高考沖刺英語閱讀理解課堂練（22）答案解析

2020高考英語：閱讀理解課堂練（22）PassageForty--Three(SensoryEvaluationofFood)

APolishproverbclaimsthatfish,totasteright,shouldthreetimes—inwater,inbutterandinwine.Theearlyeffortsofthebasicscientistsinthefoodindustryweredirectedatimprovingthepreparation,preservation,anddistributionofsafeandnutritiousfood.OurmemoriesofcertainfoodstuffseatenduringtheWorldWarIIsuggestthat,althoughthesemighthavebeensafeandnutritious,theycertainlydidnottasterightnorweretheyparticularlyappetizinginappearanceorsmell.Thisneglectofthesensoryappealoffoodsishappilybecomingathingofthepast.Bow,inthebook“PrinciplesofSensoryEvaluationofFood,”theauthorshopethatitwillbeusefultofoodtechnologistsinindustryandalsotoothersengagedinresearchintoproblemofsensoryevaluationoffoods.Anattempthasclearlybeenmaketocollecteverypossiblepieceofinformation,whichmightbeuseful,morethanonethousandfivehundredreferencesbeingquoted.Asaresult,thebookseemsatfirstsighttobeanexhaustiveandcriticallyusefulreviewoftheliterature.Thisitcertainlyis,butthisisbynomeansisitsonlyachievement,fortherearemanysuggestionsforfurtherlinesofresearch,andthediscursivepassagesarecrisplyprovocativeofnewideasandnewwaysoflookingatestablishedfindings.

Ofparticularinterestistheweightgiventothepsychologicalaspectsofperception,bothobjectivelyandsubjectively.Therelationbetweenstimuliandperceptioniswellcovered,andincludesavaluablediscussionoftheusesanddisadvantagesoftheWeberfractionofdifferences.Itisinterestingtofindthatinspiteofmanyattemptstoseparateanddefinethemodalitiesoftaste,nothingbetterhasbeenachievedthanthefamiliarclassificationintosweet,soursaltyandbitter.Noristhereasyetanyclear-cutevidenceofthephysiologicalnatureofthetastestimulus.Withregardtosmell,systemsofclassificationareoflittlevaluebecauseoftheextraordinarysensitivityofthenoseandbecausetheresponsetothestimulusissosubjective.Theauthorssuggestthataclassificationbasedonthesize,shapeandelectronicstatusofthemoleculeinvolvedmeritsfurtherinvestigation,asdoesthetheoreticalpropositionthatweakphysicalbindingofthestimulantmoleculetothereceptorsiteisanecessarypartofthemechanismofstimulation.

Apartfromtasteandsmell,therearemanyothercomponentsofperceptionofthesensationsfromfoodinthemouth.Thebasicmodalitiesofpain,cold,warmthandtouch,togetherwithvibrationsense,discriminationandlocalizationmayallplayapart,as,ofcourse,doesauditoryreceptionofbone-conductedvibratorystimulifromtheteethwheneatingcrisporcrunchyfoods.Inthisconnectiontheauthorsrightlypointoutthatthistypeofstimulusrequiresmuchmoreinvestigation,suggestingthatastartmightbemadebyusingsubjectsafflictedwithvariousformsofdeafness.Itiswell-knownthatextraneousnoisemayalterdiscrimination,andtheattentionoftheauthorsisdirectedtotheworkofProf.H.J.Eysenckonthe“stimulushunger”ofextrovertsandthe“stimulusavoidance”ofintroverts.1.

ThereviewerusesaPolishproverbatthebeginningofthearticleinorderto_______.A.introduce,inaninterestingmanner,thediscussionoffood.B.showtheconnectionbetweenfoodandnationalityoffood.C.indicatethattherearevariouswaystopreparefood.D.impressuponthereaderthefoodvalueoffish.2.

Thereviewersappraisalof“PrinciplesofSensoryEvaluationofFood”isoneof_______.A.mixedfeelings.

B.indifferenceC.highpraise.

D.faintpraise.3.Thewriterofthearticledoesnotexpresstheview,eitherdirectlyorbyimplication,that________.A.sharplydefinedclassificationsoftasteareneeded.B.moreresearchshouldbedoneregardingthemolecularconstituencyoffood.C.foodvaluesareobjectivelydeterminedbyanexpert“smeller”.D.temperatureisanimportantfactorinthevalueoffood.4.Theauthorsofthebooksuggesttheuseofdeafsubjectbecause_______.A.deafpeoplearegenerallyintroversive.B.theauditorysenseisanimportantfactorinfoodevaluation.C.theyaremorefastidiousintheirchoiceoffoods.D.Alltypesofsubjectsshouldbeused.Vocabulary1.

preservation

保鮮，保存2.

sensoryappeal

感官的魅力3.

beprovocativeof

脫穎而出4.

exhaustive

詳盡的，無遺漏的5.

discursive

推論的6.

beprovocativeof

引起……爭(zhēng)論/興趣等的7.

crisp

有力的，有勁的8.

perception

感覺，知覺，直覺9.

modality

方式

modalityoftaste

（味）感覺到10.

discrimination

鑒別力11.

localization

地區(qū)性，定位12.

merit

值得……，有……價(jià)值13.

crunchy

嘎吱作響的14.

extraneous

外部的15.

extrovert

外向性格的人16.

introvert

內(nèi)項(xiàng)性格的人難句譯注1.althoughthesemighthavebeensafeandnutritious,theycertainlydidnottasterightnorweretheyparticularlyappetizinginappearanceorsmell.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析]inappearanceorsmell應(yīng)譯成：色或香。[參考譯文]雖然這些飯菜可能是安全又有營(yíng)養(yǎng)，但是肯定味不正，特別是在色、香上難以增進(jìn)食欲。2.Thisitcertainlyis,butthisisbynomeansisitsonlyachievement,fortherearemanysuggestionsforfurtherlinesofresearch,andthediscursivepassagesarecrisplyprovocativeofnewideasandnewwaysoflookingatestablishedfindings.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析]復(fù)合句。This指前一句內(nèi)容：書既詳細(xì)又是對(duì)有關(guān)食品學(xué)的文字做了十分有用的評(píng)論……。Beprovocativeof引起……爭(zhēng)論或興趣。[參考譯文]確實(shí)如此，可是這并不是書的唯一成就，因?yàn)闀鴥?nèi)有許多關(guān)于進(jìn)一步研究范圍的建議。推論性篇章及能令人非常感興趣的看待現(xiàn)存成果的新觀點(diǎn)和新方法。3.Therelationbetweenstimuliandperceptioniswellcovered,andincludesavaluablediscussionoftheusesanddisadvantagesoftheWeberfractionofdifferences.Weberfraction為ErnestHeinrichWeber所著，他生于1795年，死于1878，是德國(guó)生理學(xué)家。[參考譯文]書中詳細(xì)論及刺激和感覺的關(guān)系。還包括了一篇很有價(jià)值的討論文章：談?wù)撏謹(jǐn)?shù)在評(píng)價(jià)差異上的缺點(diǎn)和實(shí)用性。寫作方法和文章大意

這是一篇介紹“感官評(píng)價(jià)食品的原理“一書的序言。評(píng)者從書的讀者對(duì)象，書的篇幅到內(nèi)涵具體涉及片談起，從主觀到客觀論證，采用例子和對(duì)比說明。第一段全面介紹，點(diǎn)出此書不同于過去的書。它們都把重點(diǎn)放在改善準(zhǔn)備，保養(yǎng)和銷售上。此書信息多，引證參考資料多，對(duì)今后研究有新建議；對(duì)已有成果有新關(guān)點(diǎn)。第二段，從客觀到主觀的論述味覺，嗅覺并加以對(duì)比。第三段從眾多其它感覺中，以聽覺為重點(diǎn)論證。答案詳解1.A.以有趣的方式開始介紹食品討論。文章一開始，評(píng)者就用“波蘭有一諺語說，魚，要想品味正，應(yīng)游泳三次——在水里游，在油里游和在酒中游。”這是國(guó)外廣告式論說文經(jīng)常才用的一種寫作方式。目的是吸引讀者，激起他們想讀下去的欲望，以達(dá)到推廣作用。B.表明食品和國(guó)籍的關(guān)系。

C.表明有各種準(zhǔn)備食品的方法。

D.加深讀者對(duì)魚的價(jià)值的影響，三項(xiàng)都不對(duì)。2.C.評(píng)價(jià)高。評(píng)論者當(dāng)然對(duì)此書評(píng)價(jià)極高，這是序言的必然途徑。貶的就是批評(píng)文章了。全篇文章也說明這點(diǎn)。3.C.食品價(jià)值由專家的嗅覺客觀決定。這和第二段后半段的內(nèi)涵有聯(lián)系。他說，味道可分甜，酸，咸辣，而味覺生理性卻無明確無誤的證據(jù)?！爸劣冢ㄐ嵊X）聞，由于鼻子特別靈敏，對(duì)外界刺激的反映主觀性強(qiáng)，所以任何分類體系均無價(jià)值?！弊髡呓ㄗh以“大小，形狀和涉及分子電子態(tài)為基礎(chǔ)的分類值得進(jìn)一步探討研究，就像理論性前提一樣。刺激物分子和受體之間弱的物理結(jié)合是刺激生理機(jī)能的必要組成部分?！边@段文章談到味覺，嗅覺但并沒有直接或間接表達(dá)這種觀點(diǎn)：食品的價(jià)值是通過專家的嗅覺客觀判定。A.需要明確無誤的味覺分類。酸，咸，辣就是味覺的分類。

B.有關(guān)食品分子構(gòu)成進(jìn)行更多研究。文內(nèi)也講到有關(guān)分子電子態(tài)應(yīng)進(jìn)一步研究。

D.

溫度是食品評(píng)價(jià)中的一個(gè)因素。文內(nèi)只在第三段提到了“除了味覺，嗅覺外，口中食品還有其他許多種感覺成分，基本為疼，冷，熱，觸碰以及震動(dòng)感，鑒別力和地區(qū)性都可能起作用。”作者直接說明熱是可能有作用的。4.B.聽覺在食品評(píng)價(jià)中是一個(gè)重要因素。這在第三段內(nèi)提到。除了味覺和嗅覺外，口中食品還會(huì)產(chǎn)生許多其它感覺?；究煞譃橥?，冷，熱，觸碰以及震動(dòng)感，鑒別力和地區(qū)性都可能起作用。就像在吃脆硬或嘎嘎作響的食品時(shí)，聽覺接受了來自牙齒骨操縱的震動(dòng)刺激。在這方面，作者真確指出這種刺激需進(jìn)行更多探討研究，建議運(yùn)用受各種聽不見痛苦折磨的病人作起點(diǎn)研究。眾所周知，外部的噪聲會(huì)改變分辨力和注意力。這說明B.聽覺在食品評(píng)價(jià)中起著重要作用。是對(duì)的。A.聾子一般是內(nèi)項(xiàng)的。

C.他們?cè)谶x擇食品時(shí)很挑剔。

D.各種物體都應(yīng)當(dāng)應(yīng)用。都和本文無關(guān)。2020高考英語：閱讀理解課堂練（26）PassageForty--Four(MenAreCarryingonaSex-fight)Thisissupposedtobeanenlightenedage,butyouwouldn’tthinkofifyoucouldheatwhattheaveragemanthinksoftheaveragewoman/Womenwontheirindependenceyearsago.Afteralong,bitterstruggle,theynowenjoythesameeducationalopportunitiesasmeninmostpartsoftheworld.Theyhaveprovedrepeatedlythattheyareequalandoftensuperiortomeninalmosteveryfield.Thehard-foughtbattleforrecognitionhasbeenwon,butitisbynomeansover.Itismen,notwomenwhostillcarryonthesexwarbecausetheirattituderemainsbasicallyhostile.Eveninthemostprogressivesocieties,womencontinuetoberegardedassecond-ratecitizens.Tohearsomementalk,you’dthinkthatwomenbelongedtoadifferentspecies!Onthesurface,thecommentsmadebymenaboutwomen’sabilitiesseemlight-hearted.Thesametiredjokesaboutwomendriversarerepeateddayin,dayout.Thisapparentlight-heartednessdosenotconcealtherealcontemptthatmenfeelforwomen.Howevermuchmensneeratwomen,theirclaimstosuperiorityarenotborneoutbystatistics.Let’sconsiderthematterofdriving,forinstance.Weallknowthatwomencausefarfeweraccidentsthanmen.Theyaretooconscientiousandresponsibletodrivelikemaniacs.Butthisisaminorquibble.Womenhavesucceededinanyjobyoucaretoname.Aspoliticians,soldiers,doctors,factory-hands,universityprofessors,farmers,companydirectors,lawyers,bus-conductors,scientistsandpresidentsofcountriestheyhaveoftenputmentoshame.Andwemustrememberthattheyfrequentlysucceedbrilliantlyinallthesefieldsinadditiontobearingandrearingchildren.Yetmengoonmaintainingthefictionthattherearemanyjobswomencan’tdonTop-levelpoliticalnegotiationbetweencountries,businessandbankingarealmostentirelycontrolledbymen,whojealouslyguardtheirso-called‘rights’.EveninotherwiseenlightenedplaceslikeSwitzerlandwomenhaven’tevenbeengiventhecote.Thissituationispreposterous!Theargumentsthatmenputforwardtoexcludewomenfromthesefieldsarealltoofamiliar.Women,theysay,areunreliableandirrational.Theydependtoolittleoncoolreasoningandtoomuchonintuitionandinstincttoarriveatdecisions.Theyarenotevencapableofthinkingclearly.Yetwhenwomenprovetheirabilities,menrefusetoacknowledgethemandgivethemtheirdue.Somuchforaman’sabilitytothinkclearly!Thetruthisthatmenclingtotheirsupremacybecauseoftheirbasicinferioritycomplex.Theyshunrealcompetition.Theyknowintheirheartsthatwomenaresuperiorandtheyareafraidofbeingbeatenattheirowngame.Oneofthemostimportanttasksintheworldistoachievepeacebetweenthenations.Youcanbesurethatifwomenwereallowedtositroundtheconferencetable,theywouldsucceedbrilliantly,astheyalwaysdo,theremenhavefailedforcenturies.Somethingsaretooimportanttobelefttomen!1.Whatdoesthefirstsentenceimply?A.Itisnotreallyanenlightenedage.

B.Itisdifferentfromanenlightenedage.C.Itisthesameasanenlightenedage.D.Itislikeanenlightenedage.2.Whydomencarryonthesexwaragainstwomen?A.Becauseoftheirinferiority.

B.Becausetheyshunrealcompetition.C.Becauseoftheirclaimtosupremacy.

D.Becausetheystilllookdownuponwomen.3.The“fiction”isclosestinmeaningto______.A.Novel.

B.Man-madeidea.

C.Falseidea.

D.Story.4.Whatisthemainargumentmenhaveraisedagainstwomen?A.Womenarelackofcoldreasoning.

B.Theydependonintuitiontoomuch.C.Theyareunreliableandirrational.

D.Theyaretoostilllookdownuponwomen.Vocabulary1.

conscientious

認(rèn)真的，真心實(shí)意的2.

maniac

瘋狂的，瘋子3.