汽輪機(jī)運(yùn)行原理

汽輪機(jī)運(yùn)行原理

TurbineFundamental海南金海漿紙業(yè)有限公司

HAINANJINHAIPULP&PAPERCO.LTD

PREPAREDBYCHENYONG氣輪機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)

Turbinestructure汽缸體Cylinderbody轉(zhuǎn)子Rotor前后軸承Bearing葉輪Impeller軸封系統(tǒng)Sealingsystem控制閥等Controlvalves.etcTurbine&generatorgeneratorTurbineCondenseroilcoolerBallstrainerVacuum氣輪機(jī)工作原理

TheturbineFundamental

原理：具有一定壓力、溫度的蒸汽經(jīng)過氣輪機(jī)噴嘴并在噴嘴內(nèi)膨脹獲得很高的速度，高速的蒸汽流經(jīng)氣輪機(jī)上的動葉片做功，從而帶動氣輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子按一定均勻的速度轉(zhuǎn)動。氣輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子與發(fā)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子用連軸器，當(dāng)氣輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子以一定速度均勻轉(zhuǎn)動時，發(fā)電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)子也跟著轉(zhuǎn)動，由于電磁感應(yīng)的作用，發(fā)電機(jī)定子線圈中產(chǎn)生電流，通過變配電設(shè)備向用戶供電。能量轉(zhuǎn)換形式

Theenergyconversionform

蒸汽熱能汽流動能電能機(jī)械能技術(shù)參數(shù)（一）

technicaldata汽輪機(jī)Turbine：轉(zhuǎn)向（汽輪機(jī)—發(fā)電機(jī)）turningclockwise轉(zhuǎn)速speed3000rpm跳車轉(zhuǎn)速tripspeed3300rpm盤車轉(zhuǎn)速turningbearingspeed45rpm第一臨界速度1stcriticalspeed1100rpm第二臨界速度2ndcriticalspeed2200rpm發(fā)電機(jī)最大輸出功率generatorpoweroutput:MaximumContinousRating（MCR）120MW技術(shù)參數(shù)（二）technicaldata蒸汽系統(tǒng)Steamsystem（Normal）

壓力bar溫度℃流量kg/s熱焓kJ/kg高壓入口Hpinlet80.5475202.113336.3中壓抽汽MPbleeding1522033.332850.2低壓抽汽LPextraction7170126.752779.2尾氣排放Exhaust0.13144243.72353.4LSCV

BLCV/BLEEDINGBLOCKECVCOND.變電設(shè)備用戶聯(lián)網(wǎng)TurbineGeneratorHPSTEAMMPheaderLpheaderCond.TurbineInlet&outletFromLp&MpHeadToUserLPHead(12123.8T)F/L2894.8TVE5457.6TRB2629TCLO2536.6TMB575.4TWT2.6TNaOH27.8TMPHead(4507.8T)MC3041TF/L863TVE75TRB258TSO214TMB238.4TRC18.4TNote:Abovealldataisusefor24hoursonlyPoweroutputtouserNAOH299.7RC/LK148MC353WH33.9RB&VE494.8F/L562.8O289.5WWT62.5CLO2519.9RWT74.8MB76.1PG88SERVEPOWER16.7POWEROUTPUT2823.3UNIT:MWH開車時需要滿足的條件

START-UPGENERALREQUIREMENTS

★Electricalpowersupplyinoperation.運(yùn)行時的電源供應(yīng)★Allofmotorizerequirementready.要滿足所有的電動要求★Instrumentairavailable/inoperation.儀表用氣的供應(yīng)/運(yùn)行★Allofcontrolsysteminoperation/normalfunction.所有的控制系統(tǒng)處于運(yùn)行狀態(tài)/正常狀態(tài)開車時需要滿足的條件

START-UPGENERALREQUIREMENTS

★潤滑油、頂軸油系統(tǒng)正常★lubeoil、jackoilsysteminnormal★盤車系統(tǒng)、軸封系統(tǒng)正?！颰urningbearingsystemsealingsysteminnormal★冷凝系統(tǒng)以及其他輔助系統(tǒng)正?！颿ondensersystemandtheothersauxiliarysysteminnormal開車系統(tǒng)的程序

START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

CoolingWaterOperation/Circulation.冷卻水的運(yùn)行/循環(huán)CoolingTowerPumpstart.冷卻水塔泵的啟動CoolingwaterforMainCondensercirculation.主冷凝器冷卻水的循環(huán)CoolingwaterforOilCoolercirculation.油冷凝器冷卻水的循環(huán)CoolingwaterforAirCoolercirculation.空氣冷凝器冷卻水的循環(huán)CoolingTowerFanstart.冷卻水塔風(fēng)機(jī)的啟動COOLINGWATERSYSTEM

C.TOWERBASINMAINCONDENSERAIRCOOLEROILCOOLERC.TOWERFANFanstart3setsPumpstart2setsMaincondenserinoperation/circulationAircoolerinoperation4setsOilcoolerinoperationandtheotheronestandby開車系統(tǒng)的程序

START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

AllofOilSysteminOperation/NormalFunction油系統(tǒng)的啟動LubeOilsystemoperation(ACAuxiliaryOilPumpstart).潤滑油系統(tǒng)（啟動輔助油泵）。ControlOilsystemoperation(supplyfromACAuxiliaryOilPump).控制油系統(tǒng)（來自AC輔助油泵）Oilvaporextractorinoperation.啟動抽油煙機(jī)。OilCoolerinoperationandtheotheronestandby.油冷器的啟動，另一個備用。Oiltankheaterinoperation(ifnecessary)油加熱器的啟動（如果有必要）TurningGearOperation盤車的啟動StartJackingoilpump.頂軸油泵的啟動。StartTurningGearbyautomode(fromDCS).通過自動模式啟動盤車（DCS）LubeOilpress.>2barLubeOiltemp.<55oCLubeOilControlvalve(mechanical)MainOilPumpoperationafterspeed>2700rpm5.TurningGearstart6.OilHeaterstartifnecessary3.OilVaporExtractorstart4.JackingOilPumpstart2.AuxiliaryOilPumpstartDCEmergencyOilPumpin‘AutoMode’1.OilCoolerinoperationSafetyblock/TripunitEmergencystopvalve(ESV)Bleedingblock(BSCV)Extractioncontrolvalve(ECV)Livesteamcontrolvalve(LSCV)Controloilpress.>8bar開車程序START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

CondensateSystemCirculation/Operation冷凝水的循環(huán)FillupofCondensateleveltonormallevel(400–500mm)fromfillingwaterline.用補(bǔ)水管中的水將冷凝水的液位加到正常液位(400–500mm)。StartCondensatepump(bothDCSandFieldisavailable)andtheotheroneinpriorityselection(Automode).啟動冷凝水泵（DCS和現(xiàn)場），另一臺在預(yù)選（自動控制）。StartGlandFan(LeakSteamBlower).啟動格蘭風(fēng)扇Condensatelevelcontrolputon‘AutoMode’冷凝水液位控制自動控制。MAINCONDEN-SERLCtoRWTankHPCHAMBERLPCHAMBERSILENCERHHPHeadertoAtmosphereGlandFanCond.PumpSECEJECTORPRIEJECTORStart-upEjectorVACUUMSYSTEMCond.Levelcontrolin‘Automode’Cond.Pumpstartandtheotheroneinpriority開車程序START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

PrewarmingMainSteamLine對主蒸汽管進(jìn)行暖管Openallofdraininmainsteamline.打開主蒸汽管上所有的疏水閥Openofbypassvalveofmainsteam1ststageslowly(makesurethereisnowaterhummerinline).緩慢打開一段主蒸汽管上的旁通閥（確保在管道中沒有水）。Openofbypassvalveofmainsteam2ndstageslowly(makesurethereisnowaterhummerinline).緩慢打開二段主蒸汽管上的旁通閥（確保在管道中沒有水）。Prewarmingofmainsteamlineoveraftermainsteamtemperature>3800C.當(dāng)蒸汽溫度>3800C時，暖管就完成了。GENERATORHHPHEADERMESVLSCV2ndStage1stStageFlashBox(TURBINEHPCHAMBERTURBINELPCHAMBERMAINSTEAMLINEOpenbypassvalveslowlyOpenallofdrainvalveOpenbypassvalveslowlyOpenallofdrainvalveOpenallofdrainvalveLSCVcontrolledspeedaftertheTurbineAutoStartcommandisreleaseAfterthelineisready,ESVopenbyTurbinestartcommand開車程序

START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

SealingSteamSystemOperation密封蒸汽的啟動Sealingsteamfrontend(HHPsteam)密封蒸汽前端（HHP）Prewarmingofsealingsteamlines.密封蒸汽管道的暖管。Openmanualvalve(doublevalve).打開手動閥。OpenthecontrolvalvebyautomodefromDCS,setpoint=1.080bar,在DCS自動打開控制閥，設(shè)定值=1.080bar。Sealingsteamrearend(LPsteam)密封蒸汽的后端（LP）Prewarmingofsealingsteamlines.密封蒸汽管道的暖管。Openmanualvalve(doublevalve).打開手動閥。OpenthecontrolvalvebyautomodefromDCS,setpoint=1.230bar.在DCS自動打開控制閥，設(shè)定值=1.230bar.LPHEADERTURBINEHPCHAMBERTURBINELPCHAMBERHHPHEADERHHPBLOWTANKTo:AFTERCONDENSEROFEJECTORSYSTEMGENERATORSEALINGSTEAMSYSTEMDoublevalveopenedafterprewarminglinefinishOpenallofdrainvalveOpenallofdrainvalveDoublevalveopenedafterprewarminglinefinishControlvalvein‘Automode’withsetpoint1.080barControlvalvein‘Automode’withsetpoint1.230barToaftercooler/ejectorcoolerControlvalvesealingsteamrearend(LP)Controlvalvesealingsteamfrontend(HHP)汽機(jī)的啟動程序TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

Turbineprewarming(ESVopen/manualstart).汽機(jī)的暖機(jī)（ESV打開/手動閥啟動）Mainsteamtemperatureinthemainsteamline>380oC.主蒸汽管中蒸汽的溫度>380oC.Mainsteampressureinthemainsteamline<permissionpressureprewarmingvalve.主蒸汽管中蒸汽的壓力<暖機(jī)時允許的壓力值。Turbineautostart(LSCVcontrolled).汽機(jī)自動啟動（LSCV控制）Mainsteamtemperatureinthemainsteamline>420oC.主蒸汽管中蒸汽的溫度>420oC.Temperatureofprewarmingvalve>400oC.暖機(jī)的溫度>400oC.Mainsteampressureinthemainsteamlinepermissionpressure<80bar.主蒸汽管中蒸汽的壓力<80bar.LSCVBLCV/BLEEDINGBLOCKECVCOND.TURBINESTART-UP汽機(jī)的啟動程序TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

TurbineGeneratorsynchronizetoBusBar.汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)同步到總排Turbineautostart/speedcontrolleris‘a(chǎn)ctive’.汽機(jī)自動啟動/速度控制器激活。Excitation‘ON’(afterspeed3000RPM).勵磁啟動（速度到過3000RPM后）Synchronizationcriteria并網(wǎng)的三個條件Voltagedifferenceshouldbeassmallaspossible

電壓差盡可能的小。Frequencydifferenceshouldbeassmallaspossible

頻率差盡可能的小。Phaseangledifferenceshouldbeassmallaspossible

相位角差盡可能的小。Synchronizing‘ON’同步啟動CBclose,TGalreadysynchronized.CB關(guān)閉，TG已經(jīng)并網(wǎng)。汽機(jī)的啟動程序

TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

Pick-upload加載

Important（重要事項）:MonitoringthepositionoftheFreeRangeTurbineCasingFlangeandFreeRangeTurbinecasingTop/Bottom.根據(jù)上下汽缸的溫差來決定升載的情況。MonitoringtheElongationRelative.監(jiān)測脹差。Monitoringallofindicationeg.Vibrationvalue,Shaftposition,Bearingtemperature,Oiltemperature,andect.監(jiān)測所有的振動、軸的位移、軸承的溫度、油溫等。Importantduringstart-upandpick-uploadImportantduringstart-upandpick-uploadImportantforTurbineprewaming&start-up汽機(jī)的開車程序TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

LPExtractioncontroller‘ON’.LP抽汽控制器的啟動Adjustload,accordingtoLPPressurerequirement.根據(jù)LP壓力的需要來調(diào)整負(fù)載。PrewarmingLPExt.lineandopenvalveontheLPHeaderside.對低壓抽汽管進(jìn)行暖管，然后打開LP集汽柜側(cè)的閥門。Openthemotorizevalveontheextractionline.打開抽汽管上的電動閥。Spraywatercontrolvalvein‘AutoMode’.減溫注水控制閥到自動模式。Release/ONNonReturnValve(NRV).解除截止閥。Controller‘ON’控制器啟動。汽輪機(jī)啟動程序TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCEMPBleedcontroller‘ON’.MP充汽控制器的啟動Adjustload,accordingtoMPPressurerequirement.根據(jù)中壓蒸汽的壓力需求來調(diào)整負(fù)載。PrewarmingMPBleedinglineandopenvalveontheMPHeaderside.對MP充汽管進(jìn)行暖管，然后打開MP集汽柜側(cè)的閥門。Openthemotorizevalveonthebleedingline.打開充汽管上的電動閥。Spraywatercontrolvalvein‘AutoMode’.減溫注水控制閥到自動模式。Release/ONNonReturnValve(NRV).解除截止閥。Controller‘ON’控制器啟動。Motorizevalve1ststageEmg.StopValve(ESV1&2)LiveSteamControlValve(LSCV1&2)ExtractionControlValve(ECV1&2)BleedSteamControlValve(BleedingBlock)BleedingNonReturnValve(NRV)Ext.NonReturnValve(NRV)SpraywatercontrolvalveBleedingSpraywatercontrolvalveExtraction汽機(jī)的開車程序

TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

Normaloperationcontroller.（正常運(yùn)行的控制器）Monitoringforallofsystem(DCSandPLC).監(jiān)測所有的系統(tǒng)（DCS和PLC）Controlallofequipmentforabnormalnoise,temperature,vibration,leakageandect.控制所有設(shè)備的聲音異常、溫度、振動、泄漏等問題。RecorddataintheLogSheetasperhour.每小時在報表上記錄數(shù)據(jù)。Monitoringallofinterlockingindication.監(jiān)測所有的連鎖顯示。汽機(jī)的開車程序

TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

MostImportantDisplaysforMonitoring（臨測的重要畫面）RUNSUPERVISIONDisplay（運(yùn)行畫面的監(jiān)測）GENERATORSUPERVISIONDisplay（發(fā)電機(jī)的監(jiān)測）TURBINECLCDisplay（汽輪機(jī)CLC的監(jiān)測）LUBEOILSYSTEMDisplay（潤滑油系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測）CONTROLOILSYSTEMDisplay（控制油系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測）Checkingforallofindicationondisplaysimmediately（立即檢查所有畫面上所有的顯示）VibrationTurbineHPVibrationTurbineLPSpeedindicationVibrationGeneratorFr.VibrationGeneratorRearVibrationExciterEndBearingTemp.BearingTemp.BearingTemp.BearingTemp.BearingTemp.GeneratorWindingTemp.,6setsGeneratorSpaceHeaterCoolAirTemp.,2setsWarmAirTemp.,2setsSetpointLiveSteamControllerSetpointFrequencyControllerSetpointSpeedControllerSetpointBleedingControllerLimiterSetpointExtractionControllerLubeOilTemp.LubeOilPress.ControlOilPress.控制油的壓力汽機(jī)的停車程序

TURBINESHUTDOWNSEQUENCE

UnloadtheTurbine.（汽機(jī)的降載）Decreaseloadaccordingtoelectricalconsumption(frequencymonitoring)andmainsteampressure.根據(jù)電力的消耗（頻率監(jiān)測）和主蒸汽的壓力來降低負(fù)載。UnselectedloadsheddingaccordingTurbineLoad.根據(jù)汽機(jī)的負(fù)載來解除其負(fù)載保護(hù)。ContinueloaddowntheturbineandadjustLPextandMPbleedingaccordingly.繼續(xù)對汽機(jī)進(jìn)行降載，再相應(yīng)的調(diào)整低壓抽汽和中壓抽汽。汽機(jī)的停車程序

TURBINESHUTDOWNSEQUENCE

StoptheTurbine.（汽機(jī)的停止）MPBleedcontroller‘OFF’accordingtoTurbineLoadandMP落Headerpressureandstopthesystem.

根據(jù)汽機(jī)的負(fù)載和中壓集汽柜的壓力來關(guān)閉中壓充汽的控制器，停止該系統(tǒng)。LPBleedcontroller‘OFF’accordingtoTurbineLoadandLPHeaderpressureandstopthesystem.根據(jù)汽機(jī)的負(fù)載和低壓集汽柜的壓力來關(guān)閉低壓充汽的控制器，停止該系統(tǒng)。CloseEmergencyStopValve(ESV)orpresstheemergencyst