石軟化系數(shù)softeningcoefficientofrock巖石強(qiáng)度損失率rockstrengthloss巖石抗力系數(shù)coefficientofrockresistance巖石點(diǎn)荷載（強(qiáng)度）指標(biāo)pointloadindex,pointloadstrengthindex第四節(jié)巖土試驗(yàn)顆粒分析granulometricanalysis,grain-sizedistributionanalysis,mechanicalanalysis

擊實(shí)試驗(yàn)compactiontest,Proctortest膨脹壓力試驗(yàn)swellingpressuretest4單軸壓縮試驗(yàn)(無側(cè)限抗壓強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn))uniaxialcompressiontest,(unconfinedcompressiontest)5單剪試驗(yàn)simplesheartest6直接剪切試驗(yàn)directsheartest不固結(jié)不排水試驗(yàn)(快剪試驗(yàn))unconsolidatedundrainedtest(UU),(quicktest)8固結(jié)不排水試驗(yàn)(固結(jié)快剪試驗(yàn))consolidatedundrainedtest(CU);(consolidatedquicktest)固結(jié)排水試驗(yàn)(慢剪試驗(yàn)) consolidateddrainedtest(CD);(slowtest)壓縮試驗(yàn)(固結(jié)試驗(yàn)) compressiontest;(consolidationtest)三軸剪切試驗(yàn)(三軸壓縮試驗(yàn))triaxialsheartest;(triaxialcompressiontest)動(dòng)三軸試驗(yàn)dynamictriaxialtest共振柱試驗(yàn)resonantcolumntest偏應(yīng)力deviatorstress,deviatoricstress巴西抗拉強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)Braziliantensilestrengthtest加州承載比試驗(yàn)Californiabearingratiotest(CBR)17點(diǎn)荷載試驗(yàn)pointloadtest原位測(cè)試in-situtests19靜力觸探試驗(yàn)staticpenetrationtest,staticconetest,conepenetrationtest(CPT)20荷蘭錐Dutchcone21孔壓靜力觸探試驗(yàn)conepenetrationtestwithporepressuremeasurements,piezoconetest動(dòng)力觸探試驗(yàn)dynamicpenetrationtest,dynamicsounding標(biāo)準(zhǔn)貫入試驗(yàn)standardpenetrationtest(SPT)24旁壓試驗(yàn)(橫壓試驗(yàn)) pressuremetertest25十字板剪切試驗(yàn)vanetest,fieldvanetest(FV),vanesheartest26平板載荷試驗(yàn)plateloadingtest27螺旋板載荷試驗(yàn)screwplateloadingtest28現(xiàn)場(chǎng)謙切試驗(yàn)in-situsheartest應(yīng)力解除法stressreliefmethod應(yīng)力恢復(fù)法stressrecoverymethod套孔法over-coringmethod門塞法doorstoppermethod33水壓脹裂法(水力致裂法) hydraulicfracturing34足尺試驗(yàn)fullscaletest35模型縮尺效應(yīng)scaleeffect第五節(jié)土工計(jì)算地基土foundationsoil,subgrade,subsoil持力層bearinglayer,sustaininglayer下臥層underlyinglayer壓縮層compressedlayer接觸壓力contactpressure

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748超載surcharge有效覆蓋壓力effectiveoverburdenpressure附加應(yīng)力additionalstress,superimposedstress,load-inducedstress紐馬克圖Newmarkchart壓力泡pressurebulb臨塑壓力criticalpressure地基失效foundationfailure剪切破壞shearfailure整體剪切g(shù)eneralshearfailure局部剪切破壞localshearfailure沖剪破壞punchingfailure漸進(jìn)破壞progressivefailure基礎(chǔ)滑動(dòng)slidingoffoundation容許荷載allowableload容許承載力allowablebearingcapacity極限承載力ultimatebearingcapacity安全系數(shù)factorofsafety沉降settlement差異沉降(沉降差)differentialsettlement局部傾斜angulardistortion傾斜tilting坑底隆起bottomheave靜止土壓力earthpressureatrest主動(dòng)土壓力activeearthpressure被動(dòng)土壓力passiveearthpressure郎肯土壓力理論Rankine’searthpressuretheory庫倫土壓力理論Coulomb’searthpressuretheory斜坡穩(wěn)定性slopestability穩(wěn)定數(shù)stabilitynumber條分法methodofslices極限平衡法limitequilibriummethod本構(gòu)方程constitutiveequation劍橋模型Cambridgemodel(Cam-model)帽檐模型capmodel賴特-鄧肯模型Lade-Duncanmodel(LDmodel)鄧肯-張模型Duncan-Changmodel有限單元法finiteelementmethod有限差分法finitedifferencemethod邊界單元法boundaryelementmethod初始條件initialcondition邊界條件boundarycondition基床反力系數(shù)(溫克爾系數(shù))coefficientofsubgradereactionccoefficient)溫克爾假定Winkler’shypothesis第六節(jié)地下峒室

基巖bedrock2臨空面freeface巖體rockmass結(jié)構(gòu)體structuralelement結(jié)構(gòu)面(不連續(xù)面)structuralplane(discontinuity)6軟弱結(jié)構(gòu)面weakplane軟弱夾層weakintercalatedlayer結(jié)構(gòu)面起伏度(節(jié)理面起伏度)discontinuitywaviness;(jointwaviness)10巖體結(jié)構(gòu)類型11格里非斯破裂10巖體結(jié)構(gòu)類型11格里非斯破裂12巖體尺寸效應(yīng)structuralpatternofrockmassGriffithfracture,Griffithcracksizeeffectofrockmass圍壓效應(yīng)confiningpressureeffect,confinedpressureeffect,ambientpressureeffect巖體工程地質(zhì)分類engineeringgeologicalclassificationofrockmass普氏系數(shù)Protodyakonov’snumber風(fēng)化系數(shù)rockweatheringindex裂隙系數(shù)coefficientoffissuration堅(jiān)固度competenceofrock巖體完整性指數(shù)intactnessindexofrockmass;(velocityindexofrockmass)20巖石質(zhì)量指標(biāo)20巖石質(zhì)量指標(biāo)21巖石質(zhì)量系數(shù)22巖體質(zhì)量指標(biāo)23巖體變形系數(shù)rockqualityindexrockmassqualitydesignationdeformationcoefficientofrockmass巖石模量折減系數(shù)reductionfactorofrockmass隧道圍巖質(zhì)量指標(biāo)tunnelingqualityindex巖體的穩(wěn)定性rockmassstability隙跨比fissurespacing-spanratio自持時(shí)間stand-uptime地應(yīng)力groundstress,geostaticstress初始應(yīng)力initialstress構(gòu)造應(yīng)力tectonicstress殘余應(yīng)力residualstress感生應(yīng)力inducedstress地應(yīng)力場(chǎng)groundstressfield,geostaticstressfield地下洞室undergroundopening,undergroundchamber隧道tunnel洞室圍巖surroundingrock,ambientrock圍巖二次應(yīng)力狀態(tài)(圍巖應(yīng)力)secondarystressstate;(surroundingrockstress)圍巖應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)factorofstress-concentrationinsurroundingrock40巖石壓力(山巖壓力、巖體壓力)rockpressure應(yīng)力松弛stressrelaxation松動(dòng)區(qū)loosenedzone,loosezone自然平衡拱naturalself-supportingarch圍巖偏壓non-uniformrockpressure覆蓋層overburden覆蓋壓力overburdenpressure內(nèi)水壓力internalwaterpressure夕卜水壓力externalwaterpressure洞室穩(wěn)定性評(píng)價(jià)undergroundopeningstabilityevaluation冒頂cavein,rooffall片幫sidewallspalling,sidewallslabbing,sidewallscaling底鼓bottomheave,bottomsqueeze回彈rebound巖爆rockburst采空區(qū)mined-outarea采空塌陷miningsubsidence導(dǎo)洞（導(dǎo)坑）pilottunnel全斷面法fullfacemethod上導(dǎo)坑法topheadingmethod側(cè)導(dǎo)坑法sidedriftmethod多導(dǎo)坑法multi-driftmethod坑臺(tái)法topheadingandbenchmethod盾構(gòu)法shieldmethod,shieldtunneling氣壓法pneumaticsealingmethod凍結(jié)法freezingmethod,freezingprocess超挖overbreak仰拱invert,invertedarch邊墻sidewall襯砌lining噴錨聯(lián)合支護(hù)combinedboltingandshotcreting第七節(jié)堤壩工程涵管culvert圍堰cofferdam堤dike路堤embankment壩dam尾礦壩tailingsdam,tailingsfilldam第八節(jié)地基處理與巖土加固地基處理groundtreatment,soiltreatment,soilimprovement巖土加固soilstabilization,soilimprovement,soilreinforcement墊層cushion摻拌加固法admixturestabilization預(yù)壓法preloading砂井sanddrain排水板法geodrain,wickdrain,cardboarddrainmethod8真空固結(jié)法（真空預(yù)壓法） vacuummethod9深層加密法deepcompaction擠密樁compactionpile石灰樁limepile,limecolumn振沖法vibroflotation深層攪拌法deepmixingmethod,mixed-in-placepiles化學(xué)加固法chemicalstabilization旋噴法jetgrouting灌漿grouting帷幕灌漿curtaingrouting擠密灌樁compactiongrouting強(qiáng)夯法dynamicconsolidation,heavytamping土工合成材料geosynthetics,geotextiles土工織物geotextile土工膜geomembrane土工墊geocushion,geospacer加筋土reinforcedearth熱加固法thermalstabilization托換工程underpinning擋土墻retainingwall抗滑樁slide-resistantpile錨固anchoring,bolting錨桿earthanchor,groundanchor,tieback噴漿shotcreting,guniting盲溝frenchdrain,moledrain樹根樁rootpile第九節(jié)基礎(chǔ)基礎(chǔ)foundation,footing淺基礎(chǔ)shallowfoundation,shallowfooting深基礎(chǔ)deepfoundation埋深embedmentdepth擴(kuò)展基礎(chǔ)spreadfooting條形基礎(chǔ)stripfoundation,stripfooting筏形基礎(chǔ)raftfoundation,matfoundation板式基礎(chǔ)slabfoundation格排基礎(chǔ)grillagefoundation,grillageraft聯(lián)合基礎(chǔ)combinedfooting箱形基礎(chǔ)boxfoundation補(bǔ)償基礎(chǔ)floatingfoundation,compensatedfoundation沉井opencaisson沉箱caisson地梁foundationbeam,gradebeam樁基礎(chǔ)pilefoundation,piledfoundation樁pile群樁pilegroup19樁承臺(tái)pilecap高樁承臺(tái)highrisepilecap低樁承臺(tái)buriedpilecap摩擦樁frictionpile端承樁endbearingpile嵌巖樁socketedpile排土樁displacementpile少排土樁smalldisplacementpile27不排土樁nondisplacementpile預(yù)制混凝土樁precastconcretepile板樁sheetpile旋噴樁jet-groutedpile灌注樁cast-in-placepile沉管灌注樁drivencast-inplacepile33法蘭基灌注樁Frankipile墩pier擴(kuò)底墩belledpier,under-reamedpier被動(dòng)樁passivepile支護(hù)樁soldierpiles,tangentpiles地下連續(xù)墻diaphragmwall,slurrywall支撐bracing井點(diǎn)降水well-pointdewatering樁極限承載力ultimatebearingcapacityofpile樁的容許荷載allowablepilebearingload樁端阻力endresistance,pointresistance44樁的表面摩擦力skinfrictionofpile樁的粘著系數(shù)adhesionfactorofpile負(fù)摸擦力negativeskinfriction,dragdown樁的分部安全系數(shù)partialsafetyfactorsofpile48樁的維持荷載試驗(yàn)maintainedloadpiletest樁的等速貫入試驗(yàn)constantratepenetrationtestofpile樁的動(dòng)測(cè)法dynamicmeasurementsofpile打樁分析儀piledrivinganalyser第十節(jié)振動(dòng)自由振動(dòng)freevibration強(qiáng)迫振動(dòng)forcedvibration有阻尼振動(dòng)dampedvibration諧振harmonicvibration周期振動(dòng)periodicalvibration穩(wěn)態(tài)振動(dòng)steady-statevibration瞬時(shí)振動(dòng)transientvibration隨機(jī)振動(dòng)randomvibration振動(dòng)衰減vibrationattenuation對(duì)數(shù)衰減logarithmicdecrement阻尼damping內(nèi)阻尼internaldamping臨界阻尼criticaldamping幾何阻尼geometricaldamping,radialdamping振幅amplitude振動(dòng)幅值amplitudeofvibration相位差phasedifference周期period圓頻率circularfrequency共振resonance擾力disturbingforce豎向振動(dòng)verticalvibration滑移振動(dòng)slidingoscillation搖擺振動(dòng)rockingoscillation扭轉(zhuǎn)振動(dòng)torsionaloscillation,yawingoscillation耦合振動(dòng)coupledvibration地基剛度stiffnessoffoundationsoil地基剛度系數(shù)coefficientofsubgradereaction自由度degreesoffreedom單自由度體系single-degree-offreedomsystem31質(zhì)量-彈簧-阻尼體系（集總參數(shù)體系）mass-spring-dashpotsystem;（lumped-coefficientsystem）32集總質(zhì)量lumped-mass33自然頻率（固有頻率） naturalfrequency振型modeofvibration峰值速度peakvelocity動(dòng)力放大系數(shù)dynamicmagnificationfactor動(dòng)態(tài)位移dynamicdisplacement頻率比frequencyratio質(zhì)量比massratio阻尼比dampingratio慣性矩比ratioofmomentofinertia,inertiaratio機(jī)械阻抗mechanicalimpedance導(dǎo)納admittance基礎(chǔ)隔振foundationisolation彈性波elasticwave體波bodywave剪切波（橫波） shearwave;（transversewave）壓縮波（縱波、疏密波）compressionwave;（longitudinalwave）表面波surfacewave瑞利波Rayleighwave51波動(dòng)方程waveequation功率普密度powerspectraldensity第四章巖土工程勘察工程勘察engineeringinvestigations巖土工程勘察geotechnicalinvestigations,geotechnicalstudy工程地質(zhì)詳細(xì)勘察detailedgeotechnicalinvestigation巖土工程分級(jí)categorizationofgeotechnicalprojects踏勘walk-oversurvey,sitereconnaissance工程地質(zhì)測(cè)繪engineeringgeologicalmapping地質(zhì)點(diǎn)pointofobservation,geologicobservationpoint選址勘察sitinginvestigation初步勘察preliminarygeotechnicalinvestigation詳細(xì)勘察detailedgeotechnicalinvestigation施工勘察investigationofduringconstruction場(chǎng)地的地質(zhì)適宜性geologicalsuitabilityofsite13場(chǎng)地穩(wěn)定性sitestability14場(chǎng)地復(fù)雜程度sitecomplexity15工程地質(zhì)類比法（工程地質(zhì)比擬法）engineeringgeologicalanalogy工程地質(zhì)條件engineeringgeologicalcondition工程地質(zhì)單元engineeringgeologicunit工程地質(zhì)分區(qū)engineeringgeologiczoning工程地質(zhì)圖engineeringgeologicalmap工程地質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)engineeringgeologicalevaluation工程地質(zhì)勘察報(bào)告engineeringgeologicalinvestigationreport巖土工程分析評(píng)價(jià)geotechnicalanalysisandevaluation23現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢驗(yàn)onsiteinspection,in-situinspection24現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)onsitemonitoring,in-situmonitoring反演分析backanalysis,backcalculation巖土工程勘察報(bào)告geotechnicalinvestigationreport,geotechnicalstudyreport第二節(jié)不良地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象不良地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象adversegeologicphenomena,unfavorablegeologicalconditions泥石流mudflow,debrisflow溝床糙度channelroughness,bedroughness危巖overhangingrock,hangingrock崩塌（山崩） topplingcollapse;toppling;（avalanche）地裂groundfracturing,groundfissuration管涌piping流砂quicksand地面沉降landsubsidence沉陷subsidence滑坡landslide,slide滑動(dòng)面slidingsurface滑動(dòng)帶slidingzone滑坡床slidebed,slidingbed滑坡體slidemass,slidingmass滑坡舌slidetongue滑坡后壁headscarp,slipcliff滑坡裂縫slidecracks19滑坡主軸slideaxis古滑坡fossillandslide順層滑坡consequentlandslide切層滑坡insequentlandslide淺層滑坡shallowslide深層滑坡deepslide,deeplandslide25推移式滑坡slumpingslede牽引式滑坡retrogressiveslide,retrogressivelandslide馬刀樹divertedtrees,benttrees,tiltedtrees第三節(jié)地震1地震區(qū)seismicarea,earthquakearea震源seismicsource震中epicenter4地震活動(dòng)性seismicity地震波seismicwave6主震mainshock余震afterhock8水庫誘發(fā)地震reservoirimpoundinginducedseismicity地震震級(jí)earthquakemagnitude10地震烈度seismicintensity,earthquakeintensity基本烈度basicintensity場(chǎng)地烈度siteintensity設(shè)計(jì)烈度designintensity地面運(yùn)動(dòng)groundmotion基巖加速度bedrockacceleration16地震反映譜seismicresponsespectrum地面脈動(dòng)microtremour卓越周期predominantperiod19地震效應(yīng)seismiceffect震陷earthquakesubsidence砂土液化liquefactionofsand液化勢(shì)liquefactionpotential液化指數(shù)liquefactionindex24噴水冒砂sandboil動(dòng)荷載dynamicload26脈沖荷載pulseload循環(huán)荷載cyclicloading動(dòng)應(yīng)力dynamicstress循環(huán)應(yīng)力cyclicstress滯回圈hysteresisloop骨干曲線backbonecurve地震力seismicforce地震系數(shù)seismiccoefficient地震影響系數(shù)coefficientofseismiceffect35地震小區(qū)劃seismicmicrozonation,seismicmicrozoning36地震危險(xiǎn)性分析（地震風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析）earthquakehazardevaluation第五章水文地質(zhì)第一節(jié)水循環(huán)水循環(huán)（水文循環(huán)）watercycle,（hydrologiccycle）大氣水a(chǎn)tmosphericwater地表水surfacewater土壤水soilwater地下水groundwater水力聯(lián)系hydraulicinterrelation地下水起源originofgroundwater地表徑流surfacerunoff地下徑流subsurfacerunoff流域valley,drainagebasin流域面積（匯水面積） drainagearea,riverbasinarea,（catchmentarea）地下水動(dòng)態(tài)groundwaterregime地下水動(dòng)態(tài)類型typeofgroundwaterregime14潛水位變化帶zoneofvariablephreaticlevel氣象因素meteorologicalfactor降水量amountofprecipitation蒸發(fā)量amountofevaporation地下水蒸發(fā)evaporationofgroundwater水文因素hydrologicalfactor第二節(jié)地下水的類型包氣帶水a(chǎn)erationzonewater上層滯水perchedwater潛水phreaticwater承壓水confinedwater自流水a(chǎn)rtesianwater孑L隙水porewater裂隙水fissurewater巖溶水karsticwater結(jié)合水boundwater,combinedwater吸著水hydroscopicwater薄膜水pellicularwater毛細(xì)管水capillarywater重力水gravitationalwater地下水成因類型groundwaterorigintype凝結(jié)水condensationwater,condensedwater滲入水infiltrationwater封存水connatewater原生水juvenilewater第三節(jié)地下水賦存水文地質(zhì)條件hydrogeologicalcondition地下水埋藏條件conditionofgroundwateroccurrence地下水埋藏深度depthofgroundwateroccurrence充氣帶（包氣帶） zoneofaeration土壤水帶soilwaterzone中間帶（滲水帶） intermediatezone,vadosewaterzone毛細(xì)管帶capillaryzone,capillaryfringe毛細(xì)管上升高度capillaryheight,capillaryrise毛細(xì)管水壓力（毛細(xì)管水張力）capillarypressure,（capillarytension）飽水帶（飽和帶）zoneofsaturation11含水層aquifer潛水含水層phreaticaquifer承壓含水層confinedaquifer14有限含水層finiteaquifer無限含水層infiniteaquifer透水層permeablelayer,perviouslayer17滲透性（透水性）permeability18富水性waterabundance19弱透水層aquitard不透水層（隔水層、阻水層） imperiouslayer,impermeablelayer,（aquifuge,aquiclude）自流斜地artesianslope自流盆地artesianbasin自流水區(qū)artesianbasin自流水頭artesianhead承壓水頭confinedwaterhead,artesianhead含水構(gòu)造water-bearingstructure斷裂含水帶water-bearingfracturezone地下水盆地groundwaterbasin地下水庫groundwaterreservoir不透水邊界imperviousboundary地下分水嶺groundwaterdivide地下水流域groundwatercatchment潛水面phreaticsurface,watertable滲出面seepageface（seepagezone）含水層儲(chǔ)水storageofwaterinaquifer含水層儲(chǔ)能storageofenergyinaquifer第四節(jié)地下水運(yùn)動(dòng)滲流seepage滲流場(chǎng)seepagefield水頭waterhead水頭損失waterheadloss過水?dāng)嗝鎑ischargesection,dischargearea水力坡（梯）度hydraulicgradient滲透速度seepagevelocity,filtrationvelocity實(shí)際流速actualvelocity滲透途徑filtrationpath,seepagepath地下水流向groundwaterflowdirection沁潤曲線phreaticcurve流線flowline,streamline等勢(shì)線equipotentialline流網(wǎng)flownet層流laminarflow紊流turbulentflow地下水穩(wěn)定流groundwatersteadyflow地下水非穩(wěn)定流groundwaterunsteadyflow一維流one-dimensionalflow二維流two-dimensionalflow平面流planeflow三維流three-dimensionalflow徑向流radialflow輻射流radialflow25達(dá)西定律Darcy’slaw滲流連續(xù)方程seepagecontinuityequation27滲透力(滲透壓力)seepageforce粘滯性viscosity第五節(jié)水化學(xué)與水環(huán)境地下水水質(zhì)groundwaterquality水質(zhì)分析(水化學(xué)分析) waterqualityanalysis(hydrochemicalanalysis)水樣watersample溶解度solubility地下水總礦化度totalmineralizationofgroundwater化學(xué)需氧量chemicaloxygendemand(COD)生化需氧量biochemicaloxygendemand(BOD)地下水硬度groundwaterhardness硬水hardwater軟水softwater地下水鹽堿度salinityandalkalinityofgroundwater淡水freshwater咸水salinewater鹽水saltwater鹵水brine酸性水a(chǎn)cidulouswater堿性水a(chǎn)lkalinewater地下水腐蝕性groundwatercorrosivity礦水mineralwater溶解作用dissolution淋濾(溶濾作用)lixiviation,leaching淋溶eluviation濃縮作用concentration24離子交換ionexchange吸附sorption沉淀作用precipitation27地下水混合作用mixingofgroundwater28脫碳酸作用decarbonation脫硫酸作用sesulphidation分子擴(kuò)散moleculardiffusion水動(dòng)力彌散hydrodynamicdispersion對(duì)流彌散convectivedispersion不溶混驅(qū)替immiscibledisplacement地下水環(huán)境容量environmentalcapacityofgroundwater地下水環(huán)境背景值groundwaterenvironmentalbackgroundvalue地下水污染groundwaterpollution水質(zhì)污染標(biāo)志waterpollutionindices地下水污染起始值initialvalueofgroundwaterpollution地下水質(zhì)模型groundwaterqualitymodel地下水質(zhì)惡化groundwaterqualitydeterioration海水入侵seawaterintrusion,seawaterencroachment地下水衛(wèi)生防護(hù)帶sanitaryprotectionzoneofgroundwater含水層自凈作用self-puringofaquifer地下水環(huán)境質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)environmentalqualityassessmentofgroundwater地下水環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)environmentalimpactassessmentofgroundwater第六節(jié)水文地質(zhì)調(diào)查與圖件水文地質(zhì)測(cè)繪hydrogeologicalsurvey,hydrogeologicalmapping水文地質(zhì)鉆探hydrogeologicaldrilling水文地質(zhì)勘察hydrogeologicalinvestigation水文地質(zhì)初步勘察preliminaryhydrogeologicalinvestigation水文地質(zhì)詳細(xì)勘察detailedhydrogeologicalinvestigation水文地質(zhì)圖hydrogeologicalmap綜合水文地質(zhì)圖compositehydrogeologicalmap8水文地質(zhì)等水位線圖 isopiesticmapofgroundwater水文地質(zhì)等水壓線圖 isopiesticcontourmapofgroundwater地下水水化學(xué)圖groundwaterchemistrymap,hydrochemicalmapofgroundwater水文地質(zhì)剖面圖hydrogeologicalprofile第七節(jié)地?zé)岬責(zé)豳Y源geothermalresources地?zé)釄?chǎng)geothermalfield地?zé)崽甓?地?zé)嵩鰷芈? geothermalgradient;(geothermalincrementrate)熱傳導(dǎo)heattransfer,thermaltransmission熱擴(kuò)散thermaldiffusion熱對(duì)流featconvection熱輻射heatradiation,thermalradiation第八節(jié)井泉地下水露頭groundwateroutcrop泉spring上升泉ascendingspring下降泉descendingspring,gravityspring接觸泉contactspring溢流泉overflowingspring溫泉thermalspring,hotspring沸泉boilingspring礦泉mineralspring完整井completelypenetratingwall,wellofcompletepenetration非完整井partiallypenetrationwell,wellofpartialpenetration生產(chǎn)井productionwell大口井openwell復(fù)合井compositewell集水井collectorwell輻射井radialwell回灌井rechargewell,injectionwell管井tubularwell管井結(jié)構(gòu)wellstructure井(孔)徑well(borehole)diameter井斜welldeflection井壁管wellcasing,welltube井過濾器wellfilter,screenpipe,filterpipe沉淀管settlingpipe填礫gravelpack反濾層invertedgravelfilter洗井wellwashing止水sealing,plugging封井outsidesealingofwell井噴welleruption井溫welltemperature井距wellspacing水平集水廊道horizontalgallery第九節(jié)水文地質(zhì)試驗(yàn)與參數(shù)砂槽模型sandboxmodel縫隙模型modeloffissuration常水頭滲透試驗(yàn)constantheadpermeabilityteat變水頭滲透試驗(yàn)fallingheadpermeabilityteat滲水試驗(yàn)in-situpermeabilitytest注水試驗(yàn)injectiontest7抽水試驗(yàn)pumpingtest壓水試驗(yàn)packerpermeabilitytest地下水連通試驗(yàn)groundwaterconnectivitytest地下水示蹤試驗(yàn)groundwatertracertest電模擬