【培訓(xùn)課件】工程碩士研究生英語基礎(chǔ)教程

工程碩士研究生英語基礎(chǔ)教程Unit41TableofContents1.Text2.Exercise3.PartB:Grammar4.PartC2TextA:ATimeforApologies3[1]Throughouthistory,sayingsorryisnotsomethingpoliticalandreligiousleadershavefeltcomfortableabout.Someseeitasasignofweakness;forothersit'sanadmissionthattheyareliabletomakeerrors－somethingreligiousinstitutionsareparticularlycarefultoavoid.4[1]在整個(gè)歷史上，說對不起并不是讓政治和宗教領(lǐng)袖感覺舒服的一件事。一些人把說對不起看作是軟弱的象征；另一些人認(rèn)為說對不起意味著成認(rèn)自己是容易犯錯(cuò)誤的-——這一點(diǎn)是宗教機(jī)構(gòu)特別小心加以回避的。5[2]Butaspoliticalsystemshavebecomemoresophisticated,theideathatgovernmentsorchurchesarefaultlesshasbecomeincreasinglydifficulttodefend.Theresponseofsomepeopleinpositionsofauthorityhasbeentostandupandapologizeforpastwrongs.6[2]但隨著政治體制變得更加精密復(fù)雜，政府和教會(huì)是無懈可擊的觀點(diǎn)已越來越難以站得住腳跟。一些身居要職的人對此的反響是站起來為過去的錯(cuò)誤抱歉。7[3]Thetrendbeganinearnestin1995,whentheQueenofEnglandadmittedthattheMaoripeopleofNewZealandhadbeenshamefullytreated,whenthecountrywasaBritishcolony.Sincethen,whatstartedastrickleofapologieshasturnedintosomethingofaflood.Lastyearalone,apologieswereissuedbythreeoftheworld'smostpowerfulnations.8[3]這個(gè)潮流是從1995年才真正開始的。當(dāng)時(shí)英國女王成認(rèn)在新西蘭還是英國的殖民地時(shí)，新西蘭的土著毛利人曾遭到英國人的羞辱。從這以后，以涓涓細(xì)流開始的抱歉就變成了抱歉的滔滔洪水。僅去年一年，就有三個(gè)世界最權(quán)威的國家道了歉。9[3]TheUSPresident,BillClinton,apologizedformedicalexperimentswhichhisgovernmentcarriedoutonblackAmericanmeninthe1930s;theBritishPrimeMinister,TonyBlair,apologizedforBritain'sfailuretohelpvictimsoftheIrishpotatofamine,whichkilledoveramillionpeoplelastcentury;andFrenchCatholicBishopsapologizedfortheroleoftheirpredecessorsduringWorldWarII.10[3]美國總統(tǒng)比爾?克林頓為本世紀(jì)30年代美國政府在美國黑人身上進(jìn)行醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)而抱歉：英國首相托里?布萊爾為上一世紀(jì)英國在愛爾蘭因土豆枯萎而引發(fā)的饑荒中沒有幫助受災(zāi)的饑民而抱歉，這次饑荒使一百多萬人喪生；法國天主教的主教們?yōu)樗麄兊那叭卧诙?zhàn)中的表現(xiàn)而抱歉。11[4]Butwhydoheadsofstatefeeltheneedtoapologize,andwhynow?Oneanswerhastodowiththerecent50th-anniversaryoftheendofWorldWarII.Threeyearsago,governmentsaroundtheworldwantedtomarkthishistoriceventwithsomeacts.Butthosecountrieswhichhadbeenonthewinningsidefoundthatsimplecelebrationsofvictorywerenolongerappropriate.12[4]但為什么政府首腦感覺有抱歉的必要，并且為什么現(xiàn)在才有這種感覺呢?原因之一是與最近的二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束50周年紀(jì)念有關(guān)。3年前，世界各國政府想以行動(dòng)來紀(jì)念這個(gè)有歷史意義的事件。但二戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)勝國發(fā)現(xiàn)簡單地慶賀勝利已不再適宜。13[4]Manypoliticalleaders,likemostoftheircitizens,belongtopost-wargenerations,whonowlookontheconflictasmorethansimplythevictoryofgoodoverevil.Also,thepassingoftimehaserasedmuchofthepropagandaoftheperiod.Initsplace,recentlydeclassifieddocumentsrevealthatmanyofthevictorseitherprofited,orturnedablindeyetothesufferingsofthewar.14[4]許多政治領(lǐng)袖，和他們的國民一樣，屬于戰(zhàn)后的一代，他們現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為那次戰(zhàn)爭并不是簡單的正義戰(zhàn)勝邪惡的戰(zhàn)爭。并且，時(shí)間的流逝抹去了很多當(dāng)時(shí)的宣傳色彩。與宣傳相反，近期被銷密的文件顯示戰(zhàn)勝方的許多人不是獲得了利益，就是對戰(zhàn)爭所造成的災(zāi)難視而不見。15[5]Intheevent,the50th-anniversarycelebrationsemphasizedtherecreationofharmonyandthedesirenevertorepeatthecrueltiesandsufferingofWorldWarII.Butamidthegeneralgoodwill,thefewremainingsurvivorsofcrueltiesliketheHolocaust,andmilitaryoccupation,calledfortheirpersonalsufferingtobeadmitted,andforcompensationtobepaid.16[5]結(jié)果，二戰(zhàn)50周年的慶?；顒?dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)了重鑄和解以及永遠(yuǎn)不使二戰(zhàn)中的暴行和苦難重演的愿望。但在這些普遍的良好愿望中，還有在二戰(zhàn)中經(jīng)受過如大屠殺暴行和軍事占領(lǐng)暴行的極少數(shù)幸存者要求成認(rèn)他們的個(gè)人傷害，并要求加以賠償；17[6]Twogroups－JewishsurvivorsoftheHolocaustandKoreanwomenwhowereforcedintoprostitutionbytheJapanesearmy－h(huán)avebothreceivedapologies.However,neithergroupisentirelysatisfiedwiththeresult.18[6]有兩局部人——大屠殺中幸存的猶太人和被日本軍隊(duì)強(qiáng)征為軍妓的朝鮮婦女都被致歉了。然而，對這一結(jié)果他們都不完全滿意。19[7]ButtherenewedinvestigationofcrimescommittedduringWorldWarIIisonlyonereasonfortheapologyphenomenon.Othergovernments,notablytheUS,havealsorealizedthatiftheywanttodemandhighstandardsofmoralbehaviourfromothernations,theycanonlydosoiftheyadmittheirownpastwrongs.20[7]重新審視二戰(zhàn)期間犯下的罪行只是抱歉現(xiàn)象的原因之一。其他一些政府，尤其是美國，也已意識(shí)到如果他們想要求其他國家有高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的道德行為，他們只有成認(rèn)自己過去的錯(cuò)誤，才能做到這一點(diǎn)。21[7]PresidentClintonhasrespondedbymakingpublicapologiestoUScitizens,who,asrecentlyasthe1950s,wereusedasguinea-pigsinsecretexperimentsinvolvingradiationandsexuallytransmitteddiseases.HeisalsoexpectedtomakeaformalapologytothedescendantsofslavesintheUS.22[7]克林頓總統(tǒng)對此已作出了反響，他對近在本世紀(jì)50年代進(jìn)行的一次涉及輻射和性病傳染的秘密實(shí)驗(yàn)中被用做實(shí)驗(yàn)對象的美國公民公開致歉。人們也期望他對美國奴隸的后裔作出正式的抱歉。23[8]Butit'snotjustasenseofconscience,nordemandsfrompressuregroups,whichliesbehindtheseapologies.Awell-timedapologycandoalottopromoteaheadofstate'spublicimage－inthe90s,caringandsympatheticleadersarebettervotewinnersthanproudanddeterminedones.24[8]支撐這些抱歉的并不僅僅是良心的發(fā)現(xiàn)，也不僅僅是壓力群體的要求。一個(gè)恰逢時(shí)候的抱歉對抬高首腦人物的公眾形象是很有幫助的。在90年代，體貼和富于情感的領(lǐng)袖人物要比驕傲和武斷的領(lǐng)袖人物贏得更多的選票。25[9]However,playingthepublic-relationsgamewithapologiesisdangerous,assomepoliticianshavefoundtotheircost.TheSwissgovernmentisstilltryingtoputrightthepublic-relationsdisasterthatresultedfromtheirpartialapologyforSwitzerland'sdealingswiththeNazisinthe1930sand40s.26[9]然而，玩用抱歉來贏得公眾關(guān)系的游戲是危險(xiǎn)的，這一點(diǎn)一些政治家已親身體會(huì)到了。瑞士政府仍然還在試圖擺平一場公共關(guān)系的災(zāi)難，災(zāi)難發(fā)生的原因在于他們對他們國家在本世紀(jì)30和40年代與納粹分子的交往所作的抱歉是不公平的。27[10]But,inBritain,TonyBlairhasgainedadifferentkindofpoliticaladvantagethroughhisapologyfortheIrishpotatofamine.HisstatementhashelpedimproverelationsbetweenthepartiesinvolvedinthedifficultpeacenegotiationsoverNorthernIreland.Heisnowthoughttobeconsideringanofficialapologyforthe1972killingofNorthernIrishCatholicsbytheBritishArmyonwhathasbecomeknownas"BloodySunday".28[10]但在英國，托里?布萊爾通過對愛爾蘭土豆饑荒的抱歉卻獲得了另一種政治上的利益。他的抱歉有助于改善在北愛爾蘭問題和平談判中陷于僵局的雙方關(guān)系。人們認(rèn)為他現(xiàn)在正考慮對1972年英國軍隊(duì)在所謂“血腥星期日’’那天對北愛爾蘭天主教徒進(jìn)行的屠殺作正式的抱歉。29[11]Beforeheissuesanapology,however,TonyBlairwillhavetoconsiderthepossibilitythatvictim'sfamiliesmightissueclaimsforcompensation.Thecostoffulfillingorfightingsuchclaimscouldoutweighanypoliticaladvantages.Also,becausethiseventhappenedrelativelyrecently,relationsbetweenthedifferentsidesinNorthernIrelandcouldsuffer.30[11]然而，在托里?布萊爾宣布抱歉以前，他將不得不考慮受害者家屬要求賠償?shù)目赡苄?。接受或拒絕類似的索賠要求的代價(jià)可能會(huì)大大超過任何政治上所獲取的好處。并且，由于這次事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間比較近，有關(guān)北愛爾蘭問題雙方的關(guān)系可能會(huì)受到損害。31[12]Thesepointsillustratesomeoftherisksthatleaderstakewhensayingsorryforpastwrongs.But,formostleaders,theseriskshavebeenpurelyacademic.Soacademic,infact,thatthereisaconcernthat"sorry"mightturnouttobetheeasiestwordafterall.32[12]這幾點(diǎn)說明了首腦人物在為過去的錯(cuò)誤作抱歉時(shí)所承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但對大多數(shù)領(lǐng)袖人物來說，這樣的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是沒有實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容的。事實(shí)上，這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是如此的空泛，以至于有一種擔(dān)憂，認(rèn)為“對不起〞這個(gè)詞竟然將成為最容易說的詞。331.

liable

a.

1.易患...的;易...的[(+to)][+to-v]

Everymanisliabletoerror.

每個(gè)人都會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。

2.會(huì)...的;【美】【口】可能的[+to-v]

Thisarticleisliabletogiveoffencetomanypeople.

這篇文章很可能觸犯許多人。

3.負(fù)有法律責(zé)任的,有義務(wù)的[(+for)][+to-v]

Theshippingcompanywillbeliablefordamage.

運(yùn)輸公司將對損壞負(fù)責(zé)。Liability

n.1.傾向[U][(+to)]

myliabilitytobadcolds

我容易得重感冒2.責(zé)任,義務(wù)[U][C][(+for)][+to-v]Headmittedhisliabilityfortheaccident.他成認(rèn)自己對這起事故應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任LanguageStudy34sophisticated

a.1.老于世故的Sheisasophisticatedwoman.她是一個(gè)老于世故的女人。2.復(fù)雜的,精密的,高度開展的sophisticatedweapons

尖端武器plicatedmachine,complexproblemLanguageStudy35earnesta.1.認(rèn)真的;誠摯的;熱心的[(+in/about/over)]Mrs.Whiteisearnestaboutcommunitywork.n.1.認(rèn)真,誠摯[U]I‘mnotjoking;I’minearnest.

我不是開玩笑;我是認(rèn)真的。inearnestadv.認(rèn)真地,誠摯地LanguageStudy36issuevt.1.發(fā)行;發(fā)布Thepostofficeissuedthestampslastweek.上星期郵局發(fā)行了這些郵票。2.發(fā)給,配給[O][(+to)],核發(fā)Whoissuedthetraveldocuments?是誰核發(fā)這些旅游證件的?n.1.問題;爭論;爭議[C]Theyhavepublishedalotofnewbooksoninternationalissues.他們已經(jīng)出版了很多論述國際問題的新書。2.發(fā)行(物);一次發(fā)行量;(報(bào)刊)期號[C]There'sanarticleaboutJamaicainthisissue.在這一期里有一篇關(guān)于牙買加的文章。backissue過期的期刊LanguageStudy37Havest.todowith和。。。。有關(guān)

Ithasnothingtodowithme.這跟我無關(guān)。LanguageStudy38與宣傳相反，近期被銷密的文件顯示戰(zhàn)勝方的許多人不是獲得了利益，就是對戰(zhàn)爭所造成的災(zāi)難視而不見。LanguageStudy39callfor1.需要

Thisisaproblemthatcallsforimmediatesolution.

這是個(gè)迫切需要解決的問題。

Thisjobcallsforpatience.這項(xiàng)工作需要耐心。Callon〔人〕1.拜訪

Ishallcallonyounextweek.

我下星期去看你。2.號召;請求

You'dbettercallonyourfriendstohelpyou.你最好請朋友來幫你。Callat〔地方〕1.到...作短暫訪問

Theycalledatmyhouseyesterday.

昨天他們到我家。2.?？?/p>

Thistraincallsatthechiefstationsonly.這班列車只?？看笳?。Calloff〔cancel〕1.取消

Whywasthefootballmatchcalledoff?足球賽為什么取消?LanguageStudy40GuineaPigs-HistoryPicturesource:

CavyMadness?19999-2003

NhanandTammyRaoFossilrecordsoftheexistenceofGuineaPigsdatebacktotheMioceneperiodover18millionyearsago.GuineaPigs(orcavies)areknownfromancienttimes.TheyoriginatedfromSouthAmerica,wheretodaytheystillliveinthewild.GuineaPigsinhabitgrasslands,rockyareas,andareasnearforests.TheIncasfarmedandselectedthemforfoodandasreligiousicons.LegendsholdthatGuineaPigsaremysticalbeingsthatcanhealthesickandassistthedying.CurrentlyinPeru,Bolivia,andEcuador,theroastedGuineaPigisatypicalfood.LongaftertheSpanishbroughtthemtoEuropeinthe16thcentury,selectivebreedingofGuineaPigsbeganinEuropeinthebeginningofthe20thcentury.TheoriginoftheGuineaPig'snameislostinhistory.

Weight:Malesare900-1000gram;femalesare700-900gram.

LanguageStudy41GuineaPigs-HistoryPicturesource:

CavyMadness?19999-2003

NhanandTammyRaoFossilrecordsoftheexistenceofGuineaPigsdatebacktotheMioceneperiodover18millionyearsago.GuineaPigs(orcavies)areknownfromancienttimes.TheyoriginatedfromSouthAmerica,wheretodaytheystillliveinthewild.GuineaPigsinhabitgrasslands,rockyareas,andareasnearforests.TheIncasfarmedandselectedthemforfoodandasreligiousicons.LegendsholdthatGuineaPigsaremysticalbeingsthatcanhealthesickandassistthedying.CurrentlyinPeru,Bolivia,andEcuador,theroastedGuineaPigisatypicalfood.LongaftertheSpanishbroughtthemtoEuropeinthe16thcentury,selectivebreedingofGuineaPigsbeganinEuropeinthebeginningofthe20thcentury.TheoriginoftheGuineaPig'snameislostinhistory.

Weight:Malesare900-1000gram;femalesare700-900gram.

LanguageStudy42outweighvt.1.比...重2.比...更重要(或更有價(jià)值等)Theadvantagesoftheplanoutweighitsdisadvantages.這一方案的好處超過了它的不利方面。Outrun,outwork,outgrow,outflow,outsmartLanguageStudy43turnouttobe(后接名詞或形容詞)結(jié)果是...;原來是...;證明是...Heturnedouttobeathief.LanguageStudy44EXERCISESI.ReadingComprehensionII.GettingInformationIII.VocabularyAndStructureA

B

CIV.TranslationA

B

CGrammarEx.1Ex.245READINGCOMPREHENSION1-5:CDCBA46GETTINGINFORMATIONOMITTED47VOCABULARYANDSTRUCTURE:Aapologyliableauthorityfaminepredecessorerasegenerationsufferingcompensationinvestigationphenomenondisaster48VOCABULARYANDSTRUCTURE:Bissuedcelebratewasapologizingappropriatesupplicatedsufferingacademicconsciencewassympathetichistoric49VOCABULARYANDSTRUCTURE:Cresultedfromturnedintoturnedouttobeinearnestbelongtoturnablindeyetolookon…ascarriedoutfindtomycostintheevent50Translation:A1.這個(gè)潮流是從1995年才真正開始的。當(dāng)時(shí)英國女王成認(rèn)在新西蘭還是英國的殖民地時(shí)，新西蘭的土著毛利人曾遭到英國人的羞辱。2.許多政治領(lǐng)袖，和他們的國民一樣，屬于戰(zhàn)后的一代，他們現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為那次戰(zhàn)爭并不是簡單的正義戰(zhàn)勝邪惡的戰(zhàn)爭。3.支撐這些抱歉的并不僅僅是良心的發(fā)現(xiàn)，也不僅僅是壓力群體的要求。4.瑞士政府仍然還在試圖擺平一場公共關(guān)系的災(zāi)難，災(zāi)難發(fā)生的原因在于他們對他們國家在本世紀(jì)30和40年代與納粹分子的交往所作的抱歉是不公平的。5.事實(shí)上，這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是如此的空泛，以至于有一種擔(dān)憂，認(rèn)為“對不起〞這個(gè)詞竟然將成為最容易說的詞。51Translation:Btoturnablindeyetothesufferingsofthewar.the50thanniversarycelebrationtomakepublicapologiestoawell-timedapologytopromoteaheadofstate’spublicimage.toputrightthepublic-relationsdisaster.tosaysorryforpastwrongs.recentlydeclassifieddocuments.toadmitone’sownpastwrongs.topaycompensationforwardamage.52Translation:CWehopethattheJapanesegovernmentwouldmakeaformalapologytotheChinesepeoplefortheircrueltiescommittedduringWorldWarII.Itturnedoutthattwotravelershadbeenkilled.Peoplenowlookonatelevisionsetasanessentialfacilityforlife.Theheadofstatewhoturnsablindeyetothepeople’ssufferingswillnotgainsupportfromthem.Thebraveyoungmanriskedhislifeintryingtosavethechildfromthelake.53PartCLifeandTimesofBillClinton54[1]BetweentheendoftheSecondWorldWarandtheearlysixties,ababyboomoccurredintheU.S.,andpeoplebornduringthatperiodwereknownasthe“babyboomers.〞BillClintonisnodoubtatypicalrepresentativeofthatgeneration.Likethe1992generalelections,thepresidentialelectionof1997wasnotmerelyaskirmishbetweentwopoliticalpartiesbutalsoagenerationwarbetweenthe“babyboomers〞andtheG.I.generationrepresentedbyBushandDole.Clinton’striumphsignaledashiftofU.S.politicalpowerfromtheoldergenerationtotheyoungerone,andreflectsdevelopmentsoffarreachingsignificanceintoday’sAmericanpolitics.55[1]56[2]WilliamJeffersonClintonwasbornonAugust19,1946,inthemountaincityofHope,Arkansas.InEnglish,“Hope〞means“xiwang.〞NowonderthatlateronClinton’ssupportersoftencalledhim“themanfromthecityofhope.〞57[2]58[3]ThefamilycircumstancesofClinton’schildhoodyearswereveryunfortunate.Clinton’sownfatherdiedinatrafficaccident3monthsbeforeClintonwasborn.Hisstepfather,RogerClinton,wasahabitualdrunkard,whichcauseddiscordinthefamily.SuchanexperiencehelpedClintonbecomeamanwhoknewhisownmind,hadself-restraintandself-control,andwasadeptatcompetition.Self-reliant,diligentandhardworking,Clintongainedagoodeducation.Inthefallof1964,heenrolledinGeorgetownUniversityinWashingtonD.C.,andmajoredininternationalpolitics.Aftergraduation,hewonthefamousRhodesscholarshipandpursuedadvancedstudiesfor2yearsinEngland’sOxfordUniversity.In1971heenteredYaleUniversity’slawcollegeandobtainedadoctorateinlawtwoyearslater.Duringhisuniversitydays,Clintonactivelyparticipatedinthestudents’movementagainsttheVietnamWar,avoidedarmyenlistment,andtookatriptoMoscow