高考沖刺英語閱讀理解課堂練答案解析4

2020高考英語：閱讀理解課堂練（1）PassageOne(AdvertisersPerformaUsefulServicetotheCommunity)Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround.‘It’siniquitous,’theysay,‘thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustry(ifwecancallitthat)shouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoods?Afterall,it’stheconsumerwhopays…’Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachine,itismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformance,price,etc.,fromanadvertisement.Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisements,butthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenare,too!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.Wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaybyelawswhilewaitingforatrain?Wouldyouliketoreadonlycloselyprintedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaper?Acheerful,wittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers,commercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaper,orcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice!Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe‘smallads.’whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.

Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstance,youcanfindajob,buyorsellahouse,announceabirth,marriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe‘hatch,matchanddispatch’columnbutbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor‘a(chǎn)gony’column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!1.Whatismainideaofthispassage?A.

Advertisement.

B.

Thebenefitsofadvertisement.C.

Advertisersperformausefulservicetocommunities.D.

Thecostsofadvertisement.2.Theattitudeoftheauthortowardadvertisersis________.A.

appreciative.B.

trustworthy.C.

critical.D.

dissatisfactory.3.Whydothecriticscriticizeadvertisers?A.

Becauseadvertisersoftenbrag.B.

Becausecriticsthinkadvertisementisa“wasteofmoney”.C.

Becausecustomersareencouragedtobuymorethannecessary.D.

Becausecustomerspaymore.4.WhichofthefollowingisNotTrue?A.

Advertisementmakescontributiontoourpocketsandwemayknoweverything.B.

Wecanbuywhatwewant.C.

Goodqualityproductsdon’tneedtobeadvertised.D.

Advertisementmakesourlifecolorful.5.Thepassageis________.A.

Narration.B.

Description.C.

Criticism.D.

Argumentation.Vocabularycomeinfor(sth.)

是某事物的對象，吸引（某事物），獲得flair

天資，天分iniquitous

極邪惡的，極不公正的drab

單調(diào)的，乏味的subsist

活下去，生存下去，維持下去hatch

孵化（指生孩子）match

匹配，婚姻dispatch

派遣，發(fā)送agony

極大痛苦，煎熬agonycolumn

（報刊中關于個人疑難問題征詢意見的）讀者來信專欄難句譯注Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.【參考譯文】廣告商總是雄心勃勃（想得很大），也許這就是為什么他們老挨批評。Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotion.【參考譯文】他們的批評者似乎對他們很氣憤，因為他們在自我抬高/標榜上很有天分。Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingoroffersuchdeepinsightintohumannature.【參考譯文】報紙任何其他欄目都難以提供如此有趣的文章，或提供對人性的內(nèi)涵如此深刻的洞察。It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis.【參考譯文】這是廣告中最佳的廣告。寫作方法與文章大意

文章以因果、對比的手法寫出有沒有廣告的后果及廣告的真正作用。文章首先指出廣告商遭批評的原因：廣告商夸大和人們認為廣告浪費錢財、商品價格就搞；然后作者以有無廣告的后果突出其功能，沒有廣告，商品價更高，生活單調(diào)、乏味。有了廣告，商品價低，生活豐富多彩，人們獲取各種信息。答案詳解.廣告對社會的服務很有用。作者從三方面來敘述廣告作用：第二段點出如果廣告不為產(chǎn)品開辟廣大的市場，我們就得付出很多錢，正是因為大量的廣告費用，消費者的商品才會那么便宜。廣告除銷售商品外，其重要的功能在通知/告訴信息，有關家用商品的許多只是來自廣告，還有新產(chǎn)品的介紹。第三段講了美化環(huán)境功能。如果火車站的墻上和報上沒有廣告，那會怎么樣。一幅悅?cè)诵哪?，機智的廣告將改變一切。第四段講了它為我們省錢：別忘了廣告對我們口袋作出積極的貢獻。報紙、電臺、電視臺公司沒有這筆收入很難生存。我們的報紙，我們付給很少，或者說，我們能享受那么多的節(jié)目完全是因為廣告商花的錢。如果要我們付報紙的全價，那我們要花多少錢！最后一段講了各種專欄的功能。人們可以在這些欄目找工作、買賣房子、宣布婚喪嫁娶信息。這些都圍著一個中心：廣告對社會服務的有用性。.廣告。太籠統(tǒng)。B.廣告之優(yōu)點。文章不是講優(yōu)點，而是講服務于社會的功能。D.廣告費用。.欣賞/贊賞。從上述注釋也可推知是A項。最重要的，作者提出種種功能，是為了反駁第一段內(nèi)提到的論點：完全是非生產(chǎn)企業(yè)每年吸收幾百萬鎊，這說明這些大公司利潤有多高。最重要的是消費者付的廣告費等。反駁更說明了A項對。B.值得信任。C.批評。D.不滿意。A.因為廣告商常常愛吹。見難句譯注1.。B.因為批評者認為廣告浪費錢。C.因為廣告促使消費者購買不必要的東西。D.因為消費者支付更多。.優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品不需要廣告。一切產(chǎn)品都需要廣告，新產(chǎn)品、老產(chǎn)品都需要。A.廣告對我們的口袋作出貢獻。B.我們可以買到我們所需的。D.廣告使我們生活豐富多彩。這三條都提到也是真實的。.文章一開始就提到對廣告的批評，然后作者以對比的手法說明其功能。A.敘事。B.描寫。D.議論。PassageTwo(ExplorationontheOriginofContinents)

Theoriginofcontinentalnucleihaslongbeenapuzzle.Theoriesadvancedsofarhavegenerallyfailedtoexplainthefirststepincontinentgrowth,orhavebeensubjecttoseriousobjections.Itisthepurposeofthisarticletoexaminethepossibleroleoftheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsintheproductionofcontinentalnuclei.Unfortunately,thegeologicalevolutionoftheEarth’ssurfacehashadanobliteratingeffectontheoriginalcompositionandstructureofthecontinentstosuchanextentthatfurtherterrestrialinvestigationshavesmallchanceofarrivingatanunambiguousanswertothequestionofcontinentalorigin.Paradoxically,cluestotheoriginandearlyhistoryofthesurfacefeaturesoftheEarthmaybefoundontheMoonandplanets,ratherthanontheEarth,becausesomeofthesebodiesappeartohavehadamuchlessactivegeologicalhistory.Asaresult,relativelyprimitivesurfacefeaturesarepreservedforstudyandanalysis.InthecaseofboththeMoonandMars,itisgenerallyconcludedfromtheappearanceoftheirheavilycrateredsurfacesthattheyhavebeensubjectedtobombardmentbylargemeteoroidsduringtheirgeologicalhistory.Likewise,itwouldappearareasonablehypothesisthattheEarthhasalsobeensubjectedtometeoroidbombardmentinthepast,andthatverylargebodiesstrucktheEarthearlyinitsgeologicalhistory.

ThelargecraterontheMoonlistedbyBaldwinhasadiameterof285km.However,ifweacceptthehypothesesofformationofsomeofthemarebasinsbyimpact,themaximumlunarimpactcraterdiameterisprobablyaslargeas650km.Basedonalunaranalogy,onemightexpectseveralimpactcratersofatleast500kmdiametertohavebeenformedonEarth.ByapplyingBaldwin’sequation,thedepthofsuchacratershouldbeabout20km.Baldwinadmitsthathisequationgivesexcessivedepthsforlargecraterssothattheactualdepthshouldbesomewhatsmaller.Basedonthemeasureddepthofsmallerlunarcrater.Baldwin’sequationgivesthedepthofthezoneofbrecciationforsuchacraterasabout75km.TheplasticityoftheEarth’smantleatthedepthmakesitimpossibletospeakof“bracciation”intheusualsense.However,localstressesmaybetemporarilysustainedatthatdepth,asshownbytheexistenceofdeep-focusearthquakes.Thus,short-termeffectsmightbeexpectedtoadepthofmorethan50kminthemantle.Evenwithoutknowingthepreciseeffects,thereislittledoubtthattheformationofa500-kmcraterwouldbeamajorgeologicalevent.Numerousauthorshaveconsideredthegeologicalimplicationsofsuchanevent.Donnetal.have,forexample,calledontheimpactofcontinent-sizebodiesofsialiccompositiontofromtheoriginalcontinents.Twomajordifficultiesinherentinthisconceptarethelackofanyknownsialicmeteorites,andthehighprobabilitythattheenergyofimpactwouldresultinawidedisseminationofsialicmaterial,ratherthanitsconcentrationatthepointofimpact.Gilvarry,ontheotherhand,calledonmeteoroidimpacttoexplaintheproductionofoceanbasins.Themajordifficultieswiththismodelarethatthemorphologyofmostoftheoceanbasinsisnotconsistentwithimpact,andthattheoriginandgrowthofcontinentsisnotadequatelyexplained.WeagreewithDonnatal.thattheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsmayhavecausedcontinentformation,butwouldratherthinkintermsofthelocalizedadditionofenergytothesystem,ratherthanintermsoftheadditionofactualsialicmaterial.1.Amarebasinis________.A.aformulafordeterminingtherelationshipbetweenthedepthandwidthofcraters.B.avalleythatisfilledinwhenaspatialbodyhasimpactwiththemoonortheearth.C.aplanetoid(smallplanet)createdwhenameteorite,uponstrikingthemoon,breaksoffapartofthemoon.D.adarkspotonthemoon,oncesupposedtobeasea,nowaplain.2.Thewriterdoesnotbelievethat________.A.anasteroidislargerthanameteorite.B.materialfromspace,uponhittingtheearth,waseventuallydistributed.C.theearth,atonetime,hadcraters.D.oceanwereformerlycraters.3.Thearticleisprimarilyconcernedwith________.A.theoriginofcontinents.B.therelationshipbetweenastralphenomenaandthemoon.C.differencesofopinionamongauthoritativegeologists.D.therelationshipbetweenasteroidsandmeteorites.4.Sialicmaterialrefersto________.A.thebrokenrockresultingfromtheimpactofameteoriteagainsttheearth.B.materialthatexistsonplanetsotherthantheearth.C.acompositeofrocktypicalofcontinentalareasoftheearth.D.materialthatisman-madetosimulatematerialsthatexistedfarbackingeologicalhistory.Vocabulary1.

meteorit

隕石，隕星2.

asteroid

（火星和木星軌道間）小行星3.

obliterate

除去，消減……痕跡4.

crater

火山口，隕石坑5.

mare

海，（也指月亮，火星上的）陰暗區(qū)6.

impact

撞擊7.

impactcrater

隕石坑，撞擊火山8.

brecciate

合成角礫巖

thezoneofbrecciation

角礫巖地帶9.

mantle

地幔10.

stress

應力

local

stress

局部（本身）應力11.

sialic

硅鋁的12.

probability

概率，可能性13.

disseminate

傳播，分散，浸染14.

morphology

組織，結(jié)構(gòu)，形態(tài)（學）15.

astral

星（星狀體）的難句譯注1.Unfortunately,thegeologicalevolutionoftheEarth’ssurfacehashadanobliteratingeffectontheoriginalcompositionandstructureofthecontinentstosuchanextentthatfurtherterrestrialinvestigationshavesmallchanceofarrivingatanunambiguousanswertothequestionofcontinentalorigin.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡析]句中用such…that句型。[參考譯文]遺憾的是，地球表面的地質(zhì)變化對大陸原始結(jié)構(gòu)和組成起了抹煞的作用。這種消除作用達到了這種程度，使進一步的大陸的研究工作很難對大陸起源問題去得明確的答案。2.InthecaseofboththeMoonandMars.Itisgenerallyconcludedfromtheappearanceoftheirheavilycrateredsurfacesthattheyhavebeensubjectedtobombardmentbylargemeteoroidsduringtheirgeologicalhistory.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡析]intheca