unit4高級英語2014李觀儀

Unit4ByNicoleARedLightforScofflawsQuestionsfordiscussion:Whatdoyouthinkoflaw?Whatrolesdolawsplayinoursociety?Areyoualaw-breaker?Whydopeoplebreakthelaw?Canyougivesomecasesoflaw-breaking?Paragraph1MillionsofAmericansaretakingincreasinglibertieswiththelegalcodes.Dictionarywork1.takelibertieswith:misinterpret;distort;violate;treatsomethingfreely,withoutstrictobservanceofthefact(隨意對待)Theeditorisnotentitledtotakelibertieswiththetextofaliterarywork.2.blithely:heedlessly;withoutthoughtorregard3.dereliction:deliberateneglect;negligenceDerelictionofduty:failuretodowhatoneoughttodoHepleadedguiltytowilfulderelictionofduty.他承認(rèn)犯有玩忽職守罪。Derelict:desertedandallowedtofallintoruins;dilapidatedSentence2:LetaloneNourishthesocietySentence3Outlawlitter:unlawfulstrewing(aplace)withrubbishOutlaw:(1)tomakesth.Illegal宣布…為不合法；將…放逐；剝奪…的法律保護(hù)

(2)(n.)acriminalwhoishidingfromtheauthorities

歹徒，亡命之徒；逃犯；被剝奪法律保護(hù)者Illicitnoise:veryloudnoisewhichisnotpermittedornotallowedbylaworthesocialcustomsofacountry:E.g.:(1)Danteclearlycondemnsillicitlove.

丹蒂旗幟鮮明地譴責(zé)不正當(dāng)戀情。

(2)...informationabouttheuseofillicitdrugs.

有關(guān)吸毒的信息illicit,elicitdoorsaysomethingwhichmakesotherpeoplerespondorreact.引出，探出；誘出（回答等(1)Mr.Norrissaidhewashopefulthathisrequestwouldelicitapositiveresponse...諾里斯先生說希望他的請求能夠引起積極反響。(2)Thecrimeelicitedanoutcryagainstillicitdrugs.那起罪行引發(fā)了打擊違禁藥品的呼聲。Motorizedanarchy:disorderorchaoscreatedbymotoristsAnarchy:nobodyseemstobepayinganyattentiontorulesorlaws(不可數(shù)名詞)無政府（狀態(tài)）；無法無天；無秩序；混亂(1)Civilwarandfaminesentthenationplungingintoanarchy.內(nèi)戰(zhàn)和饑荒使該國陷入了無政府狀態(tài)。(2)InJune,1960,theCongowasplungedintofiveyearsofcivilwarandpoliticalanarchy.1960年的6月，剛果陷入了5年的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)和政治上的無政府狀態(tài)。Thewaveofthefuture:thepatternofbehaviorinthefutureSentence4:Taketo:Didthechildrentaketohim?...孩子們喜歡上他了么？Thefirstserieswasreallybad.Butforsomereasonthepublictooktoit.第一部系列劇糟透了，可是不知為何，觀眾開始喜歡上了它。Takentocommittingsupposedlyminorderelictionsasamatterofcourse…Supposedly:happeningasplannedorexpected據(jù)認(rèn)為；據(jù)推測；據(jù)稱；一般相信Commitminorderelictionsamatterofcourse:ausualevent;somethingactualItmeans:Havehappilyformedthehabitofdoingsomemisdeedswhicharesupposedtobeunimportant,andconsideredthatassomethingnatural.Para.2ScofflawsaboundinamazingvarietyVariety:TheGraffiti-prone:Bicyclist:Litterbugs:Publicplacesofhigh-decibelportableradiosBeer-soakedhooliganismTobaccoaddictsDressedpotsmokersTheuseofcocaineTheJaywalkersPayattentiontosentencestructures4.exemptfrom:notsubjecttoobligation5.flurry:profusion;abundance;greatquantity6.Ordinance:authoritativelaw;command;order;ruleorlawmadebyagovernmentoranauthority法令；法規(guī)；條例Exempt:stateofficiallythattheyarenotboundoraffected免除;豁免(1)SouthCarolinaclaimedthepowertoexemptitscitizensfromtheobligationtoobeyfederallaw...南卡羅來納州聲稱有權(quán)力免除該州公民遵守聯(lián)邦法規(guī)的義務(wù)。(2)Companieswithfifty-fiveorfeweremployeeswouldbeexemptedfromtherequirements.員工在55人及以下的公司將免除這些條件。exemption...theexemptionofemployer-providedhealthinsurancefromtaxation.雇主提供的健康保險免稅...newexemptionsforstudentsandthelow-paid.對學(xué)生和低收入者的最新豁免7.flagrant:shameless;notorious（notoriety);particularlybad,shockingandobvious:flagrantbreachofjustice公然違反公正原則aflagrantoffence大罪,重罪flagrantcrime滔天罪行aflagranterror明顯的錯誤aflagrantsinner罪惡昭彰的罪犯8.festeringscandal:tormentingdisgraceFester:vi1)(ofawoundorsore)becomeinfectedandformpus(傷口）潰爛；化膿:afesteringsorePusisathickyellowishliquidthatformsinwoundswhentheyareinfected.2)(ofanegativefeelingoraproblem)becomeworseandmoreintense)更加痛苦或者憤怒Plague:1.alargenumberofthemthatarriveorhappenatthesametime.災(zāi)難，禍患Thecityisunderthreatfromaplagueofrats...該市處于鼠患的威脅之下。Lastyeartherewasaplagueofrobberyandhousebreaking.去年搶劫和入室行竊成災(zāi)。2.N-COUNTcausesagreatdealoftroubleorharm（可數(shù)）名詞煩擾；令人頭痛的事物.(單）Inflationwillremainarecurrentplague...通貨膨脹將繼續(xù)成為周期性的煩擾。Timseemstohaveescapedthecynicismwhichistheabsoluteplagueofourgeneration.蒂姆好像并沒有染上我們這代人憤世嫉俗的通病。3.VERBcontinuallycauseyoualotoftroubleorsuffering困擾；使煩惱；折磨.Shewasplaguedbyweakness,fatigue,anddizziness...她感覺體虛、疲倦、頭昏眼花。Fearsaboutjobsecurityplaguenearlyhalftheworkforce.幾乎一半的員工擔(dān)心失業(yè)。4.VERBIfkeepbotheringyouoraskingyouforsomething.纏擾；糾纏（with）Iamnotgoingtoplagueyouwithalotmorequestions,MissCulver...卡爾弗小姐，我不會再問更多的問題來煩你了。TommyCookhadbeenplaguingPinnerformonths.湯米·庫克已糾纏平納好幾個月了。Librarywork:4.Potsmoker(L17):marijuanaaddict5.joint(L18):cigarettecontainingmarijuanaPara.3ThedangersofScofflawisthered-lightrunnerWidely:1.Splitting---remaindisgusting,putrisktoothers2.Illegallyburieshazardouschemicalwaste…

occupylandresource,permanenthazard3.fairbeaterpresentsthreattolife4.landlordignorefiresafetystatutes---Themostvisible:5.theAmericandriver–adduptocolossalpublicnuisance6.doubleparking–jamthestreets7.thedrunkdriving–killsome25,000peopleandinjures650,000othersyearly8.Illegalspeedingonopenhighways9.statutes(L24):laws10.publicnuisance(L27):somethingoffensiveorannoyingtothecommunity,especiallyinviolationofothers’legalrights,e.g.:Don'tmakeanuisanceofyourself.別那么討厭。Whatanuisance!I'veforgottenmyticket.真討厭，我忘記帶票了。Librarywork：

6.farebeater(L23):onewhoevadespayingthefareonapublicvehicle.“Beat”isU.S.slangmeaning“swindle”,“cheat”.Paraphrase:(L21—23)Splittingonthesidewalkisagainstthelawandisalwaysdespicable可鄙的，卑鄙的.Buttheharmitdoestoothersseemsinsignificantwhencomparedwiththedangeracompanycausesbydisposingofpoisonouschemicalwasteinaplacewhereitisnotpermitted.Para.4Themostflagrantscofflawisthered-lightrunner.Casesofthered-lightrunner.

InBoston:thefloutingofstopsignals…theredlightsare“justfordecoration”.InLosAngeles:redlightrunninghasbecomeperhapsthecity’smostcommontrafficviolation…InNewYorkCityGoingthroughanintersectionislikeRussianroulette.---it’sa50—50tossupastowhetherpeoplewillstopforaredlight.Toss-up(Para.4,L38):thetossingofacointodecidesomethingbyitsfallPara.5Thefloutingofbasicrulesoftheroadleavesdeepdentsinthesocialmood11.flouting(vt):treatingwithcontemptuousdisregard公然藐視：floutthelaw,aconvention,therules;floutsb’sadvicedeliberatelydonotobeyitorfollowit.無視，藐視，輕視(法律等)E.g.:Ifyoufloutsomethingsuchasalaw,anorder,oranacceptedwayofbehavingillegalcamperswhopersistinfloutingthelaw...一向?qū)Ψ墒煲暉o睹的非法露營者Buildingregulationshavebeenhabituallyflouted.建筑法規(guī)一向都無人遵守。12.dent:adepressioninasurface,asfromablow;hence,damage凹痕(also)dint,hollowplaceinahardevensurfacemadebyabloworpressure凹痕；凹陷(idom)makeadentinsth.:causeareductioninsth.減少；消減；削弱:adentinone’spride自尊心的挫敗Therepairsmadeadentinourfunds,i.e.costusalot.這次修理用去了我們很多錢。Thefloutingofbasicrulesoftheroadleavesdeepdentsinthesocialmood.Socialmood:generalattitudeofsocietyThefloutingofbasicrules:breachofbasicrules,breakingthebasicrules,notabidebythebasicrulesLeavesdentsin:bringsharmto;hurtthefeelingof--thebreachofbasicrulesofroadbringsharmtothegeneralattitudeofsocietyLibrarywork:8.Mortalperil(L45):dangerthatcausesorisliabletocausedeathParaphrase2:Line40--43Drivingthroughtheintersectionofastreetwithnoregardtotheredtrafficlightisgenerallyconsideredasmisbehavioroflittleimportance.Butwhenitdevelopsintoasocialhabit,itbecomesaproblemagreatdealmoreseriousthanameretrafficproblem.Paraphrase3:(L44–47)Well-behaveddriversandpedestriansareconstantlyupsetandthreatenedbyperilfromviolations(endurerepeatedlysuchunpleasantsituationsasfrustration,inconvenienceandoutrage).Thegreatimpactofred-lightrunningisduetoitsbeingsonoticeable.Ajustifiedsenseofmortalperil:afearwhichisbasedongoodreasoningofdeadlydangerPeril:greatdangers重大危險...theperilsofthesea...海洋的兇險Inspiteofgreatperil,Ihavesurvived...雖然處境非常危險,我還是挺過來了Ifhypocrisyisthetributethatvicepaystovirtue,thenfurtivenessisthetrueoutlaw‘ssalutetotheforceoflaw-and-order.如果說壞人往往把好人說成偽善，那么，真正的不法者在法律和秩序的威力面前倒真是偷偷摸摸地干的。(notagoodtranslation)Ifhypocrisyisthetributethatvicepaystovirtue,thenfurtivenessisthetureoutlaw'ssalutetotheforceofthelaw-and-order.如果偽善代表著惡行對美德的稱贊，那么鬼鬼祟祟的行為則代表著違法者對法治力量的敬仰。furtivenessWithafurtiveglanceoverhershoulder,sheunlockedthedoorandenteredthehouse.她鬼鬼祟祟地往身后掃了一眼，然后打開門鎖進(jìn)了房子Theoperationisveiledinsecrecyandfurtiveness-Tescoisanxiousnottotipitshandtocompetitors.樂購非常希望競爭對手對自己一無所知，因此一切行動都在隱秘中進(jìn)行。salutetopubliclyshoworstateyouradmirationforthem.salutehimfortheleadershiprolethatheistaking...我對他發(fā)揮的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用表示贊揚(yáng)。Thestatementsalutesthechangesofthepastyear.這一表態(tài)稱贊了過去一年的變革。Repetitionsandbrazendisplayofcontempt…13.brazen:shameless,imprudentbrazenininsolence,rudeness,etc.不知羞恥的無禮舉動、粗野行為等；(2)Madeofbrass;likebrass黃銅制的；黃銅般的Translation:無辜的司機(jī)和行人經(jīng)常受到不法行為造成危險的威脅，心緒煩亂。闖紅燈的巨大影響不是昭然若揭嗎。如果虛偽是罪惡對德行的回報的話，那鬼鬼祟祟就是真正的不法分子對法規(guī)的贊揚(yáng)。但是闖紅燈者不尊重任何社會規(guī)則，社會受到魯莽無恥藐視基本秩序的再三傷害。Para.6Scofflawareofapieceasasymptomofelementarysocialdemoralization.Ofapiece:arelikeeachotherincharacterSymptom:signoftheillnessE.g.:patientswithflusymptoms...有流感癥狀的病人Oneofthemostcommonsymptomsofschizophreniaishearingimaginaryvoices.精神分裂癥的最常見的一個癥狀就是幻聽。Elementarysocialdemoralization:Moral–moralize–moralize:tellingpeoplewhattheythinkisrightorwrong進(jìn)行訓(xùn)誡，進(jìn)行說教，教化Demoralize:makessb.losesomuchconfidenceinwhattheyaredoingthattheywanttogiveup使士氣低落，使意志消沉；使陷入混亂,e.g.:Theship'screwwerenowexhaustedandutterlydemoralized.這艘船上的船員現(xiàn)在都已精疲力竭，徹底喪失了信心。Demoralization:thelingeringdemoralizationthatfolloweddefeatinWorldWarI.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)敗之后揮之不去的消沉情緒Paraphrase4:(L52—54)Howeverdifferentinforms,today’sscofflawsareanindicationthatthesocietyhasbasicallybeendegradedmorally.Itsmembersseemstohavelosttheirabilitytodisciplinethemselvesinsuchaswaythattheinterestsofothershasbeendulytakencareof.Para.7Theprospectofthecollapseofpublicmannersisnotmerelyamatterofetiquette.ViolentoutbreaksinHouston:1)flasheshigh-beamlights,hurlabeercan,kickouthistaillights,slughimeightstitches’worth;2)dump-truckdriversbatterstrunkofstalledcaraheadanditsdriverwithsteelbolt;3)hurryingdrivers…deliberatelyrear-endscar…staywithin55m.p.h.limit.14.slug:hithard,especiallywithfistSlog:hithard:slogattheball;slogtheballovertheboundary把球擊過邊界線Slog/sweatone’sgutsout–fightorstruggleuntilaconclusionisreached斗出勝負(fù)Slog(away)atsth:workhardandsteadilyatsth.勤勞而踏實的工作:slogawayatmyaccounts.勤懇地管理我的帳目Librarywork:9.Rearend(L64):(U.S)collide,orcause(one’svehicle)tocollidewiththerearendofanothervehicleFlash,high-beamlight,taillightsCar:bumper,headlight,sidelight/parkinglight,numberplate/licenseplate,indicator,tyre/tire,hood/bonnet引擎蓋,windscreen/windshield擋風(fēng)玻璃，windshield/windscreenwiper,wing/fender翼子板；wingmirror/sidemirror,petrolcap/gastankdoor油箱門,doorhandle車門把手，rearwindow,hubcap輪轂蓋，mudflap/splashguard擋泥板，boot/trunk行李箱，rearlight/taillight車尾燈,rear-viewmirror,airvent,dashboard儀表板，speedmeter車速計，petrolgauge/gasgauge汽油計量器，choke風(fēng)門，horn，ignition，brake,clutch,heater,gearlever/gearshift,handbrake,accelerator/gaspedal,steeringwheel,windowwinder/roller,armrest,seatbelt,dippedheadlight近光燈，high-beamlightfoglight霧燈，batterregularlyhitandbadlyhurtbyamemberoftheirfamilyorbytheirpartner.evidencethatthechildwasbeingbattered.這個孩子被家人毒打的證據(jù)...boyswhowitnessfathersbatteringtheirmothers.目睹父親毆打母親的男孩們Para.8ScoffLawryatvariouslevelsofsociallifewasbynomeansalessseriousmenacetothefoundationoflawoftheU.Sthanviolentcrimes.(implied)15.skirt:avoid;keepdistantfrom;goaroundtheedgeof16.mandate:commandfromasuperiorofficialtoaninferiorone;authoritativecommand（1）carryoutaparticularpolicyortask,theyhavetheauthoritytocarryitoutasaresultofwinninganelectionorvote.(政府或經(jīng)選舉組建的機(jī)構(gòu)的)授權(quán)，委托ThePresidentandhissupportersarealmostcertaintoreadthisvoteasamandateforcontinuedeconomicreform...總統(tǒng)及其支持者幾乎肯定地認(rèn)為這次投票是對繼續(xù)進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)改革的授權(quán)。Theunionalreadyhasamandatefromitsconferencetoballotforastrike.工會已經(jīng)得到大會的授權(quán)為罷工進(jìn)行投票。3.VERBtocarryoutaparticularpolicyortask,bytheofficialauthoritytodoit.(正式)授權(quán);委任(1)He'dbeenmandatedbytheWestAfricanEconomicCommunitytogoinandtoenforceaceasefire...他受西非經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體的委托介入并執(zhí)行?；饏f(xié)定。(2)TheelectionsaremandatedbyapeaceaccordsignedbythegovernmentlastMay.選舉是在去年5月政府簽署的和平協(xié)議的授權(quán)下進(jìn)行的。4.VERB批準(zhǔn);頒布;強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行Tomandatesomethingmeanstomakeitmandatory.(1)Theproposedinitiativewouldmandateareductionofcarbondioxideof40%...倡議將強(qiáng)制規(guī)定把二氧化碳排放量降低40%。(2)QuebecmandatedthatallimmigrantssendtheirchildrentoFrenchschools.魁北克省頒布法令，強(qiáng)制所有移民將子女送進(jìn)法語學(xué)校就讀。17.constituent:voters18.subvert:(1)underminetheprincipleof(apoliticalsystem,religiousfaith,etc.)顛覆，破壞（政治制度，宗教信仰等）:subvertthemonarchy推翻君主政體；writingthatsubvertChristianity攻擊基督教教義的文字(2)corruptthemoralsorloyaltyof(sb.)使某人道德敗壞或者不忠Adiplomatsubvertedbyaforeignpower受外國勢力影響而變節(jié)點(diǎn)外交官SubversionSubversive:tryingtoorlikelytoweakenordestroyapoliticalsystem,anacceptedbelief,etc.為削弱或破壞某種政治制度，公認(rèn)的信仰等；顛覆性的:subversivepropaganda顛覆性的宣傳Asubversivebook,speaker,influence具有煽動性的書、演講者、影響Washerspeechsubversiveoflawandorder?(n.)asubversiveperson19.enact:institute;levy.E.g.:Congressenactedataxreformbill.國會使稅收改革提案成為法律20.puny:insignificant21.nullify:declarelegallyvoidnullifyacontract取消合同nullifyone'sefforts使某人徒勞22.desegregationrulings:official(court)decisionsondesegregation廢除種族隔離Desegregate:toofficiallystopkeepingthepeoplewhouseitinseparategroups,especiallygroupsthataredefinedbyrace.E.g.:(1)effortstodesegregatesport...為廢除體育領(lǐng)域的種族隔離所作的努力(2)Theschoolsystemitselfisnottotallydesegregated.教育體系本身并沒有完全廢除種族隔離。Librarywork:Forbidden(L69)theforbiddingbylawofthemanufactureandsaleofintoxicationdrinksintheU.S.Afrom1920to1933.legitimacyAsiftoprovethelegitimacyofthesefears,theCabinetofFranzvonPapencollapsedonDecember2.仿佛是要印證這些恐懼事出有因似的，弗朗茨·馮·巴本的內(nèi)閣于12月2日倒臺了。legitimatelyTheycouldquarrelquitelegitimatelywithsomeofmychoices.他們大有理由不同意我的一些選擇。Para.8legitimateisacceptableaccordingtothelaw.TheFrenchgovernmenthascondemnedthecoupinHaitiandhasdemandedtherestorationofthelegitimategovernment...法國政府對海地政變表示譴責(zé)，并要求恢復(fù)合法政府的地位。Thegovernmentwillnotseektodisruptthelegitimatebusinessactivitiesofthedefendant.政府無意干擾被告的合法經(jīng)營活動。legitimacyTheoppositionpartiesdonotrecognizethepoliticallegitimacyofhisgovernment.反對黨不承認(rèn)他的政府在政治上的合法性。legitimatelyThegovernmenthasbeenlegitimatelyelectedbythepeople.政府是由人民依法選出的。2.reasonableandjustified合情理的；有道理的；正當(dāng)?shù)腡hat'saperfectlylegitimatefear...懷有這種恐懼完全在情理之中。TheNewYorkTimeshasalegitimateclaimtobeanationalnewspaper.《紐約時報》有理由稱自己是一份全國性報紙。Transgress:breakamorallaworaruleofbehaviour.(against)違犯道德(或行為)準(zhǔn)則e.g.:(1)Ifapoliticiantransgresses,thatisnotthefaultofthemedia.如果政客行為失檢，那可不是媒體的責(zé)任。(2)...amonkwhohadtransgressedagainstthelawofcelibacy...觸犯禁欲戒律的僧侶Itseemedtomethathehadtransgressedtheboundariesofgoodtaste.在我看來他有傷大雅。transgressionTalesofthecandidate'sallegedpasttransgressionshavebegunspringingup.有關(guān)這位候選人所謂的過往越軌行為的流言蜚語已經(jīng)開始涌現(xiàn)。Nullify:(1)declarethatitisnotlegallyvalid使失去法律效力;廢除;取消(正式)Heusedhisbroadexecutivepowerstonullifydecisionsbylocalgovernments...他利用自己適用范圍廣泛的行政權(quán)力廢止當(dāng)?shù)卣鞯臎Q定。Itisworthrememberingthatpreviouswillsarenullifiedautomaticallyuponmarriage.要記住的是，一旦結(jié)婚，原遺囑自動失效。2.tomakeithavenoeffect.(正式)使無效;使無用;抵消Hemaybeabletonullifythatdisadvantagebyofferingawidervarietyofp