第六章合同法律制度

在商業(yè)時(shí)代,財(cái)富多半是由許諾組成的.

龐德美國(guó)法學(xué)家“人是生而自由的，卻又無(wú)往不在枷鎖之中”

盧梭：《社會(huì)契約論》，商務(wù)印書館1980年版，第8頁(yè)。第六章合同法律制度

Chapter6ContractLaw合同法的發(fā)展歷程《經(jīng)濟(jì)合同法》《涉外合同法》《技術(shù)合同法》81、12、1385、3、2187、6、2393、9修改《中華人民共和國(guó)合同法》

1999年3月15日七屆人大二次會(huì)議通過(guò)，同年10月1日施行。一、合同法的概念、基本原則、調(diào)整范圍Conception、FundamentalPrinciples、ScopeofRegulation(一)合同法的概念：是調(diào)整當(dāng)事人之間以協(xié)議形式而形成的社會(huì)關(guān)系的法律規(guī)范的總稱。(二)基本原則FundamentalPrinciples

P65是指合同立法、執(zhí)法、守法活動(dòng)的基本思想，是貫穿于合同法規(guī)范的法律準(zhǔn)則1、合同自由原則theprincipleoffreedomofcontract2、誠(chéng)實(shí)信用原則theprincipleofgoodfaith3、鼓勵(lì)交易原則theprincipleofpromotingtransaction(三)調(diào)整范圍ScopeofRegulation僅調(diào)整涉及財(cái)產(chǎn)因素的社會(huì)關(guān)系，不調(diào)整人身因素的社會(huì)關(guān)系?；橐觥⑹震B(yǎng)、監(jiān)護(hù)等有關(guān)身份關(guān)系的協(xié)議，適用其他法律的規(guī)定。Agreementsinvolvingpersonalstatusrelationshipsuchasonmatrimony,adoption,guardianship,etc.shallapplytheprovisionsofotherLaws二、合同的概念和種類(一)合同：contract是平等主體的自然人、法人、其他組織之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事權(quán)利、義務(wù)關(guān)系的協(xié)議。anagreementestablishing,modifyingandterminatingtherelationshipofcivilrightsandobligationsbetweennaturalpersons,legalpersonsorotherorganizationshavingequalstatus.(二)合同的種類(合同法的分類)1、買賣合同CONTRACTSFORSALE

是出賣人轉(zhuǎn)移標(biāo)的物的所有權(quán)于買受人，買受人支付價(jià)款的合同。2、供用電、水、氣、熱力合同CONTRACTSFORSUPPLYANDUSEOFELECTRICITY,WATER,GASORHEATING

供電供電人用電人電費(fèi)供水供水人用水人水費(fèi)、

供氣供氣人用氣人、氣費(fèi)熱力供熱力人用熱力人熱力費(fèi)。3、贈(zèng)與合同CONTRACTSFORDONATION是贈(zèng)與人將自己的財(cái)產(chǎn)無(wú)償給予受贈(zèng)人，受贈(zèng)人表示接受贈(zèng)與的合同。4、借款合同CONTRACTSFORLOANS

是借款人向貸款人借款，到期返還借款并支付利息的合同。5、租賃合同CONTRACTSFORLEASE

是出租人將租賃物交付承租人使用、收益，承租人支付租金的合同。6、融資租賃合同CONTRACTSFORFINANCIALLEASE

是出租人根據(jù)承租人對(duì)出賣人、租賃物的選擇，向出賣人購(gòu)買租賃物，提供給承租人使用，承租人支付租金的合同。7、承攬合同CONTRACTSFORWORK是承攬人按照定作人的要求完成工作，交付工作成果，定作人給付報(bào)酬的合同。包括：加工、定作、修理、復(fù)制、測(cè)試、檢驗(yàn)等合同。8、建設(shè)工程合同CONTRACTSFORCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTS是承包人進(jìn)行工程建設(shè)、發(fā)包人支付價(jià)款的合同。包括：工程勘察、設(shè)計(jì)、施工合同9、運(yùn)輸合同CONTRACTSFORTRANSPORTATION

是承運(yùn)人將旅客或者貨物從起運(yùn)地點(diǎn)運(yùn)輸?shù)郊s定地點(diǎn)，旅客、托運(yùn)人或者收貨人支付票款或運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用的合同。包括：客運(yùn)合同、貨運(yùn)合同、多式聯(lián)運(yùn)合同；10、技術(shù)合同CONTRACTSFORTECHNOLOGY

是當(dāng)事人就技術(shù)開發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)讓、咨詢或者服務(wù)訂立的確立相互之間權(quán)利和義務(wù)的合同。包括：技術(shù)開發(fā)合同、技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓合同、技術(shù)咨詢合同、技術(shù)服務(wù)合同11、保管合同CONTRACTSFORSTORAGE是保管人保管寄存人交付的保管物，并返還該物的合同。12、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)合同CONTRACTSFORWAREHOUSING

是保管人儲(chǔ)存存貨人交付的倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)物，存貨人支付倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)費(fèi)的合同。13、委托合同CONTRACTSFORCOMMISSION

是委托人和受托人約定，由受托人處理委托人事務(wù)的合同14、行紀(jì)合同CONTRACTSFORBROKERAG是行紀(jì)人以自己的名義為委托人從事貿(mào)易活動(dòng)，委托人支付報(bào)酬的合同15、居間合同CONTRACTSFORINTERMEDIATION

是居間人向委托人報(bào)告訂立合同的機(jī)會(huì)或者提供訂立合同的媒介服務(wù)，委托人支付報(bào)酬的合同。合同的其他分類：1、以當(dāng)事人之間是否互負(fù)給付義務(wù)可分為：①雙務(wù)合同：②單務(wù)合同：2、以當(dāng)事人雙方是否存在對(duì)待給付關(guān)系可分為①有償合同與②無(wú)償合同3、根據(jù)法律是否規(guī)定了合同的名稱可分為①有名合同、②無(wú)名合同4、以合同的成立是否需要交付標(biāo)的物或完成其他給付行為可分為：①諾成合同②實(shí)踐合同5、以合同是否以法律要求的一定形式可分為①要式合同②不要式合同6、根據(jù)合同的效力可分為：①有效合同：具有充分的效力、沒(méi)有任何原因使之無(wú)效的合同②無(wú)效合同：指合同雖已成立，但因其違反法律、行政法規(guī)或公共利益而在法律上不產(chǎn)生合同的效力，對(duì)雙方當(dāng)事人均缺乏約束力的合同。③可撤銷合同：合同本身并非無(wú)法律上的約束力，但因合同具有瑕疵，有撤銷權(quán)的人在一定期間內(nèi)，有使合同失效或繼續(xù)生效的選擇權(quán)的合同。④效力待定合同：指合同雖已成立，但因其不完全符合有關(guān)生效要件的規(guī)定，因此其效力能否發(fā)生，尚未確定的合同。7、根據(jù)合同的表現(xiàn)形式可分為：①書面合同②口頭合同書面形式：是指合同書、信件和數(shù)據(jù)電文(包括電報(bào)、電傳、傳真、電子數(shù)據(jù)交換和電子郵件)等可以有形地表現(xiàn)所載內(nèi)容的形式。8、根據(jù)合同是否以其他合同的存在為前提而存在可分為：①主合同②從合同三、合同的訂立Formationofcontracts(一)合同訂立原則1、主體合格原則Principleofsubjectofqualification2、合法原則Principleoflegality3、平等互利、協(xié)商一致原則Principleofequallegalstatus,bilateralbenefitandconsultation4、誠(chéng)實(shí)信用原則theprincipleofgoodfaith(二)合同的主要條款：1、當(dāng)事人的名稱、或者姓名和住所；titleornameanddomicileoftheparties;2、標(biāo)的；object3、數(shù)量；quantity4、質(zhì)量；quality5、價(jià)款或者報(bào)酬；priceorremuneration6、履行期限、地點(diǎn)和方式；timelimitfor,placeandmethodof,performance7、違約責(zé)任；liabilityforbreachofcontract8、解決爭(zhēng)議的方法。methodstosettledisputes(三)合同訂立的程序Procedureofcontractformation1、要約offer又稱發(fā)盤、出價(jià)、報(bào)價(jià)

當(dāng)事人一方向?qū)Ψ桨l(fā)出的希望和對(duì)方訂立合同的意思表示。Anofferisaproposalmadebytheofferortotheofferee,inwhichofferorexpressesitsintentiontoenterintoacontractandproposeprincipaltermsandconditionsofthecontract.(1)當(dāng)事人：parties/litigants要約人受要約人offeror

offeree(2)要約的條件：①內(nèi)容具體確定；

Itscontentsshallbedetailedanddefinite;②表明經(jīng)受要約人承諾，要約人即受該意思表示約束Itindicatestheproposaloftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.(3)要約的生效：到達(dá)受要約人時(shí)生效；

Anofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee.采用數(shù)據(jù)電文形式訂立合同，收件人指定特定系統(tǒng)接收數(shù)據(jù)電文的，該數(shù)據(jù)電文進(jìn)人該特定系統(tǒng)的時(shí)間，視為到達(dá)時(shí)間；未指定特定系統(tǒng)的，該數(shù)據(jù)電文進(jìn)入收件人的任何系統(tǒng)的首次時(shí)間，視為到達(dá)時(shí)間。數(shù)據(jù)電文：包括電報(bào)、電傳、傳真、電子數(shù)據(jù)交換和電子郵件(4)要約的撤回withdrawaloftheoffer撤回的通知應(yīng)在要約到達(dá)受要約人之前和同時(shí)到達(dá)。Anoffermaybewithdrawn,ifthewithdrawalnoticereachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimewhentheofferarrives.(5)要約的撤銷therevocationoftheoffer

Anoffermayberevoked,iftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforeithasdispatchedanacceptance

撤銷的通知應(yīng)在受要約人發(fā)出承諾的通知之前到達(dá)受要約人。②有下列情形之一的，要約不得撤銷：A：要約人確定了承諾期限或者以其他形式明示要約不可撤銷；B：受要約人有理由認(rèn)為要約是不可撤銷的，并已經(jīng)為履行合同作了準(zhǔn)備工作。Anoffermaynotberevoked,if(1)theofferorindicatesafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwiseexplicitlystatesthattheofferisirrevocable;or(2)theoffereehasreasonstorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandhasmadepreparationforperformingthecontract.(6)要約的失效有下列情形之一的，要約失效：①拒絕要約的通知到達(dá)要約人；rejectionThenoticeofrejectionreachestheofferor;

②要約人依法撤銷要約的；revoctionTheofferorrevokesitsofferinaccordancewiththelaw;③承諾期限屆滿，受要約人未作出承諾；lapseTheoffereefailstomakeanacceptanceatthetimewhenthetimelimitforacceptanceexpires

④受要約人對(duì)要約的內(nèi)容作了實(shí)質(zhì)性變更Theoffereesubstantiallyaltersthecontentsoftheoffer.counteroffer

2、承諾：acceptance是受要約人同意要約的意思表示；Anacceptanceisastatementmadebytheoffereeindicatingassenttoanoffer.同意要約人受要約人offeror

offeree(1)構(gòu)成要件：①受要約人的意思表示；Anacceptanceisastatementmadebytheoffereeindicatingassenttoanoffer.②應(yīng)在要約確定的時(shí)間內(nèi)向要約人做出；A：承諾應(yīng)當(dāng)以通知的方式作出，但根據(jù)交易習(xí)慣或者要約表明可以通過(guò)行為作出承諾的除外；Exceptthatitisbasedontransactionpracticesorthattheofferindicatesanacceptancemaybemadebyperforminganact,theacceptanceshallbemadebymeansofnotice.B：承諾應(yīng)當(dāng)在要約確定的期限內(nèi)到達(dá)要約人；Anacceptanceshallreachtheofferorwithinthetimelimitfixedintheoffer.

要約沒(méi)有確定承諾期限的，承諾應(yīng)當(dāng)依照下列規(guī)定到達(dá)要約人：a:要約以對(duì)話方式做出的，應(yīng)當(dāng)即時(shí)做出承諾，但當(dāng)事人另有約定的除外；b:要約以非對(duì)話方式作出的，承諾應(yīng)當(dāng)在合理期限內(nèi)到達(dá)。Wherenotimelimitisfixedintheoffer,theacceptanceshallarriveinaccordancewiththefollowingprovisions:(1)Iftheofferismadeindialogues,theacceptanceshallbemadeimmediatelyexceptasotherwiseagreeduponbytheparties;(2)Iftheofferismadeinformsotherthanadialogue,theacceptanceshallarrivewithinareasonableperiodoftime.注意：①受要約人超過(guò)承諾期限發(fā)出承諾的，除要約人及時(shí)通知受要約人該該承諾有效的以外，為新要約；Whereanoffereemakesanacceptancebeyondthetimelimitforacceptance,theacceptanceshallbeanewofferexceptthattheofferorinformstheoffereeoftheeffectivenessofthesaidacceptancepromptly.

②受要約人在承諾期限內(nèi)發(fā)出承諾，按照通常情形能夠及時(shí)到達(dá)要約人，但因其他原因承諾到達(dá)要約人時(shí)超過(guò)承諾期限的，除要約人及時(shí)通知受要約人因承諾超過(guò)期限不接受承諾的以外，該承諾有效。Iftheoffereedispatchestheacceptancewithinthetimelimitforacceptancewhichcanreachtheofferorinduetimeundernormalcircumstances,buttheacceptancereachestheofferorbeyondthetimelimitbecauseofotherreasons,theacceptanceshallbeeffective,exceptthat,theofferorinformstheoffereepromptlythatitdoesnotaccepttheacceptancebecauseitexceedsthetimelimitforacceptance.③承諾內(nèi)容與要約內(nèi)容一致。受要約人對(duì)要約內(nèi)容做出實(shí)質(zhì)性變更的，為新要約。有關(guān)合同標(biāo)的、數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、價(jià)款或者報(bào)酬、履行期限、履行地點(diǎn)和方式、違約責(zé)任和解決爭(zhēng)議方法等的變更，是對(duì)要約內(nèi)容的實(shí)質(zhì)性變更。

Thecontentsofanacceptanceshallcomplywiththoseoftheoffer.Iftheoffereesubstantiallymodifiesthecontentsoftheoffer,itshallconstituteanewoffer.Themodificationrelatingtothecontractobject,quality,quantity,priceorremuneration,timeorplaceormethodofperformance,liabilitiesforbreachofcontractandthesettlementofdisputes,etc,shallconstitutethesubstantialmodificationofanoffer.承諾對(duì)要約內(nèi)容作出非實(shí)質(zhì)性變更的，除要約人及時(shí)表示反對(duì)或者要約表明承諾不得對(duì)要約的內(nèi)容作出任何變更的以外，該承諾有效，合同的內(nèi)容以承諾的內(nèi)容為準(zhǔn)；

Iftheacceptancedoesnotsubstantiallymodifiesthecontentsoftheoffer,itshallbeeffective,andthecontentsofthecontractshallbesubjecttothoseoftheacceptance,exceptasrejectedpromptlybytheofferororindicatedintheofferthatanacceptancemaynotmodifytheofferatall.(2)承諾的生效承諾通知到達(dá)要約人時(shí)生效；承諾不需要通知的，根據(jù)交易習(xí)慣或者要約的要求作出承諾的行為時(shí)生效。Anacceptancebecomeseffectivewhenitsnoticereachestheofferor.Ifanacceptanceneedn'tbenotified,itbecomeseffectivewhenanactofacceptanceisperformedinaccordancewithtransactionpracticesorasrequiredintheoffer.(3)承諾的撤回撤回承諾的通知應(yīng)當(dāng)在承諾通知到達(dá)要約人之前或者與承諾通知同時(shí)到達(dá)要約人。Anacceptancemaybewithdrawn,butanoticeofwithdrawalshallreachtheofferorbeforethenoticeofacceptancereachestheofferororatthesametimewhentheacceptancereachestheofferor.

得知萬(wàn)源公司需購(gòu)買一批電腦設(shè)備01-2-15發(fā)每臺(tái)電腦5000元出售01-2-18到興宏公司萬(wàn)源公司01-3-1到01-2-25回信每臺(tái)電腦4500元，購(gòu)500臺(tái)，4月底北京交貨，并附贈(zèng)電腦桌500張；01-3-10回信01-3-13到同意價(jià)格、交貨時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的要求問(wèn)：何為要約，何時(shí)生效？何為承諾，其何時(shí)生效？3、合同的成立重點(diǎn)掌握Establishmentofcontract①承諾生效時(shí)合同成立；Acontractisestablishedwhentheacceptancebecomeseffective.②當(dāng)事人采用合同書形式訂立合同的，自雙方當(dāng)事人簽字或者蓋章時(shí)合同成立；Wherethepartiesconcludeacontractinwrittenform,thecontractisestablishedwhenbothpartiessignoraffixasealonit.③當(dāng)事人采用信件、數(shù)據(jù)電文等形式訂立合同的，可以在合同成立之前要求簽訂確認(rèn)書。簽訂確認(rèn)書時(shí)合同成立；Wherethepartiesconcludethecontractintheformofaletterordata-telex,etc.,onepartymayrequesttosignaletterofconfirmationbeforetheconclusionofthecontract.Thecontractshallbeestablishedatthetimewhentheletterofconfirmationissigned.④法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定或者當(dāng)事人約定采用書面形式訂立合同，當(dāng)事人未采用書面形式但一方已經(jīng)履行主要義務(wù)，對(duì)方接受的，該合同成立；

Acontract,whichshallbeconcludedinwrittenformasprovidedforbythelawsandadministrativeregulationsorasagreeduponbytheparties,shallbeestablished,asthepartiesdonotusethewrittenform,butonepartyhasperformedtheprincipalobligationandtheotherpartyhasreceivedit.⑤采用合同書形式訂立合同，在簽字或者蓋章之前，當(dāng)事人一方已經(jīng)履行主要義務(wù)的，對(duì)方接受的，該合同成立。Acontract,whichisconcludedinwrittenform,shallbeestablished,ifonepartyhasperformeditsprincipalobligationandtheotherpartyhasreceiveditbeforesignatureoraffixingwithaseal.北盛公司與興達(dá)公司，經(jīng)過(guò)多次磋商后，雙方就合同的主要條款達(dá)成一致，約定2001年5月10日簽訂正式書面合同。但2001年5月10日，北盛公司沒(méi)有派代表去簽約，而是直接向興達(dá)公司發(fā)送貨物，興達(dá)公司收貨后未提出異議，亦未支付貨款。后因市場(chǎng)發(fā)生變化，該貨物價(jià)格下降。興達(dá)公司遂向北盛公司提出，由于雙方未簽訂書面合同，買賣關(guān)系不能成立，故北盛公司應(yīng)盡快取回貨物。問(wèn)：北盛公司和興達(dá)公司的買賣合同是否成立，并說(shuō)明理由。(四)合同的效力

EFFECTIVENESSOFCONTRACTS1、有效合同應(yīng)具備的基本條件：①當(dāng)事人應(yīng)具備有效的民事權(quán)力能力和民事行為能力；competentparties②意思表示真實(shí)；trueintentions③不違反法律或社會(huì)公共利益。legality依法成立的合同，自成立時(shí)生效；法律、行政法規(guī)應(yīng)當(dāng)辦理批準(zhǔn)、登記等手續(xù)生效的，依照其規(guī)定；Thecontractestablishedaccordingtolawbecomeseffectivewhenitisestablished.Withregardtocontractswhicharesubjecttoapprovalorregistrationasprovidedforbythelawsoradministrativeregulations,theprovisionsthereofshallbefollowed.2、附條件合同及附期限合同①附生效條件的合同contractwithconditionprecedent自條件成就時(shí)生效；②附解除條件的合同contractwithconditionsubsequent自條件成就時(shí)失效；Thecontractwithentry-into-forceconditionsshallbeeffectivewhensuchconditionsareaccomplished.Thecontractwithdissolvingconditionsshallbenullandvoidwhensuchconditionsareaccomplished.注：當(dāng)事人為自己的利益不正當(dāng)?shù)淖柚箺l件成就的，視為條件已成就；不正當(dāng)?shù)卮俪蓷l件成就的，視為條件不成就。

Tounfairlypreventtheconditionsfrombeingaccomplishedbyonepartyforitsowninterestsshallberegardedasthoseconditionshavebeenaccomplished.Tounfairlypromotingtheaccomplishmentofsuchconditionsbyonepartyshallberegardedasnon-accomplishment.出借20萬(wàn)，甲乙塑料制品廠開工后2個(gè)月即歸還③附生效期限的合同contractwithatimeofcommencement自期限屆至?xí)r生效；④附終止期限的合同contractwithatimeofexpiration自期限屆滿時(shí)失效；Thepartiesmayagreeonaconditionaltimeperiodastotheeffectivenessofthecontract.Acontractsubjecttoaneffectivetimeperiodshallcomeintoforcewhentheperiodexpires.Acontractwithterminationtimeperiodshallbecomeinvalidwhentheperiodexpires.3、合同的代理(代理情況下的合同效力)(1)法定代理statutoryagency：追認(rèn)始生效：①限制民事行為能力人訂立的合同，經(jīng)法定代理人追認(rèn)后，該合同有效；

Acontractconcludedbyapersonwithlimitedcivilcapacityofconductshallbeeffectiveafterbeingratifiedafterwardsbytheperson'sstatutoryagent.

勞力士手表一塊張文杰(10歲)林文慧(40歲)②但純獲利益的合同或者與其年齡、智力、精神健康狀況相適應(yīng)而訂立的合同，不必經(jīng)法定代理人追認(rèn)；butapureprofit-makingcontractoracontractconcludedwhichisappropriatetotheperson'sage,intelligenceormentalhealthconditionsneednotberatifiedbytheperson'sstatutoryagent.③相對(duì)人可以催告法定代理人在一個(gè)月內(nèi)予以追認(rèn)。法定代理人未作表示的，視為拒絕追認(rèn)。④合同被追認(rèn)之前，善意相對(duì)人有撤銷的權(quán)利。撤銷應(yīng)以通知的方式作出。Thecounterpartmayurgethestatutoryagenttoratifythecontractwithinonemonth.Itshallberegardedasarefusalofratificationthatthestatutoryagentdoesnotmakeanyexpression.Abonafidecounterparthastherighttowithdrawitbeforethecontractisratified.Thewithdrawalshallbemadebymeansofnotice.甲今年15歲，其法定代理人為乙，2001年12月11號(hào)，甲與丙簽訂了一份借款合同，丙是善意的，則下列說(shuō)法中符合法律規(guī)定的有：A：經(jīng)乙追認(rèn)后，甲與丙的借款合同無(wú)效；B：丙享有催告權(quán)，可以在2002年1月11號(hào)之前要求乙對(duì)甲的行為追認(rèn)；C：丙如果要求乙對(duì)甲的行為追認(rèn)，而乙未作出表示的，視為乙同意追認(rèn)；D：在乙追認(rèn)之前，善意的丙有撤銷借款合同的權(quán)利。(2)委托代理appointedagency①在代理權(quán)限內(nèi)，被代理人承擔(dān)合同的權(quán)利和義務(wù)；②行為人沒(méi)有代理權(quán)、超越代理權(quán)或者代理權(quán)終止后以被代理人名義訂立的合同，未經(jīng)被代理人追認(rèn)，對(duì)被代理人不發(fā)生效力，由行為人承擔(dān)責(zé)任；Acontractconcludedbyanactorwhohasnopowerofagency,whooverstepsthepowerofagency,orwhosepowerofagencyhasexpiredandyetconcludesitonbehalfoftheprincipal,shallhavenolegallybindingforceontheprincipalwithoutratificationbytheprincipal,andtheactorshallbeheldliable.相對(duì)人可以催告被代理人在一個(gè)月內(nèi)予以追認(rèn)，被代理人未作表示的，視為拒絕追認(rèn)。合同被追認(rèn)前，善意相對(duì)人有撤銷的權(quán)利。撤銷應(yīng)以通知的方式作出。Thecounterpartmayurgetheprincipaltoratifyitwithinonemonth.Itshallberegardedasarefusalofratificationthattheprincipaldoesnotmakeanyexpression.Abonafidecounterparthastherighttowithdrawitbeforethecontractisratified.Thewithdrawalshallbemadebymeansofnotice.

(3)表見(jiàn)代理：①行為人沒(méi)有代理權(quán)、超越代理權(quán)或者代理權(quán)終止后以被代理人名義訂立合同，相對(duì)人有理由相信行為人有代理權(quán)的，該行為有效；Ifanactorhasnopowerofagency,overstepsthepowerofagency,orthepowerofagencyhasexpiredandyetconcludesacontractintheprincipal'sname,andthecounterparthasreasonstotrustthattheactorhasthepowerofagency,theactofagencyshallbeeffective.②法人或者其他組織的法定代表人、負(fù)責(zé)人超越權(quán)限訂立的合同，除相對(duì)人知道或應(yīng)當(dāng)知道其超越權(quán)限的以外，該代表行為有效；

Whereastatutoryrepresentativeoraresponsiblepersonofalegalpersonorotherorganizationoverstepshis/herpowerandconcludesacontract,therepresentativeactshallbeeffectiveexceptthatthecounterpartknowsoroughttoknowthathe/sheisoversteppinghis/herpowers.(4)無(wú)權(quán)處分他人財(cái)產(chǎn)的合同：①原則上是無(wú)效；②無(wú)處分權(quán)的人處分他人財(cái)產(chǎn)，經(jīng)權(quán)利人追認(rèn)或者無(wú)處分權(quán)的人訂立合同后取得處分權(quán)的，該合同有效。Whereapersonhavingnorighttodisposalofpropertydisposesofotherpersons'properties,andtheprincipalratifiestheactafterwardsorthepersonwithoutpowerofdisposalhasobtainedthepowerafterconcludingacontract,thecontractshallbevalid.4、無(wú)效合同voidcontract：(1)定義：雖已成立，但不具備合同有效條件，自始不具有法律約束力的合同。(2)合同無(wú)效的情形(《合同法》的規(guī)定)：

contractshallbenullandvoidunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances:①一方以欺詐、脅迫的手段訂立合同，損害國(guó)家利益；AcontractisconcludedthroughtheuseoffraudorcoercionbyonepartytodamagetheinterestsoftheState;

②惡意串通，損害國(guó)家、集體或者第三人利益；MaliciouscollusionisconductedtodamagetheinterestsoftheState,acollectiveorathirdparty;③以合法形式掩蓋非法目的；Anillegitimatepurposeisconcealedundertheguiseoflegitimateacts;集資建房(合法)俊寶首飾制造廠賀嶺實(shí)業(yè)公司買賣廠房(非法)④損害社會(huì)公共利益；Damagingthepublicinterests;

⑤違反法律、行政法規(guī)的強(qiáng)制性規(guī)定。Violatingthecompulsoryprovisionsofthelawsandadministrativeregulations.(3)部分免責(zé)條款無(wú)效的合同：合同中的下列免責(zé)條款無(wú)效：①造成對(duì)方人身傷害的；②因故意或者重大過(guò)失造成對(duì)方財(cái)產(chǎn)損失的。Thefollowingimmunityclausesinacontractshallbenullandvoid:(1)thosethatcausepersonalinjurytotheotherparty;(2)thosethatcausepropertydamagestotheotherpartyasaresultofintentionalmisconductorgrossnegligence.5、合同的撤銷No.54--58therevocationofcontract是指合同因具有不合法因素而可能被判為無(wú)效。（1）法定原因：①因重大誤解訂立的合同；最高人民法院《關(guān)于貫徹執(zhí)行<中華人民共和國(guó)民法通則>若干問(wèn)題的意見(jiàn)(試行)》規(guī)定：行為人因?qū)π袨榈男再|(zhì)、對(duì)方當(dāng)事人、標(biāo)的物的品種、質(zhì)量、規(guī)格和數(shù)量等的錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)，使行為后果與自己的思想相悖，并造成較大損失的，可以認(rèn)定為重大誤解。

thoseconcludedasaresultofseriousmisunderstanding;②在訂立合同時(shí)顯失公平的合同。

thosethatareobviouslyunfairatthetimewhenconcludingthecontract.③一方以欺詐、脅迫的手段或者乘人之危，使對(duì)方在違背真實(shí)意思的情況下訂立的合同，受損害方有權(quán)請(qǐng)求人民法院或者仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)變更或者撤銷。Ifacontractisconcludedbyonepartyagainsttheotherparty'strueintentionsthroughtheuseoffraud,coercionorexploitationoftheotherparty'sunfavorableposition,theinjuredpartyshallhavetherighttorequestthepeople'scourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontomodifyorrevokeit.（2）、撤銷權(quán)的行使①當(dāng)事人：受損害方有權(quán)行使。②受理機(jī)關(guān)：人民法院或者仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)當(dāng)事人一方有權(quán)請(qǐng)求人民法院或者仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)變更或者撤銷Apartyshallhavetherighttorequestthepeople'scourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontomodifyorrevoke.當(dāng)事人請(qǐng)求變更的，人民法院或者仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)不得撤銷。Whereapartyrequestsformodification,thepeople'scourtorthearbitrationinstitutionmaynotrevokethecontract.（3）撤銷權(quán)的消滅(No.55)有下列情形之一的，撤銷權(quán)消滅：①具有撤銷權(quán)的當(dāng)事人自知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道撤銷事由之日起一年內(nèi)沒(méi)有行使撤銷權(quán)；②具有撤銷權(quán)的當(dāng)事人知道撤銷事由后明確表示或者以自己的行為放棄撤銷權(quán)。

Therighttorevokeacontractshallextinguishunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances:(1)Apartyhavingtherighttorevokethecontractfailstoexercisetherightwithinoneyearfromthedaythatitknowsoroughttoknowtherevokingcauses;(2)Apartyhavingtherighttorevokethecontractexplicitlyexpressesorconductsanacttowaivetherightafteritknowstherevokingcauses.（4）合同無(wú)效或撤銷的法律后果P83①無(wú)效的合同或者被撤銷的合同自始沒(méi)有法律約束力。合同部分無(wú)效，不影響其他部分效力的，其他部分仍然有效。(No.56)

Acontractthatisnullandvoidorrevokedshallhavenolegallybindingforceeverfromtheverybeginning.Ifpartofacontractisnullandvoidwithoutaffectingthevalidityoftheotherparts,theotherpartsshallstillbevalid.②合同無(wú)效、被撤銷或者終止的，不影響合同中獨(dú)立存在的有關(guān)解決爭(zhēng)議方法的條款的效力。(No.57)

Ifacontractisnullandvoid,revokedorterminated,itshallnotaffectthevalidityofthedisputesettlementclausewhichisindependentlyexistinginthecontract.③合同無(wú)效或者被撤銷后，因該合同取得的財(cái)產(chǎn)，應(yīng)當(dāng)予以返還；不能返還或者沒(méi)有必要返還的，應(yīng)當(dāng)折價(jià)補(bǔ)償。有過(guò)錯(cuò)的一方應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償對(duì)方因此所受到的損失，雙方都有過(guò)錯(cuò)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)各自承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任。(No.58)Thepropertyacquiredasaresultofacontractshallbereturnedafterthecontractisconfirmedtobenullandvoidorhasbeenrevoked;wherethepropertycannotbereturnedorthereturnisunnecessary,itshallbereimbursedatitsestimatedprice.Thepartyatfaultshallcompensatetheotherpartyforlossesincurredasaresulttherefore.Ifbothpartiesareatfault,eachpartyshallrespectivelybeliable.

④當(dāng)事人惡意串通，損害國(guó)家、集體或者第三人利益的，因此取得的財(cái)產(chǎn)收歸國(guó)家所有或者返還集體、第三人。(No.59)ifthepartieshavemaliciouslyconductedcollusiontodamagetheinterestsoftheState,acollectiveorathirdparty,thepropertythusacquiredshallbeturnedovertotheStateorreturnedtothecollectiveorthethirdparty.四、合同的履行performance合同當(dāng)事人按照合同約定，各自適當(dāng)、全面地承擔(dān)及完成其義務(wù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)相對(duì)合同當(dāng)事人權(quán)利的行為。(一)履行的原則1、全面適當(dāng)履行原則2、協(xié)作履行原則3、善意履行原則(二)合同履行的一般程序(三)合同的內(nèi)容約定不明的處理No.61：合同生效后，當(dāng)事人就質(zhì)量、價(jià)款或者報(bào)酬、履行地點(diǎn)等內(nèi)容沒(méi)有約定或者約定不明確的，可以協(xié)議補(bǔ)充；不能達(dá)成補(bǔ)充協(xié)議的，按照合同有關(guān)條款或者交易習(xí)慣確定。Where,afterthecontractbecomeseffective,thereisnoagreementinthecontractbetweenthepartiesonthetermsregardingquality,priceorremunerationandplaceofperformance,etc.orsuchagreementisunclear,thepartiesmayagreeuponsupplementarytermsthroughconsultation.Incaseofafailureindoingso,thetermsshallbedeterminedfromthecontextofrelevantclausesofthecontractorbytransactionpractices.No62：當(dāng)事人就有關(guān)合同內(nèi)容約定不明確，依照本法第六十一條的規(guī)定仍不能確定的，適用下列規(guī)定：1、質(zhì)量要求不明確的，按照國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè).標(biāo)準(zhǔn)履行；沒(méi)有國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，按照通常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或者符合合同目的的特定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)履行。Ifqualityrequirementsareunclear,theStatestandardsortradestandardsshallbeapplied;iftherearenoStatestandardsortradestandards,generallyheldstandardsorspecificstandardsinconformitywiththepurposeofthecontractshallbeapplied.2、價(jià)款或者報(bào)酬不明確的，按照訂立合同時(shí)履行地的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格履行；依法應(yīng)當(dāng)執(zhí)行政府定價(jià)或者政府指導(dǎo)價(jià)的，按照規(guī)定履行。

Ifthepriceorremunerationisunclear,themarketpriceoftheplaceofperformanceatthetimeconcludingthecontractshallbeapplied;ifthegovernment-fixedpriceorgovernment-directedpriceshallbefollowedinaccordancewiththelaw,theprovisionsofthelawshallbeapplied.3、履行地點(diǎn)不明確的，給付貨幣的，在接受貨幣一方所在地履行；交付不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的，在不動(dòng)產(chǎn)所在地履行；其他標(biāo)的，在履行義務(wù)一方所在地履行。Iftheplaceofperformanceisunclear,andthepaymentiscurrency,theperformanceshallbeeffectedattheplaceoflocationofthepartyreceivingthepayment;ifrealestateistobedelivered,theperformanceshallbeeffectedattheplaceoflocationoftherealestate;incaseofothercontractobjects,theperformanceshallbeeffectedattheplaceoflocationofthepartyfulfillingtheobligations.4、履行期限不明確的，債務(wù)可隨時(shí)履行，債權(quán)人也可以隨時(shí)要求履行，但應(yīng)當(dāng)給對(duì)方必要的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間。Ifthetimelimitforperformanceisunclear,theobligormayatanytimefulfilltheobligationstowardstheobligee;theobligeemayalsodemandatanytimethattheobligorperformstheobligations,butatimeperiodfornecessarypreparationshallbegiventotheobligor.5、履行方式不明確的，按照有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)合同目的方式履行。

Ifthemethodofperformanceisunclear,themethodwhichisadvantageoustorealizethepurposeofthecontractshallbeadopted.6、履行費(fèi)用的負(fù)擔(dān)不明確的，由履行義務(wù)一方負(fù)擔(dān)。Iftheburdenoftheexpensesofperformanceisunclear,thecostshallbeassumedbytheobligor.(四)政府定價(jià)變化對(duì)合同履行的影響No.63：執(zhí)行政府定價(jià)或者政府指導(dǎo)價(jià)的，在合同約定的交付期限內(nèi)，政府價(jià)格調(diào)整時(shí)，按照交付時(shí)的價(jià)格計(jì)價(jià)；逾期交付標(biāo)的物的，遇價(jià)格上漲時(shí)，按原價(jià)格執(zhí)行；價(jià)格下降時(shí)，按照新價(jià)格執(zhí)行。逾期提取標(biāo)的物或者逾期付款的，遇價(jià)格上漲時(shí)，按照新價(jià)格執(zhí)行；價(jià)格下降時(shí)，按照原價(jià)格執(zhí)行。Incaseswherethegovernment-fixedpriceorgovernment-directedpriceisfollowedinacontract,ifthesaidpriceisreadjustedwithinthetimelimitfordeliveryasstipulatedinthecontract,thepaymentshallbecalculatedaccordingtothepriceatthetimeofdelivery.Ifthedeliveryoftheobjectisdelayedandthepricehasrisen,theoriginalpriceshallbeadopted;whilethepricehasdropped,thenewpriceshallbeadopted.Intheeventofdelayintakingdeliveryoftheobjectorlatepayment,ifthepricehasrisen,thenewpriceshallbeadopted;whilethepricehasdropped,theoriginalpriceshallbeadopted.(五)合同履行中的抗辯權(quán)定義：雙務(wù)合同中，一方當(dāng)事人有依法對(duì)抗對(duì)方要求或否認(rèn)對(duì)方權(quán)利主張的權(quán)利。1、同時(shí)履行控辯權(quán)2、后履行抗辯權(quán)3、不安抗辯權(quán)（中止履行權(quán)、先履行抗辯權(quán)）1、同時(shí)履行抗辯權(quán)：當(dāng)事人互負(fù)債務(wù)，沒(méi)有先后履行順序的，應(yīng)當(dāng)同時(shí)履行。一方在對(duì)方履行之前有權(quán)拒絕其履行要求。一方在對(duì)方履行債務(wù)不符合約定時(shí)，有權(quán)拒絕其相應(yīng)的履行要求。(No.66)Ifbothpartieshaveobligationstowardseachotherandthereisnoorderofpriorityinrespectoftheperformanceofobligations,thepartiesshallperformtheobligationssimultaneously.Onepartyhastherighttorejecttheotherparty'srequestforperformancebeforetheotherparty'sperformance.Onepartyhastherighttorejecttheotherparty'scorrespondingrequestforperformanceiftheotherparty'sperformancedoesnotmeetthetermsofthecontract.2、后履行抗辯權(quán)當(dāng)事人互負(fù)債務(wù)，有先后履行順序，先履行一方未履行的，后履行一方有權(quán)拒絕其履行要求。先履行一方履行債務(wù)不符合約定的，后履行一方有權(quán)拒絕其相應(yīng)的履行要求。(No.67)

Wherebothpartieshaveobligationstowardseachotherandtherehasbeenanorderofpriorityinrespectoftheperformance,andthepartywhichshallrenderitsperformancefirsthasnotrenderedtheperformance,thepartywhichmayrenderitsperformancelatelyhastherighttorejecttheotherparty'srequestforperformance.Wherethepartywhichshallrenderitsperformancefirstviolatesthetermsofacontractwhilefulfillingtheobligations,thepartywhichmayrenderitsperformancelatelyhastherighttorejecttheotherparty'scorrespondingrequestforperformance.3、不安抗辯權(quán)(中止履行權(quán)、先履行抗辯權(quán))是指雙務(wù)合同成立后，應(yīng)當(dāng)先履行債務(wù)的當(dāng)事人有確切的證據(jù)證明對(duì)方不能履行債務(wù)或者有不能履行債務(wù)的可能時(shí)，在對(duì)方?jīng)]有履行或沒(méi)有提供擔(dān)保之前，有中止履行合同義務(wù)的權(quán)利?？芍兄孤男械那闆r：Oneparty,whichshallrenderitsperformancefirst,maysuspenditsperformance,ifithasconclusiveevidencethattheotherpartyisunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances:(1)Itsbusinessconditionsareseriouslydeteriorating;(2)Itmovesawayitspropertyandtakesoutitscapitalsecretlytoevadedebt;(3)Itlosesitscommercialcredibility;(4)Othercircumstancesshowingthatitlosesorispossibletolosethecapacityofcredit.Whereapartysuspendsperformanceofacontractwithoutconclusiveevidence,itshallbeliableforthebreachofcontract.第六十九條當(dāng)事人依照本法第六十八條的規(guī)定中止履行的，應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)通知對(duì)方。對(duì)方提供適當(dāng)擔(dān)保時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)恢復(fù)履行。中止履行后，對(duì)方在合理期限內(nèi)未恢復(fù)履行能力并且未提供適當(dāng)擔(dān)保的，中止履行的一方可以解除合同。

OnepartytoacontractwhichsuspendsitsperformanceofthecontractinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArticle68ofthisLaw,shallpromptlyinformtheotherpartyofsuchsuspension.Itshallresumeitsperformanceofthecontractwhentheotherpartyprovidesasureguarantee.Afterthesuspensionoftheperformance,iftheotherpartydoesnotreinstateitscapacityofperformanceanddoesnotprovidewithasureguarantee,thepartysuspendingperformanceofthecontractmayrescindthecontract.(六)債權(quán)人的代位權(quán)和撤銷權(quán)P114Rightofsubrogationandrevocation掌握概念和權(quán)利行使的要求Iftheobligorisindolentinexercisingitsduecreditor'sright,thusdamagingtheinterestsoftheobligee,theobligeemayrequestthepeople'scourtforsubrogationinitsownname,exceptthatthecreditor'srightexclusivelybelongstotheobligor.Thesubrogationshallbeexercisedwithinthescopeofthecreditor'srightoftheobligee.Thenecessaryexpensescausedtotheobligeebyexercisingsubrogationshallbebornebytheobligor.

Iftheobligorrenouncesitsduecreditor'srightortransfersitspropertygratis,thusdamagingtheinterestsoftheobligee,theobligeemayrequestthepeople'scourttorevoketheobligor'sact.Iftheobligortransfersitspropertyatanobviouslyunreasonablelowprice,thusdamagingtheinterestsoftheobligee,andthetransfereeknowssuchsituation,theobligeemayrequestthepeople'scourttorevoketheobligor'sact.Therightofrevocationshallbeexercisedwithinthescopeofthecreditor'srightoftheobligee.Thenecessaryexpensescausedtotheobligeebyexercisingtherightofrevocationshallbebornebytheobligor.五、合同的變更、轉(zhuǎn)讓、解除和終止Modification,assignment,dischargeandterminationofcontract(一)合同的變更Modificationofcontract是指在合同有效成立后而沒(méi)有履行完畢之前，由于發(fā)生了一定的法律事實(shí)而使合同的內(nèi)容發(fā)生改變。1、當(dāng)事人協(xié)商一致，可以變更合同。(No.77)法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定變更合同應(yīng)當(dāng)辦理批準(zhǔn)、登記等手續(xù)的，依照其規(guī)定。2、當(dāng)事人對(duì)合同變更的內(nèi)容約定不明確的，推定為未變更。(No.78)Acontractmaybemodifiedifthepartiesreachaconsensusthroughconsultation.Ifthelawsoradministrativeregulationsstipulatethatacontractshallbemodifiedthrought