經(jīng)濟(jì)新聞分析

2017

WorldEconomicOutlookReport

ThewritersaretheUSfirstdaughterandadvisertothepresident;andthepresidentoftheWorldBank本文作者分別是美國(guó)總統(tǒng)的長(zhǎng)女、總統(tǒng)顧問；以及世界銀行行長(zhǎng)

新聞內(nèi)容AttheWorldBankGroupandInternationalMonetaryFundspringmeetingslastweekinWashington,acentralthemewashowtoacceleratesustainable,inclusiveeconomicgrowth.Butasworldleadersseektoreignitetheglobaleconomy,alargepartoftheformulaforgrowthandstabilityisundervalued:theeconomicempowermentofwomen.在最近華盛頓召開的世界銀行集團(tuán)(WorldBankGroup)和國(guó)際貨幣基金組織(IMF)春季會(huì)議上，一個(gè)中心主題是如何加快可持續(xù)的包容性經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。然而，就在世界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人尋求重?zé)ㄈ蚪?jīng)濟(jì)的活力之際，增長(zhǎng)和穩(wěn)定“配方”中的一個(gè)重要部分被低估：女性經(jīng)濟(jì)賦權(quán)。新聞內(nèi)容Only55percentofwomenparticipateinthepaidlabourforcegloballyandtheycontinuetobeanuntappedsourceofgrowth.Thisisaninvaluableassetwithprovenreturns,butwehavenotinvestedtheresourcestounleashwomen’sfullpotential.Theevidenceisoverwhelmingthatsupportingwomen’seconomicparticipationhasenormousdividendsforfamilies,communities,andwholeeconomies.在全球范圍內(nèi)，只有55%的女性從事有償工作，她們繼續(xù)是未得到有效開發(fā)的增長(zhǎng)來源。這是一項(xiàng)寶貴的資產(chǎn)，有著得到證實(shí)的回報(bào)，但我們沒有投入資源來釋放女性的全部潛能。大量證據(jù)證明，支持女性參與經(jīng)濟(jì)會(huì)給家庭、社會(huì)乃至整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來巨大好處。

新聞內(nèi)容ResearchbytheWorldBankGroup,theIMF,theOECD,andprivatesectorstudiesconcludesthatwecanaddbillionstotheglobaleconomybycreatinganenablingenvironment,increasingwomen’slabourforceparticipationandbusinessownership,andimprovingtheproductivityoftheirwork.Theseactionsalsogrownationaleconomiesandmakecountriesmorecompetitive.Closinggendergapsmakessenseatthemacroeconomiclevelandalsoatthecompanylevel.Researchshowsacorrelationbetweenthenumberofwomenonboardsandhighercorporateprofits.世界銀行集團(tuán)的研究、IMF、經(jīng)合組織(OECD)以及私營(yíng)部門的研究都得出結(jié)論認(rèn)為，通過創(chuàng)造支持的環(huán)境，提高女性勞動(dòng)參與率和企業(yè)所有權(quán)，并提高她們?cè)诠ぷ髦械纳a(chǎn)率，我們能夠使全球經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大數(shù)十億美元。這些行動(dòng)還有助于發(fā)展國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)，提升國(guó)家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。無論是在宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)還是在公司層面，消除性別差距都是有意義的。研究顯示，董事會(huì)的女性數(shù)量以及更高的企業(yè)利潤(rùn)之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)。新聞內(nèi)容Beyondtheeconomicimpact,studiesshowthatwomentendtoallocatemoreoftheirincometofood,healthcareandeducation—inshort,goodsthatbenefittheirchildrenandhavemultipliereffectsforgenerations.除了經(jīng)濟(jì)影響，研究還顯示，女性往往會(huì)把更多的收入用來購(gòu)買食品、醫(yī)療和教育——簡(jiǎn)言之，這些購(gòu)買有利于她們的子女，對(duì)后代具有乘數(shù)效應(yīng)。新聞內(nèi)容Yetdespiteoverwhelmingevidenceofthebenefitsofinvestinginfemaleentrepreneursandwomenintheworkplace,progresshasstalled.TheWorldEconomicForum’s2016GlobalGenderGapReportestimatedthatachievingeconomicparitybetweengenderscouldtake170years.Thatisunacceptable.然而，盡管大量證據(jù)證明投資于女性企業(yè)家和女性員工是有好處的，但實(shí)際進(jìn)展陷入停滯。世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇(WEF)的《2016年全球性別差距報(bào)告》(GlobalGenderGapReport)估計(jì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)性別之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)平等可能要花費(fèi)170年。這是不可接受的。新聞內(nèi)容WorldBankGroupresearchshowsthatfemale-ownedenterprisesmakeuponly38percentofformalsmallandmediumenterprisesinemergingmarkets.Amongwomenwhohavestartedbusinesses,only10percenthaveaccesstothecapitaltheyneedtogrowthem.世界銀行集團(tuán)的研究顯示，在新興市場(chǎng)，由女性所有的正規(guī)中小企業(yè)僅占總數(shù)的38%。在創(chuàng)辦企業(yè)的女性中，只有10%能夠獲得企業(yè)擴(kuò)張所需的資金。新聞內(nèi)容Fromaglobalstandpoint,femaleentrepreneursarefurtherdisadvantagedbylegislationimpedingwomen’seconomicopportunities,restrictingthemfromcertainprofessions,preventingthemfromtravelling,andconstrainingtheirabilitytoinheritorownland.Women-ownedenterprisesareconcentratedinanarrowerrangeofsectors,largelythosewithlowerprofitmarginsandexportpotential.從全球視角看，阻礙女性經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)遇的立法讓女性企業(yè)家進(jìn)一步處于不利局面，這些立法限制女性進(jìn)入某些職業(yè)，阻礙她們旅行，制約她們繼承或擁有土地的能力。由女性所有的企業(yè)集中在較少的行業(yè)，基本上是那些利潤(rùn)率和出口潛力都較低的行業(yè)。新聞內(nèi)容ThisweekAngelaMerkel,Germany’schancellor,hoststheW20summitinBerlin,focusingonpromotingwomen’seconomicempowermentasanintegralpartoftheG20agenda.最近，德國(guó)總理安格拉?默克爾(AngelaMerkel)主持了在柏林召開的20國(guó)集團(tuán)(G20)婦女峰會(huì)（即W20峰會(huì)），此次峰會(huì)聚焦于推動(dòng)女性經(jīng)濟(jì)賦權(quán)，作為G20議程不可分割的一部分。新聞內(nèi)容Weknowwhatworks.Weneedtoincreaseaccesstofinance,redistributecarework,accelerateprogresstofinancialinclusion,andofferprogrammesthattrainfemaleentrepreneursandhelpthemaccesshighervaluemarkets.Weneedtodevelopnewlegalandregulatoryframeworkstoboostwomen’sgrowthandproductivity.Therightskillstrainingenhanceswomen’scapacitytomanagetheirbusinesses.Andmentorshipopportunitiesandaccesstonetworksbringlearningopportunitiesandconnectionstocapitalandmarkets.我們知道哪些措施有效。我們需要擴(kuò)大融資渠道、重新分配護(hù)理工作、加快朝向金融包容的進(jìn)展，以及推出相關(guān)計(jì)劃，培訓(xùn)女企業(yè)家，并幫助她們打入更高價(jià)值的市場(chǎng)。我們需要制定新的法律和監(jiān)管框架，促進(jìn)女性的成長(zhǎng)并提高生產(chǎn)率。正確的技能培訓(xùn)會(huì)增強(qiáng)女性管理企業(yè)的能力。而輔導(dǎo)機(jī)會(huì)和加入網(wǎng)絡(luò)會(huì)帶來學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)，開啟通向資本和市場(chǎng)的大門。新聞內(nèi)容GroupsliketheW20,theWorldEconomicForum,WorldBank,andtheUNSecretary-General’shigh-levelpanelonwomen’seconomicempowermenthavebeeninstrumentalinreinforcingthecaseforinvestinginwomen,identifyingeffectivesolutions.Policyleaders,executives,economists,andotheracademicsallagreethatoneofthemostpowerfulwaystogrowtheglobaleconomyistoexpandtheroleofwomeninbusiness.W20峰會(huì)、世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇、世界銀行和聯(lián)合國(guó)(UN)秘書長(zhǎng)有關(guān)女性經(jīng)濟(jì)賦權(quán)的高層委員會(huì)等組織，