高考沖刺英語(yǔ)閱讀理解課堂練答案解析4

2020高考英語(yǔ)：閱讀理解課堂練（1）PassageOne(AdvertisersPerformaUsefulServicetotheCommunity)Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround.‘It’siniquitous,’theysay,‘thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustry(ifwecancallitthat)shouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoods?Afterall,it’stheconsumerwhopays…’Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachine,itismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformance,price,etc.,fromanadvertisement.Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisements,butthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenare,too!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.Wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaybyelawswhilewaitingforatrain?Wouldyouliketoreadonlycloselyprintedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaper?Acheerful,wittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers,commercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaper,orcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice!Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe‘smallads.’whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.

Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstance,youcanfindajob,buyorsellahouse,announceabirth,marriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe‘hatch,matchanddispatch’columnbutbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor‘a(chǎn)gony’column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!1.Whatismainideaofthispassage?A.

Advertisement.

B.

Thebenefitsofadvertisement.C.

Advertisersperformausefulservicetocommunities.D.

Thecostsofadvertisement.2.Theattitudeoftheauthortowardadvertisersis________.A.

appreciative.B.

trustworthy.C.

critical.D.

dissatisfactory.3.Whydothecriticscriticizeadvertisers?A.

Becauseadvertisersoftenbrag.B.

Becausecriticsthinkadvertisementisa“wasteofmoney”.C.

Becausecustomersareencouragedtobuymorethannecessary.D.

Becausecustomerspaymore.4.WhichofthefollowingisNotTrue?A.

Advertisementmakescontributiontoourpocketsandwemayknoweverything.B.

Wecanbuywhatwewant.C.

Goodqualityproductsdon’tneedtobeadvertised.D.

Advertisementmakesourlifecolorful.5.Thepassageis________.A.

Narration.B.

Description.C.

Criticism.D.

Argumentation.Vocabularycomeinfor(sth.)

是某事物的對(duì)象，吸引（某事物），獲得flair

天資，天分iniquitous

極邪惡的，極不公正的drab

單調(diào)的，乏味的subsist

活下去，生存下去，維持下去hatch

孵化（指生孩子）match

匹配，婚姻dispatch

派遣，發(fā)送agony

極大痛苦，煎熬agonycolumn

（報(bào)刊中關(guān)于個(gè)人疑難問(wèn)題征詢意見(jiàn)的）讀者來(lái)信專欄難句譯注Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.【參考譯文】廣告商總是雄心勃勃（想得很大），也許這就是為什么他們老挨批評(píng)。Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotion.【參考譯文】他們的批評(píng)者似乎對(duì)他們很氣憤，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谧晕姨Ц?標(biāo)榜上很有天分。Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingoroffersuchdeepinsightintohumannature.【參考譯文】報(bào)紙任何其他欄目都難以提供如此有趣的文章，或提供對(duì)人性的內(nèi)涵如此深刻的洞察。It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis.【參考譯文】這是廣告中最佳的廣告。寫作方法與文章大意

文章以因果、對(duì)比的手法寫出有沒(méi)有廣告的后果及廣告的真正作用。文章首先指出廣告商遭批評(píng)的原因：廣告商夸大和人們認(rèn)為廣告浪費(fèi)錢財(cái)、商品價(jià)格就搞；然后作者以有無(wú)廣告的后果突出其功能，沒(méi)有廣告，商品價(jià)更高，生活單調(diào)、乏味。有了廣告，商品價(jià)低，生活豐富多彩，人們獲取各種信息。答案詳解.廣告對(duì)社會(huì)的服務(wù)很有用。作者從三方面來(lái)敘述廣告作用：第二段點(diǎn)出如果廣告不為產(chǎn)品開(kāi)辟?gòu)V大的市場(chǎng)，我們就得付出很多錢，正是因?yàn)榇罅康膹V告費(fèi)用，消費(fèi)者的商品才會(huì)那么便宜。廣告除銷售商品外，其重要的功能在通知/告訴信息，有關(guān)家用商品的許多只是來(lái)自廣告，還有新產(chǎn)品的介紹。第三段講了美化環(huán)境功能。如果火車站的墻上和報(bào)上沒(méi)有廣告，那會(huì)怎么樣。一幅悅?cè)诵哪?，機(jī)智的廣告將改變一切。第四段講了它為我們省錢：別忘了廣告對(duì)我們口袋作出積極的貢獻(xiàn)。報(bào)紙、電臺(tái)、電視臺(tái)公司沒(méi)有這筆收入很難生存。我們的報(bào)紙，我們付給很少，或者說(shuō)，我們能享受那么多的節(jié)目完全是因?yàn)閺V告商花的錢。如果要我們付報(bào)紙的全價(jià)，那我們要花多少錢！最后一段講了各種專欄的功能。人們可以在這些欄目找工作、買賣房子、宣布婚喪嫁娶信息。這些都圍著一個(gè)中心：廣告對(duì)社會(huì)服務(wù)的有用性。.廣告。太籠統(tǒng)。B.廣告之優(yōu)點(diǎn)。文章不是講優(yōu)點(diǎn)，而是講服務(wù)于社會(huì)的功能。D.廣告費(fèi)用。.欣賞/贊賞。從上述注釋也可推知是A項(xiàng)。最重要的，作者提出種種功能，是為了反駁第一段內(nèi)提到的論點(diǎn)：完全是非生產(chǎn)企業(yè)每年吸收幾百萬(wàn)鎊，這說(shuō)明這些大公司利潤(rùn)有多高。最重要的是消費(fèi)者付的廣告費(fèi)等。反駁更說(shuō)明了A項(xiàng)對(duì)。B.值得信任。C.批評(píng)。D.不滿意。A.因?yàn)閺V告商常常愛(ài)吹。見(jiàn)難句譯注1.。B.因?yàn)榕u(píng)者認(rèn)為廣告浪費(fèi)錢。C.因?yàn)閺V告促使消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買不必要的東西。D.因?yàn)橄M(fèi)者支付更多。.優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品不需要廣告。一切產(chǎn)品都需要廣告，新產(chǎn)品、老產(chǎn)品都需要。A.廣告對(duì)我們的口袋作出貢獻(xiàn)。B.我們可以買到我們所需的。D.廣告使我們生活豐富多彩。這三條都提到也是真實(shí)的。.文章一開(kāi)始就提到對(duì)廣告的批評(píng)，然后作者以對(duì)比的手法說(shuō)明其功能。A.敘事。B.描寫。D.議論。PassageTwo(ExplorationontheOriginofContinents)

Theoriginofcontinentalnucleihaslongbeenapuzzle.Theoriesadvancedsofarhavegenerallyfailedtoexplainthefirststepincontinentgrowth,orhavebeensubjecttoseriousobjections.Itisthepurposeofthisarticletoexaminethepossibleroleoftheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsintheproductionofcontinentalnuclei.Unfortunately,thegeologicalevolutionoftheEarth’ssurfacehashadanobliteratingeffectontheoriginalcompositionandstructureofthecontinentstosuchanextentthatfurtherterrestrialinvestigationshavesmallchanceofarrivingatanunambiguousanswertothequestionofcontinentalorigin.Paradoxically,cluestotheoriginandearlyhistoryofthesurfacefeaturesoftheEarthmaybefoundontheMoonandplanets,ratherthanontheEarth,becausesomeofthesebodiesappeartohavehadamuchlessactivegeologicalhistory.Asaresult,relativelyprimitivesurfacefeaturesarepreservedforstudyandanalysis.InthecaseofboththeMoonandMars,itisgenerallyconcludedfromtheappearanceoftheirheavilycrateredsurfacesthattheyhavebeensubjectedtobombardmentbylargemeteoroidsduringtheirgeologicalhistory.Likewise,itwouldappearareasonablehypothesisthattheEarthhasalsobeensubjectedtometeoroidbombardmentinthepast,andthatverylargebodiesstrucktheEarthearlyinitsgeologicalhistory.

ThelargecraterontheMoonlistedbyBaldwinhasadiameterof285km.However,ifweacceptthehypothesesofformationofsomeofthemarebasinsbyimpact,themaximumlunarimpactcraterdiameterisprobablyaslargeas650km.Basedonalunaranalogy,onemightexpectseveralimpactcratersofatleast500kmdiametertohavebeenformedonEarth.ByapplyingBaldwin’sequation,thedepthofsuchacratershouldbeabout20km.Baldwinadmitsthathisequationgivesexcessivedepthsforlargecraterssothattheactualdepthshouldbesomewhatsmaller.Basedonthemeasureddepthofsmallerlunarcrater.Baldwin’sequationgivesthedepthofthezoneofbrecciationforsuchacraterasabout75km.TheplasticityoftheEarth’smantleatthedepthmakesitimpossibletospeakof“bracciation”intheusualsense.However,localstressesmaybetemporarilysustainedatthatdepth,asshownbytheexistenceofdeep-focusearthquakes.Thus,short-termeffectsmightbeexpectedtoadepthofmorethan50kminthemantle.Evenwithoutknowingthepreciseeffects,thereislittledoubtthattheformationofa500-kmcraterwouldbeamajorgeologicalevent.Numerousauthorshaveconsideredthegeologicalimplicationsofsuchanevent.Donnetal.have,forexample,calledontheimpactofcontinent-sizebodiesofsialiccompositiontofromtheoriginalcontinents.Twomajordifficultiesinherentinthisconceptarethelackofanyknownsialicmeteorites,andthehighprobabilitythattheenergyofimpactwouldresultinawidedisseminationofsialicmaterial,ratherthanitsconcentrationatthepointofimpact.Gilvarry,ontheotherhand,calledonmeteoroidimpacttoexplaintheproductionofoceanbasins.Themajordifficultieswiththismodelarethatthemorphologyofmostoftheoceanbasinsisnotconsistentwithimpact,andthattheoriginandgrowthofcontinentsisnotadequatelyexplained.WeagreewithDonnatal.thattheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsmayhavecausedcontinentformation,butwouldratherthinkintermsofthelocalizedadditionofenergytothesystem,ratherthanintermsoftheadditionofactualsialicmaterial.1.Amarebasinis________.A.aformulafordeterminingtherelationshipbetweenthedepthandwidthofcraters.B.avalleythatisfilledinwhenaspatialbodyhasimpactwiththemoonortheearth.C.aplanetoid(smallplanet)createdwhenameteorite,uponstrikingthemoon,breaksoffapartofthemoon.D.adarkspotonthemoon,oncesupposedtobeasea,nowaplain.2.Thewriterdoesnotbelievethat________.A.anasteroidislargerthanameteorite.B.materialfromspace,uponhittingtheearth,waseventuallydistributed.C.theearth,atonetime,hadcraters.D.oceanwereformerlycraters.3.Thearticleisprimarilyconcernedwith________.A.theoriginofcontinents.B.therelationshipbetweenastralphenomenaandthemoon.C.differencesofopinionamongauthoritativegeologists.D.therelationshipbetweenasteroidsandmeteorites.4.Sialicmaterialrefersto________.A.thebrokenrockresultingfromtheimpactofameteoriteagainsttheearth.B.materialthatexistsonplanetsotherthantheearth.C.acompositeofrocktypicalofcontinentalareasoftheearth.D.materialthatisman-madetosimulatematerialsthatexistedfarbackingeologicalhistory.Vocabulary1.

meteorit

隕石，隕星2.

asteroid

（火星和木星軌道間）小行星3.

obliterate

除去，消減……痕跡4.

crater

火山口，隕石坑5.

mare

海，（也指月亮，火星上的）陰暗區(qū)6.

impact

撞擊7.

impactcrater

隕石坑，撞擊火山8.

brecciate

合成角礫巖

thezoneofbrecciation

角礫巖地帶9.

mantle

地幔10.

stress

應(yīng)力

local

stress

局部（本身）應(yīng)力11.

sialic

硅鋁的12.

probability

概率，可能性13.

disseminate

傳播，分散，浸染14.

morphology

組織，結(jié)構(gòu)，形態(tài)（學(xué)）15.

astral

星（星狀體）的難句譯注1.Unfortunately,thegeologicalevolutionoftheEarth’ssurfacehashadanobliteratingeffectontheoriginalcompositionandstructureofthecontinentstosuchanextentthatfurtherterrestrialinvestigationshavesmallchanceofarrivingatanunambiguousanswertothequestionofcontinentalorigin.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析]句中用such…that句型。[參考譯文]遺憾的是，地球表面的地質(zhì)變化對(duì)大陸原始結(jié)構(gòu)和組成起了抹煞的作用。這種消除作用達(dá)到了這種程度，使進(jìn)一步的大陸的研究工作很難對(duì)大陸起源問(wèn)題去得明確的答案。2.InthecaseofboththeMoonandMars.Itisgenerallyconcludedfromtheappearanceoftheirheavilycrateredsurfacesthattheyhavebeensubjectedtobombardmentbylargemeteoroidsduringtheirgeologicalhistory.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析]intheca