SC7中國(guó)海上采油人工島論文講稿(英文)

ApplicationsofArtificialIslandforOilandGas

DevelopmentinBohai,ChinaChinaNationalPetroleumOffshoreEngineeringCo.,Ltd,CNPC

ShimingFENGTel022-66310720E-mail:fengsm@ApplicationsofArtificialIslandforOilandGas

DevelopmentinBohai,ChinaINTRODUCTIONDEVELOPINGPROCESSINCHINA3.

RELATEDREQUIREMENTSFORCONSTRUCTIONREVIEWOFEXISTINGCODESANDSTANDARDSCONCLUSIONS

1.INTRODUCTION

Artificialislandsinbeach-shallowseahavebeenusedfordevelopmentofpetroleumexplorationandproductionfornearly100years.(The1stwasintheCaspian,Russia1n1909).Aswecanimagine,onanartificialisland,peoplecanliveandworkasthesameasonlandevenactuallyonthesea;theycandotheirjobsadequatelyandunaffectedly.Itisclearthatbymeansofartificialislandstocarrythroughdrillingandoilextractionisofmanyadvantagesbothtechnologicallyandeconomically.

1.INTRODUCTION

Lotsofrealconstructionprojectsandexistentcommonusesallovertheworldhaveapprovedthatartificialislandsinbeach-shallowseaforoilandgaspurposehavebeenthefollowingadvantages:Reducingtheoperationrisk,easytoestablishsafetysurroundingsandlogisticssustainingsystem;Convenientforlinkingupbetweeneveryworkingprocedure,especiallyforthosecomplicatedoperationprocedures;.Thegatheringpipelineonartificialislandscanbeeasilycombinedwithmainpipelineonland;Infavorofenvironmentprotection,becausethatwasteoil,sewageandharmfulgasescanbetreatedwithconveniently.

AlongwiththeoilandgasindustrydevelopmentinChina,theinitialproposalandtentativeplanofbuildinganartificialIslandinBohaicoastalareabeganintheyearof1981.Uptotheyearof2007,thereareabout67artificialislandshavebeenbuiltandservicedinbeach-shallowseaareasaroundBohai,mainlybelongtothe4Oilfields,andtheyarealllocatedinwaterdepth≤5meters.

2.DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINAFig.1Oilfields’DistributioninBohai,China

2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSINCHINA2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINALandSeawallBeach2.5~3.5kmlongSlope:0.5~1.0‰0~2mwaterdepth3.5~7.7kmlongSlope:0.77~1.5‰2~5km2~4mH2~5mwaterdepth7~12.7kmlongSlope:1.0~2.0‰IceaccumulationExtremehighwaterExtremelowwaterFig.2Typicalcross-sectionofseafloorinDagangOilfield,WestcoastofBohai

ThefirstappliedartificialislandinChina,calledZhangjuheArtificialIsland,wasbuiltin1993aftermorethan10years’efforts.Itsshapelookslikeahugecylinderwithouterdiameterof63.6mandoverallheightof12m,waterdepthof-1.1m.Theinvestmentwasabout57millions(RMB).2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINA

TheIslandadoptedthestructureofpilingfoundationcombinedwithcaissonquay-wall.Theislandsizeislargeenoughtoarrangetensofclusteroilwells,andcollocatedfacilitiesofseparatingoil/gas/water,systemsofwaterfloodingrecovery,transportingandmeasuringoil/gasetc.

1-Apron2-Caissonwall3-Pilefoundation4-Islandtop5-Coreline6-Soilfilling1-Steelframe2-fanengine3-Apron2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINA

Betweenthecaissonwalls,reinforcedconcretewasplacedandfilledthatmaketheislandholds13,000tonsweight;alongthecaissonwalls,total36perfusionpileswithlengthof22.4manddiameterof1.3mwereintercalatedseabedevenlyandsymmetricallytosustainthewholeisland.Thedepthofenteringseabedforeveryperfusionpileis22mtoattainsatisfactorybearingcapacity.

ThesuccessfulconstructionofZhangjuheArtificialIslandstartedagoodexampleofexploitingbeach-shallowseaoilfieldinChina.Andabundantexperienceinislandconstructiontechnology,coastalandbeachoilfieldexploitationandoilproductionmanagementwereaccumulated.2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINA

ItwasinAugust1995,anotherartificialIsland,namedNo.1LiaohaiSeaflower,wasbuiltinLiaoheOilfieldalongthenorthcoastofBohaibay.Andintheyearof1997,againthethirdartificialIsland,No.2LiaohaiSeaflowerwasfounded.Theyarenearlythesameineveryparameter.2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSINCHINANo.1LiaohaiSeaflowerIsland(1995,-2.44mWD,64.0m)

Tosumup,thesetwoislandshavefollowingtechnologicalinnovationsinconstructionmethod:Assemblingandhoisting,installinginwholeoflarge-scalesteelmouldtechnologies;Hovercraftconveyandrectifyingdeviationoflarge-scalesteelmouldtechnologies;Placingunderwaterconcretedirectlytechnologies(mainlyduetotheuseofNon-dispersibleunderwaterconcrete);Settlementequably(sinkingbygravity)atseaforlarge-scalestructures;Deviationrectifyingtechnologyoflarge-scalestructureonsandinessseabedatsea;Hydroskimmertransportationandconstructiontechnologiesinbeach-shallowseaareas.2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINAArtificialislandconnectedwithmainlandbyanapproachroadhasbecomethetypicalmodefordevelopingoilandgasinthesearea.2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSINCHINANo.LocationExistentOffshoreStructuresinBohai(

5mwaterdepth)

Plansin2yearsApproachRoadsArtificialIslandsPlatforms1DagangOilfield20km41ZhangdongBlockisunderconstruction2JidongOilfield1.66km14NanpuNo.2ArtificialIslandwillbeBuilt3LiaoheOilfield30.8km36(12disused)

3

Twoblocks(Tai-Kui,KuiDong)areunderfeasibilitystudy4ShengliOilfield52km2615

TheconstructiontechnologiesofartificialislandinChinahavebeendevelopedrapidlyinrecent10years.EveryoilfieldalongBohaicoasthasobtainedlotsofexperiencebasedontheirownbeach-shallowseanaturalenvironmentalconditions.OnlyinShengliOilfield,theChina’ssecondlargestoilfield,morethan20artificialislandsweresofarcompleted.Figure3andFigure4arethephotosoftwoartificialislandsinShengliOilfield.

2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINA

Fig.3PhotoofZhuang106ArtificialIslandinShengliOilfield(stoneandsandstructure)Fig.4PhotoofLao301ArtificialIslandinShengliOilfield(builtinmiddleof1990’s)2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINAFig.6PhotoofKD401

ArtificialIslandinShengliOilfield(Havingtheshapeofarectangle,builtinendof1990’s)

2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINAFig.8PhotosofZhuang47ArtificialIslandinShengliOilfield(ellipticalshape,viewfromdifferentdirections)2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINA

Fig.9PhotoofHainan8ArtificialIslandinLiaoheOilfield(builtin2006,waterdepth-1.85m,size:6080m)2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINAPicturesofframedbridgeand

ArtificialIslandsinYuedongBlock,LiaoheOilfield2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINA

InApril,2002,ZhuangHai2×1ArtificialIslandwithapproachroadof1.39kmlonginDagangoilfieldwasestablished,Theislandlocatedinwaterdepthof-1.1mwithlandareaof4800m2(55×87m).PhotosofZhuangHai2×1ArtificialIsland

(Left:distantview;Right:closeview)2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINA

InOct.,2006,abiggerisland,ZhuangHai4×1ArtificialIslandinDagangOilfieldwasbuilt,whichlocatedinwaterdepthof-1.5m,eachsideoftheislandis140mlong.Itsdesignandlayoutfollowsthestandardofmodernseaportengineeringrequirement.Thesurvivalenvironmentalloadandearthquakeintensitydefensewereselected50yearsencounterand7degreesrespectively.Theeffectivelandareaoftheislandisabout20000m2anditsgroundprocessisoptimizedcollocationsystematicallyaccordingtoitsoiloutputscale.

2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINA

Fig.10DesignschemeofZhuangHai4×1ArtificialIslandinDagangOilfield

ConcretewavewallConcreteperfusionpilePlasticdrainageshutterStormpavementby

pedestalUnderlaystoneSandcushionBankcoreStoneInversesievelayerApronstoneFig.11CrosssectionofZhuangHai4×1IslandonEastandNorthDirections(differentbuildingmaterialsandstructure)

186.0522RoadsurfaceSandPileRubbershipboardBollardBankcoreStoneInversesievelayerFlexibleraftforapronSandcushionSteelpartsconnectionSteelcylindercomponentPlasticdrainageshutterConcretecoverboardConcretewavewall

Fig.12CrosssectionofZhuangHai4×1ArtificialIslandontheSouthDirectionIntheyearof2007,ThebiggestartificialislandinChina,namedNanpuNo.1ArtificialIslandwasbuiltinJidongOilfield.Theisland’sareais420,000m2(600×700m)withaapproachroadof1.66kmlong,locatedinwaterdepthof-2.50m,NowtheislandhasbecometheoperationcenterofNanpuBlock,JidongOilfield.)2.DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINA

2.DEVELOPINGPROCESSINCHINAThedesignsketchofNanpuNo.1ArtificialIslandanditswestapproachroadinJidongOilfield

PictureviewofNanpuNo.1ArtificialIslandanditswestapproachroadinJidongOilfield2.DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINA

PhotoofNanpuNo.1ArtificialIslandanditswestapproachroadinJidongOilfield(Thebiggest,600×700m,-2.50mWD)2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINAFig.16ViewsontheNanpuNo.1ArtificialIsland

2.

DEVELOPINGPROCESSOFARTIFICIALISLANDCONSTRUCTIONINCHINA

3.RELATEDREQUIRMENTSFORCONSTRUCTION&EMPLOYMENTOFARTIFICIALISLANDSoftgroundtreatmentStormpavementandapron

SelectionsofenvironmentalloadObservationandinspectionSafetyandlifesavingEnvironmentprotectionReusethecaissoncomponents

3.

RELATEDREQUIRMENTSFORCONSTRUCTION&EMPLOYMENTOFARTIFICIALISLANDSoftgroundtreatment

Generally,Thenaturalsoftgroundfoundationforbuildinganislandinseabedneedstobetreatedandreinforced.Thereareavarietyofsoftgroundfoundationtreatmentmethods,includingremovalandreplacement,stabilizationbydewateringandbyconsolidation,pilingandcaissonstructure,anddeepvibratorytechniquesandsoon.Itissuggestedthatacomparingofdifferentmethodsshouldbemadebasedonbothtechnologicalandeconomicalfactors.

3.

RELATEDREQUIRMENTSFORCONSTRUCTION&EMPLOYMENTOFARTIFICIALISLAND2.Stormpavementandapron

Duetothesevereenvironmentalconditionsatbeach-shallowsea,artificialislandisalwaysunderattacksofvariedforcessuchasseawind,waveandwatercurrent,aswellasiceetc.Itisveryimportantforanislandtolaystormpavementandaprontoprotecttheisland’sslope,toensuretheislandstabilityandsafety,andtokeepthefillingmaterialsinnertheislandnottobewashout.

3.

RELATEDREQUIRMENTSOFARTIFICIALISLANDSelectionsofenvironmentalload

Themainsourceofenvironmentalloadssuchasseawind,wave,iceaccumulationetc.shouldbeconfirmedabsolutelycorrectandprecise,fortheyhaveconsiderableinfluenceonprojectcost.Specially,theconfirmationofseaiceandearthquakeloadsmusthaveenoughdataandevidence,forthesetwoloadsarethecontrollingonesonmostcases.

3.

RELATEDREQUIRMENTSFORCONSTRUCTION&EMPLOYMENTOFARTIFICIALISLAND4.Observationandinspection

It’snecessarytoobserveandinspectthestabilityandstrengthofanartificialislandduringconstructionandemploymentinordertoforecastpossibleaccidentsandreducerisks.Somemonitoringinstrumentneedstobeembeddedinsidetheislandduringtheconstructionperiod.Normally,mattersneededtobemonitoredincludesedimentationofislandfoundation,displacementofcomponent,sedimentwashingandremainingstrengthofstructuralcomponentandmaterials.

3.

RELATEDREQUIRMENTSFORCONSTRUCTION&EMPLOYMENTOFARTIFICIALISLANDSafetyandlifesaving

Itisobviousthatlifesavingontheseaisexceptionalimportant.Eachartificialislandmustprovideeffectivesafeandlifesavingfacilitiesandequipment,suchasalarmdevice,rescueboat,firefightingfacilitiesandsoon.Theemergencyresponseplanmustbeproposedbeforetheislandbeingused.

3.

RELATEDREQUIRMENTSFORCONSTRUCTION&EMPLOYMENTOFARTIFICIALISLANDEnvironmentprotection

Atthepresent,oceanenvironmentalprotectionhasbeenpaidincreasinglyattentionallovertheworld.Forsomepossiblepollutionaccident,thereshouldberelevantpreventionandtreatmentmethodsaftertheislandbeingdesigned,constructedandemployed.Inaddition,someitemsshouldbeevaluatedbeforetheprojectbeginning.Theseitemsincludeenvironmentalchangeduringtheperiodofislandconstruction,environmentinfluenceduetotheislandemployed,andenvironmentharmfulnesswhentheislandbeingabandoned.3.

RELATEDREQUIRMENTSFORCONSTRUCTION&EMPLOYMENTOFARTIFICIALISLAND7.Reusethecaissoncomponents

Somecomponentsoftheartificialisland,e.g.caissonandbiggerstones,aresupposedtoreusetimeaftertimeinordertoreducecost.Thisisalsoadevelopmenttendencyofartificialislandconstructionintheworld.Therefore,thisfactoroughttobethoughtoverduringthecaisson’smanufacture,transport,installation,removalandre-buildup,makingthewholeprocesssimple,convenientandoperatedaseasilyaspossible.

Generally,constructionofanartificialislandisofhigherriskandneedshigherinvestment;thereforethefollowingrequirementsmustbesatisfied:Allnationalandinternationallawandcodeinvolvedoceansecurityandenvironmentalprotectionmastbeabided.Thedesigningschemeshouldadoptadvancedtechnology,reducethecost,protectenvironment,ensuresafety,andmeettheneedsofnotonlydrillingandoilextraction,butalsodisassemblyormovingaftertheislandrunningdown.Itisregardedthatsomeprinciplesshouldbefollowedwhendesigninganisland,suchasadjustingmeasurestolocalconditions,takingadvantageofnearbyconstructionmaterialsandconvenience,shorteningworktimeontheseaetc.3.

RELATEDREQUIRMENTSFORCONSTRUCTION&EMPLOYMENTOFARTIFICIALISLAND

4.APPLICABLECODESANDSTANDARDSINCHINASY/T4084-1995

Technicalspecificationofenvironmentalconditionsandloadinbeach-shallowsea

SY/T4097-1995

Technicalspecificationofdesigningandconstructingslopingartificialislandmadeofsandandstoneforpetroleumengineeringinbeach-shallowsea

SY/T4086-1995

Technicalspecificationofdesignandconstructionofpipenetworkonstructuresinbeach-shallowsea

SY/T0313-96Specificationfordesignandconstructionofwharfsforpetroleumengineeringinbeach-shallowseaSY/T0314-96Technicalspecificationofstructuredesignandconstructionforconcreteplatforminbeach-shallowsea

4.APPLICABLECODESANDSTANDARDSINCHINASY/T4089-1995

Technicalspecificationofelectricinstallationforpetroleumengineeringinbeach-shallowsea

SY/T4092-1995

Technicalspecificationofinsulationforpetroleumengineeringinbeach-shallowsea

SY/T4088-1995

Technicalspecificationofwatersupplyandsewerageforpetroleumengineeringinbeach-shallowsea

GB18486-2001Standardforpollutioncontrolofsewageinmarinedisposalengineering

……

4.APPLICABLECODESANDSTANDARDSINCHINA

Thereareplentyofcodes,standardsandspecifications(～60wereissued?)involvedoilandgasartificialisland’sdesignandconstructioninChina.Thesecodesandstandardsspecifytheartificialislands’structuredesign,buildingmaterials,naturalcondition,constructiontechnology,abandonmentprocedures,environmentalprotectionandtheadministeringexaminationandapproval

requirements,etc.Nearlyallaspectsinvolvedareconcernedandspecified.

InApril2007,TheStateOceanicAdministrationofChina

announcedanewdocument:“OpiniononStrengtheningtheManagementofOceanUseforConstructingArtificialIsland”.Thedocumentwillmostlyinfluencethecodesandstandardsonthistopicinfuture.Themainpointsofthe“Opinion”areasfollowings:

1.Strictlycontrolthequantityanddensityofartificialisland.Keepingadequatedistanceamongneighboringislands;2.EnhancePlanninganddesignforconstructinganisland.reasonablelayout,overallarrangementetc.;4.APPLICABLECODESANDSTANDARDSINCHINA

3.Theisland’constructionschememustbepassedthesufficient

comparison,selectionandexaminationofargumentation,inordertoensuretheopticalschemeunderparticularconditionsfinallybeingadopted;4.Thebeach-shallowseaareausedforconstructinganartificialislandforoilandgaspurposemustlocatedareaofwaterdep