初中英語動詞不定式精講精練精校版

動詞不定式動詞不定式是動詞的一種非謂語形式，沒有人稱和數的變化，不能單獨作句子的謂語。其構成形式為"to+動詞原形”，to為動詞不定式的符號，本身無意義。動詞不定式具有兩大特點：.具有動詞的特點，因此，后面可以跟表語、賓語或狀語，構成動詞不定式短語。.具有名詞、形容詞或副詞的特點，可以在句子中用作主語、賓語、賓語補足語、狀語、定語、表語及同位語等.作主語動詞不定式作主語時，句子的謂語動詞常用單數，其位置有以下兩種：⑴把不定式置于句首。如：Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.騎自行車到那兒將花費我們半個小時。Tomakeupforlosttimeisnotpossible.要彌補失去的時光是不可能的。Toleanoutofthewindowisdangerous.身子探出窗外很危險。Tosavemoneynowseemsimpossible.現在好像不可能存錢。(2)用it作形式主語，把真正的主語不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：It+be+名詞+todoIt'sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.這是照顧老人是我們的責任。Ittakessb+sometime+todoHowlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?你花了多少時間來完成這項工作嗎？It+be+形容詞+forsb+todoItisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour.我們難以在四分之一小時內完成這篇作文。Itisstupidofyoutowritedowneverything(that)theteachersays.Itisanoffencetodroplitterinthestreet.在馬路上亂丟廢物是違章的。Itseems(appears)+形容詞+todoItseemedimpossibletosavemoney.在句型③中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示贊揚或批評的詞。在不定式前的sb，可看作其邏輯主語。這一句式有時相當于Sbis+形容詞+todo句式，如：It'skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.=YouarekindtohelpmewithmyEnglish.⑤It+不定式結構可位于believe/consider/discover/expect/find/think和wonder之后Hethoughtitwouldbesafertogobytrain.他認為乘火車比較安全。Hewillfinditishardtomakefriends.他會感覺到交朋友困難。1/11⑥不定式的完成式也可作句子的主語Tohavemadethesamemistaketwicewasunforgivable.兩次犯同樣的錯誤是不可原諒的。Itisbettertohavelovedandlostthannevertohavelovedatall.愛過而后失去了愛，比從未愛過要好。⑶舉例（1）It'seasy（forme）todothat.我做這事太容易了easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenoughIt'ssonicetohearyourvoice.聽到你的聲音真高興。It'snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.當你不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。（2）It'sverykindofhimtohelpus.他幫助我們，他真好。Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate（考慮周至”的）,silly,selfish（自私的）例句：Itwassillyofustobelievehim.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything,他不給他們任何東西，這顯得太自私了。注意：（1）其他系動詞如，look,appear等也可用于此句型（2）不定式作為句子成分時，動詞用單數形式。（3）當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用Itis…t的句型（對）Toseeistobelieve.眼見為實。（錯）Itistobelievetosee.練習1.It'sourdutytheroomeveryday.A.tocleanB.cleanedC.cleanD.cleansf甘肅省）2.It'shardforusEnglishwell.A.learnB.learnsC.tolearnD.learning（江西?。??建造這座立交橋將花費工人們一年多的時間。Itwilltheworkersoverayeartheflyover.（北京市海淀區(qū)）It'sveryniceyoutogetmetwoticketstheWorldCup.A.for, ofB.of, forC.to,forD.of,to（安徽?。?作賓語1）以下動詞后，只能跟不定式作賓語afford（付得起），agree（同意），aim（力求做到），appear（顯得），arrange（安排），ask（要求），attempt（試圖），care（想要），choose（決定），claim（聲稱），condescend（屈尊），consent（準許），decide（決定），demand（要求），determine（決心），endeavor（竭力），expect（期待），fail（未履行），help（幫助），hesitate（猶豫），hope（希望），learn（學會），manage（設法），neglect（疏忽），offer（主動提出），plan（計劃），prepare（準備），pretend（假裝），proceed（接著做），promise（答應），prove（證明），refuse（拒絕），resolve（解決），seem（覺得好像），swear（發(fā)誓），tend（往往會），threaten（預示），undertake（承諾），volunteer（自愿做），vow（發(fā)誓），want（想要），wish（希望）舉例：Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.2/11司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。2）動詞+疑問詞+不定式decide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tellPleaseshowushowtodothat.請演示給我們如何去做。Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan'tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有這么多的錄音機，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。注意：疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時，謂語動詞用單數。Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。3）當復合賓語中的賓語是不定式時，先用形式賓語it代替不定式，把不定式置于補語之后，即：主語+動詞+it+補語+todo句式。如：Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.IfinditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell.練習：1.Hewantssomevegetables.A.buyB.buyingC.tobuyD.buys（山西?。〥on'tforgetyourhomeworkwithyouwhenyoucometoschool.A.tobringB.bringingC.totakeD.taking（福建省）Hefounditverydifficult.A.sleepingB.sleepsC.sleptD.tofallasleep（湖南?。?作補語1）動詞+賓語+不定式（todo）adviseallowbelievecausechallengecompeldeclareencourageforbidforcefindhireinduceinstructinvitelikeorderpermitpersuaderemindrequestrequireselectsendsupposetelltrainurge例句：Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。Webelievehimtobeguilty.我們相信他是有罪的。hisChinese,sohisChineseismuchbetterthanbefore.練習1.RobertoftenasksushisChinese,sohisChineseismuchbetterthanbefore.A.helphimB.tohelphimwithC.tohelpwithD.helpshimwith江蘇?。㎝rLioftenteacheshisJapanesefriendsChinesefood.A.cookB.cooksC.tocookD.cooked（甘肅?。?Find的特殊用法：Find后可用分詞做賓補，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to的動詞不定式。find后也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有get，have。Ifoundhimlyingontheground.Ifounditimportanttolearn.IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant.3/116典型例題：Thenextmorningshefoundthemaninbed,dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying答案：A.find的賓語后面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補足語作用?，F在分詞表達主動，也表達正在進行，過去分詞表達被動。to+be的不定式結構，作補語的動詞。Acknowledge,believe, consider,think,declare（聲稱）, discover,fancy（設想）, feel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see（理解）,show,suppose,take（以為），understandWeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。7典型例題：CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsideredthefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented答案：A.由considertodosth,排除B、D,此句只說明發(fā)明這一個事實，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現在完成時，發(fā)明為點動詞一般不用完成時，且此處也不強調對現在的影響，因此不選C。tobe+形容詞Seem,appear,besaid,besupposed,bebelieved,bethought,beknown,bereported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean…Thebookisbelievedtobeuninteresting.人們認為這本書沒什么意思。therebe+不定式believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstandWedidn'texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere我們沒料到會有那么多人在哪里。有些動詞需用as短語做補語，如regard,thinkbelieve,take,consider.WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Marytookhimasherfather.瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。5）禿頭不定式作補語禿頭不定式，即不帶“to”的不定式，其語法功能一般在句子中作賓語的補語（賓語補足語）。用禿頭不定式作賓語補足語的常用動詞如下：口訣：“五看、三使役“，"兩聽、一感”要記住，若是“賓補”變“主補”，主補“to”字不能無。動詞let屬例外，其賓補/主補“to”均無。說明：五看 see/watch/notice/observe/lookat；m使役 have/make/let；兩聽 hear/listento；一感 feel。例句：Ioftenseehimgotoschoolonfoot.（禿頭不定式作賓語補足語）Heisoftenseentogotoschoolonfoot.（不定式作主語補足語，要帶“to"）Lethimtryagain.----Heislettryagain.（let的主補與賓補均用禿頭不定式）練習：1.Wesawhimthebuildingandgoupstairs.A.toenterB.enterC.enteringD.entered（河南?。㏒omuchworkusuallymakesthemverytired.A.tofeelB.feelsC.feelingD.feel（吉林省）Yourfatherissleeping.You'dbetter.A.notwakeuphimB.nottowakeuphimC.notwakehimupD.nottowakehimup（陜西?。㊣wasmademyhomeworkintheafternoon.A.doB.doingC.todoD.did（貴州省）4/118作表語不定式作表語表示具體動作或將來動作；動名詞作表語表示抽象的一般行為。Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.當主語和表語都是不定式時，其含義一是條件，一是結果（例①） 。當主語是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組（例②）時，或以what引導的名詞性分句（例③），不定式說明主語的內容。Ourworkisservingthepeople.Whathelikesistakingawalkaftersupper.ThestorytoldbyMr.Wangisinteresting.④⑤句動名詞作表語，與主語部分可以轉換，如Servingthepeopleisourwork,而⑥句中是現在分詞作表語，說明主語的性質、狀態(tài)，現在分詞具有形容詞的各種特征，另外，動名詞作表語還應與進行時態(tài)區(qū)別開來。9作狀語（1）目的狀語To...onlyto（僅僅為了），inorderto,soasto,so（such）...asto...（如此 以便 ）Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.我來僅僅是向你告別。（2）作結果狀語，表事先沒有預料到的，要放在句子后面。WhathaveIsaidtomakeyouangry.Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.（3）表原因I'mgladtoseeyou.典型例題Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto.A.sitB.sitonC.beseatD.besaton答案：B.如果不定式為不及物動詞，其后應有必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時，常位于“形容詞+動詞不定式”結構的末尾。練習：1.Shewentherteacher.A.toseeB.looksC.sawD.seeing（江西省）MeimeilikesEnglishverymuch.ShedoesherbestEnglishwell.A.learnB.learningC.tolearnD.learns（四川?。㊣'msorrythat.A.hearsB.hearingC.hearD.tohear（河北省）I'msorryyou.A.troubleB.totroubleC.troublingD.troubled（吉林?。㎝ymotherwasverygladheroldfriend.A.tomeetB.meetC.metD.meets（甘肅省）Thepandaissofatthatitcan'tgothroughthehole.改為意思相同的句子）Thehole suchafatpandatogothrough.廣東?。㏕heiceonthelakewassothinthatpeoplecouldn'tskateonit.改為意思相同的句子）Theiceonthelakewasn'tenoughpeople.廣東?。?/1110作定語1.不定式作定語不定式在句中作定語，置于被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如：①ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.②Doyouhaveanythingtobetakentoyoursister?③Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion?④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon?⑤MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.不定式短語作定語和被修飾詞之間表示以下關系：（1）表示將來的動作（例①）。（2）與被修飾詞之間有動賓關系，如是不及物動詞，則需加介詞（例④）。（3）與被修飾詞之間有動賓關系，同時與句中其它詞之間又有邏輯上的主謂關系時，盡管有被動含義，卻仍用主動語態(tài)（例③）；如只有動賓關系，而無邏輯上的主謂關系，則需用被動語態(tài)（例②）。（4）不定式作定語時，一般可轉換為定語從句，例①toarrive=thatwillarrive。練習：1.Wouldyoulikesomething?A.drinkB.drinkingC.todrinkD.drinks（湖北省）Ihavealotofhomework.A.doB.doingC.didD.todo（河南?。〩eisnotaneasyman.A.getonB.togetonC.getonwithD.togetonwith（山東省）區(qū)別聯系1動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別動名詞表達的是：狀態(tài)，性質，心境，抽象，經常性，已發(fā)生的不定式表達的是：目的，結果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的2接不定式或動名詞，意義相同3在下列情況下，一般要用不定式：①hate,like,love前有would（should）時，如：I'dliketohaveacupofcoffee.②當謂語動詞begin,continue,start等是進行式時，如：Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.③begin,continue,start與know,understand等狀態(tài)動詞連用時，如：Isoonbegantounderstandwhatwashappening.4.advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等動詞后接動名詞作賓語，或帶不定式作賓語補足語。如：Ourteachersdon'tpermitour/usswimminginthelake.Ourteachersdon'tpermitustoswiminthelake.4部分動詞后接不定式或動名詞時，意義差別較大，應根據句子語境選擇使用。①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示現在或未來的動作，接動名詞表示動作已經發(fā)生。如：Don'tforgettoposttheletterforme.HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport?Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave.Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.6/11Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.語義不同stoptodo（停止做某事） stopdoing（停止正在做某事）forgettodo（忘記去做某事）forgetdoing（忘記做了某事）remembertodo（記得要去做某事）rememberdoing（記得做過某事）regrettodo（遺憾做某事）regretdoing（遺憾做了某事）5ceasetodoceasedoingtrytodo（努力做某事） trydoing（試著做某事）goontodo（繼續(xù)去做某事）goondoing（繼續(xù)做某事）afraidtodo（擔心做某事）afraiddoing（擔心正在做的事）interestedtodo（對做某事感興趣）interesteddoing（對正在做的感興趣）meantodo（打算做某事） meandoing（做某事很有意義）begin/starttodo（開始去做某事）begin/startdoing（開始做某事）Pleasestoparestifyoufeeltired.A.tohaveB.havingC.haveD.has（廣西壯族自治區(qū)）Whydidn'tyoubuysomebreadonyourwayhome? Sorry,Iforgotsomemoneywithme.A.takeB.takingC.totakeD.took（湖北?。㎜et'shavearest,shallwe? Notnow,Ican'tstoptheletters.A.writeB.towriteC.writingD.andwrite（湖北省）Jimwasbadlyhurt,sohehadtostop（walk）.（用所給單詞的正確形式填空X四川?。┗A練習題Don'tforgettheletter.A.tosendB.sendC.sendingD.beingsentThechairlooksveryold,butinfactitisverycomfortableto.A.sitB.sitonC.besatD.besatonIsnecessarytoreturnthebooktomorrow?A.thisB.thatC.itD.whichI'mafraidtheywouldnotallowhimhere.A.tosmokeB.smokingC.smokesD.smokeMothertoldmethewaterbeforeIdrankit.A.boilingB.boiledC.boil D.toboilOnmywayhome,Istoppedsomefood.A.buyB.tobuyC.buyingD.boughtJohnwasmadethecarforaweekasapunishment.A.towashB.washingC.washD.tobewashingThesitting-roomneeds,butit'llhavetowaituntilSaturday.A.becleaningB.tobecleanedC.cleanD.beingcleanedThefirstthingIwanttodois.7/11A.visittohimB.tovisithimC.visitinghimD.visitedhimLiYangadvisedmetoomuch,otherwiseIwouldhavebeendrunk.A.nottodrinkB.todrinkC.notdrinkingD.drinking根據上句意思完成下句，使兩句意思相近或相同，每空一詞。Hewassoangrythathecouldn'tsayanything.Hewastooangryanything.Idon’tknowwhenwewillhavethemeeting.Idon'tknowwhenthemeeting.Hesaidhewouldwritealetter.Hesaidhewouldhavealetter.ThatyoureadEnglishinthemorningisveryimportant.ItisveryimportantyouEnglishinthemorning.Hewassostrongthathecouldliftthestone.（石頭）Hewasstrongthestone.HisfatherwenttoBeijingforhisholiday.HisfatherwenttoBeijinghisholiday.Theygotupearlysothattheycouldgetthereintime.Theygotupearly thereintime.Hisbrotherdecidedthathewouldbuythebook.Hisbrotherdecidedthebook.HehopesthathecanvisittheGreatWall.HehopestheGreatWall.Isawhimgointotheroom.Hewasseenintotheroom..Wemadehimworkfivehoursaday.Hewasmadefivehoursaday..Doyouwanttosayanythingforyourself?Doyouhaveanythingforyourself?.Wedon'tknowwhatweshalldonext.Wedon'tknowwhatnext..I'mverysorryonhearingthebadnews.I'mverysorrythebadnews..Hestoppedandhadalookatme.Hestoppedalookatme..IhelpedhimwithhisEnglish.IhelpedhimEnglish..Myfatherpromised（許諾）thathewouldbuymeabike.Myfatherpromisedmeabike..TheboxissoheavythatIcan'tcarryit.Theboxistooheavyme..“Liedown!”theboysaidtohisdog.Theboyorderedhisdogdown..“Don'tmakeanynoise,“shesaidtome.Shetoldmeanynoise.8/11鞏固提高題.Thiscompanywasthefirstportableradiosaswellascassettetaperecordersintheworld.A.producingB.toproduceC.havingproducedD.producedThepurposeofnewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier,itmoredifficult.A.notmakingB.notmakeC.nottomakeD.nortomakeHelenhadtoshoutabovethesoundofthemusic.A.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheardIdon,tknowwhetheryouhappen,butIamgoingtostudyintheU.S.AthisSeptember.A.tobeheard.B.tobebearingC.tohearD.tohaveheardThenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,onlythefilmstarshadleft.A.totellB.tobetoldC.tellingD.toldYouweresillynotyourcar.A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglockedTheteacheraskedussomuchnoise.A.don,tmakeB.notmakeC.notmakingD.nottomakeAnarmyspokesmanstressedthatallthesoldiershadbeenorderedclearwarningsbeforefiringanyshots.A.toissueB.beingissuedC.tohaveissuedD.tobeissuedI’dratherhavearoomofmyown,howeversmallitis,thanaroomwithsomeoneelse.A.toshareB.tohavesharedC.shareD.sharingThebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaperinbroaddaylightyesterday.A.robbedB.tohavebeenrobbedC.beingrobbedD.havingbeenrobbedAnumberofpaintingsinthecastlearebelievedinafire.A.beingdestroyedB.havingbeendestroyedC.tobedestroyedD.tohavebeendestroyedThemeetingnextweekissuretobeagreatsuccess.A.totakeplaceB.tobetakenplaceC.tohavetakenplaceD.beingtakenplaceAsaresultofmylaziness,Ifailedmyworkintime.A.andfinishedB.tofinishC.andfinishingD.tofinishedIamsorrywrittenyoualetteratthetime.A.tohavenotB.tonothaveC.nottohaveD.nothavingWillyoulendhimamagazine?A.tobereadB.forreadingC.toreadD.hereadHecoulddonothingbutforthebus.A.wait,tocomeB.wait;comeC.waiting;comingD.waited;came.Itisaproblemthatdoesn'tneedrightnow.A.tosolveB.solvingC.beingsolvedD.tobesolvingThere,samanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeanstrouble.A.makingB.tomakeC.tohavemadeD.havingmadeIrememberhimthebikeneeded.A.hearing,saying,torepairB.tohear,say,torepair9/11

C.hearing,say,repairingD.tohear,saying,toberepaired---Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.---1meant,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn,tfindheranywhere.A.todoB.toC.doingD.doingsoRobertissaidtoabroad,butIdon,tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyB.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudyingI,mgongtoXi,annextweek.Haveyouanythingtoyourparents?A.totakeB.tobetakenC.tobeboughttoD.tobuywhenaretheyintheirplan?A.handB.handedC.tohandD.giveInsuchdryweather,theflowerswillhavetobewateredifthey.A.havesurvivedB.aretosurviveC.wouldsurvivedD.willsurviveWhenwehurriedtothestation,therehappenednobusatthattime.A.tohaveB.tobeC.havingD.beingIlostmywayincompletedarknessand,mattersworse,itbegantorain.A.madeB.havingmadeC.makingD.tomakeAttimedoesthesalesgirlgetuplateinthemorning,thoughsheisalwaystoobusyagoodrest.A.no,totakeB.no,takingC.any,totakeD.one,taking--Areyouastudent?--No,butIused.A.tobeB.towasC.todoD.tobeaIstoppedtolisten,andmysonseemedhimselfinthelivingroom.A.toenjoy,toshutB.tobeenjoying,shuttingC.tobeenjoying,shutD.tohaveenjoyed,havingshutWithalotofdifficultproblems,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled閱讀理解“Mydearlady,”saysHolmes.“You,reshivering.Areyouold?Doyouwantacupofhottea?"[“I'mnotcold,"thewomanreplies,“Ifearformylife!”“Weareheretohelpyou.Don,tworryaboutanything.Idon,tknowyou.ButIkno