園林樹木學 被子植物門8

忍冬科CaprifoliaceaeTheyaremostlyshrubsandvines,rarelyherbs,includingsomeornamentalgardenplantsintemperateregions.Theleavesaremostlyoppositewithnostipules(=appendageatthebaseofaleafstalkorpetiole),andmaybeeitherevergreenordeciduous.Theflowersaretubularfunnel-shapedorbell-like,usuallywithfive

outwardspreadinglobesorpoints,andareoftenfragrant.Theyusuallyformasmallcalyxwithsmallbracts.Thefruitisinmostcasesaberryoradrupe.Thegenera,DiervillaandWeigela,havecapsularfruit.忍冬科Caprifoliaceae很多種類都是好的園林樹種。灌木單葉，很少羽狀復葉，對生花兩性，聚傘花序或再組成其他花序，也有多數(shù)簇生或單生，花冠管狀或輪狀5-4裂，有時二唇形，雄蕊與花冠裂片同數(shù)且與裂片互生漿果，核果或蒴果約18屬500余種，中國12屬，約300余種Deciduousshrubs;Theleavesareovate-oblongwithanacuminatetip,andwithaserratedmargin.Theflowersare2-4cmlong,withafive-lobedwhite,pink,orred(rarelyyellow)corolla,producedinsmallcorymbsofseveraltogetherinearlysummer.Thefruitisadrycapsulecontainingnumeroussmallwingedseeds.錦帶花屬Weigela錦帶花屬Weigela

落葉喬木，髓心堅實，單葉對生，花較大，排腋生或頂生聚傘花序，也有蔟生，單生，花冠白色，粉紅色，深紅色，紫紅色，管狀鐘形或漏斗形，兩側對稱，蒴果長橢圓形，有喙，開裂為二果瓣，種子有翅。約12種，產(chǎn)亞洲東部，中國6種，產(chǎn)中部，東南部，東北部。錦帶花Weigelaflorida

花萼裂片披針形，中部以下連合，柱頭2裂，種子無翅，葉子5-10cm，分布華北，東北及華東北部。變種：白色錦帶花：花近白；四季錦帶花：生長期開花不斷。習性：喜光，耐寒，怕澇，對土壤要求不嚴，對氯化氫抗性強，也是華北地區(qū)春季主要灌木，可在樹叢，林緣做花籬，花叢配植，點綴假山，坡地。Weigelaflorida'Variegata'

Weigela-Wine&RosesWeigelaflorida'Rumba'

Weigelaflorida'Tango'

Weigelaflorida'RedPrince'

Weigela'MidnightWine'

Weigelaf.'Minuet'

海仙花Weigelacoraeensis花萼線形，裂達基部，柱頭頭狀，種子有翅，葉8-12cm，花變色，初時紅色，黃白色，或淡玫瑰色，后變深紅色。

分布華東，朝鮮，日本。猬實屬Kolkwitzia

僅一種，中國特產(chǎn)。猬實Kolkwitziaamabilis

Theplantisanarching,spreadingshrub,withbrownflakybarkandgracefulhangingbranches.Itisusuallyaswideasitistall.Theplantbloomsinlatespring.Itspinkflowersareaboutone-inchlongandbell-shaped,growinginshowy,numerousclusters.Itsleavesareopposite,simple,andovate,entireorwithafewsparseshallowteeth.Itsfruitisahairy,ovoidcapsule.猬實屬Kolkwitzia

猬實Kolkwitziaamabilis

落葉灌木，干皮薄片狀剝裂，葉卵形至卵狀橢圓形，長3-7cm，傘房狀聚傘形花序生側枝頂端，花序中小花具2花，2花的萼臀下部合生，花粉紅色至紫色，裂片5片，雄蕊4，2長2短。果實2個合生（1個不發(fā)育），外面有刺，剛毛，果實形狀像刺猬，故叫猬實。忍冬屬LoniceraHoneysuckles

arearchingshrubsortwiningvines.Theleavesareopposite,simpleoval;mostaredeciduousbutsomeareevergreen.Manyofthespecieshavesweetly-scented,bell-shapedflowersthatproduceasweet,ediblenectar.BreakingoftheHoneysuckle'sstemwillreleasethispowerfulsweetodor.Thefruitisared,blueorblackberrycontainingseveralseeds;inmostspeciestheberriesaremildlypoisonous,butafew(notablyLoniceracaerulea)haveedibleberries.忍冬屬Lonicera落葉，很少半常綠，或常綠灌木，有直立的或右方攀緣；單葉對生；花成對腋生，花冠管狀，唇形或近5等裂。雄蕊5；漿果肉質。約200種，中國140種，以西南最多金銀花Lonicerajaponica半常綠纏繞藤本，苞片葉狀卵形，花初開白色，后轉黃色，芳香，漿果黑色，花期5-11月。金銀木Loniceramaackii落葉灌木，枝中空，花先白后黃，芬芳，花冠筒2-3倍于唇瓣，漿果紅色，合生，花期5月，果熟9月。分布很廣，西北都有。新疆忍冬L.tatarica

耐寒，花粉紅色，或白色，5月，果紅色，9月果成熟。郁金忍冬L.fragrantissima花粉紅色或白色，先葉開放3-4月，漿紅色，5-6月成熟，觀花觀果早。盤葉忍冬L.tragophylla落葉藤木，花序下一對葉基部合生，花黃色，橙黃色，漿果紅色，中國西部有分布。園林中很好的觀賞藤木，棚架綠化。盤葉忍冬Loniceratragophylla

京紅久忍冬Lonicera×heckrottii

接骨木屬SambucusShrubsorsmalltrees(twospeciesherbaceous)Theleavesareopposite,pinnate,with5-9leaflets(rarely3or11),eachleaf5-30cmlong,theleafletswithaserratedmargin.Theybearlargeclustersofsmallwhiteorcreamcolouredflowers

inthelatespring,thatarefollowedbyclustersofsmallred,bluishorblack(rarelyyelloworwhite)berries.Specieshavelifespansbetween80and100years.接骨木屬Sambucus落葉灌木或小喬木，奇數(shù)羽狀復葉對生，花小，輻射對稱。果為漿果狀核果。接骨木Sambucaswilliamsii花序圓錐狀傘花序頂生，花白色或淡蘭色，果黑紫色或紅色。枝葉繁茂，春季白花滿樹，夏秋紅果累累，是良好的觀賞灌木，枝葉入藥，接骨。西洋接骨木莢蒾屬ViburnumDeciduousandevergreenshrubsor(inafewspecies)smalltrees.

Theleavesareopposite,simple,andentire,toothedorlobed.Somespeciesaredenselyhairyontheshootsandleaves,withstar-shapedhairs.Theflowersareproducedincorymbs5-15cmacross,eachflowerwhitetocreamorpinkwithfivepetals,stronglyfragrantinsomespecies.Thegynoeciumhas3connatecarpelswiththenectaryontopofthegynoecium.Somealsohaveafringeoflarge,showysterileflowersroundtheperimeterofthecorymbtoactasapollinatortarget.Thefruitisaspherical,ovalorsomewhatflatteneddrupe,redtopurple,blue,orblack,andcontainingasingleseed;Someareedibleforhumans(thoughmanyothersaremildlypoisonoustopeople).莢蒾屬Viburnum落葉或常綠灌木，少有小喬木；單葉對生；花小，全發(fā)育花或花序傘形聚傘花序，花萼5，短?；ü诎咨虻t色，雄蕊5；漿果狀核果，有些鮮紅，有些黑色。大花莢蒾蝴蝶莢蒾珊瑚樹

天目瓊花五個屬區(qū)別

1.開裂蒴果———————————————————————錦帶花屬1.漿果或核果2.具1種子的瘦果狀核果，果兩個合生（有時一個不發(fā)育），外面密生刺剛毛——————————————————猬實屬2.漿果或漿果狀核果3.漿果，花成對著生于葉腋或輪生枝頂，花冠二唇————忍冬屬3.漿果狀核果：傘狀或圓錐狀聚傘花序，花冠輪生不認識對稱4.葉奇數(shù)羽狀復葉————————————————接骨木屬4.葉為單葉———————————————————莢蒾屬禾本科Cramineae

竹亞科Bambusoideae常綠木本，喬，灌或藤本。地下莖叫竹鞭，竹鞭的節(jié)間近于實心，地下莖有“單軸散生”“合軸生”“復軸混生”三種類型。單軸型：竹鞭細長，能在土中橫向延伸較長距離，在節(jié)上長筍發(fā)育成禾干，在地上部分形成一廣大面積的疏生竹林。禾本科Cramineae

合軸型：地下莖粗厚縮短，節(jié)密根多，不能在土中做長距離蔓延生長。頂芽抽筍長成的新竹靠近老稈，地上部分形成叢生密集叢生的竹叢。復軸型：具有前兩者的特點，既有橫走的竹鞭，又有縮短成堆的地下莖。地下莖節(jié)上有芽，芽長大成筍。筍出土長成莖稱為一個稈。稈節(jié)明顯。節(jié)間中空，節(jié)下一環(huán)即籜環(huán)。節(jié)上一環(huán)為稈環(huán)。二環(huán)之間節(jié)偽，其上生芽，萌發(fā)為枝。按分枝情況，可分為一枝型，二枝型及多枝型。竹稈所生的葉子為桿籜，宿存或脫落性，不認識部分籜鞘，上端似葉部分為籜葉，籜舌，兩側生有籜耳。葉有葉鞘，葉耳，葉舌。雄蕊3或6枚，果實常為穎果。

剛竹屬Phyllostachys

Phyllostachysisagenusofbamboo.Thestemorculmhasaprominentgroove,calledasulcus,thatrunsalongthelengthofeachsegment(orinternode).Becauseofthisitisoneofthemosteasilyidentifiablegeneraofbamboo.Thereareapproximately75speciesand200varietiesandcultivarsofPhyllostachys.Thelargestgrowtobeabout100feet(30m)tallinoptimumconditions.Someofthelargerspecies,sometimesknownas"timberbamboo",areusedasconstructiontimberandformakingfurniture.Someofthesmallerspeciescanbegrownasbonsai.剛竹屬Phyllostachys喬木或灌木狀，地下莖單軸散生，稈原筒形，節(jié)間分枝側有縱溝或扁平。每節(jié)常二分枝。春交出筍，多數(shù)竹筍可食用。毛竹Phyllostachyspubescens

剛竹P.viridis早園竹P.propinqua羅漢竹P.aurea節(jié)間下不規(guī)則宿短或畸形腫脹紫竹P.nigra

老稈全部或部分紫黑色黃槽竹P.aureosalcata稈綠,不認識黃色毛竹毛竹

紫竹

金鑲玉竹

方竹屬ChimonobambusaShootfallandwinter,andaredifficulttopropagate.Manybranchespernode.Thinculmsheathsfallawaywithinayear.地下莖復軸型，稈圓形或微呈四方形，在分枝一側常扁平或具溝槽，基部數(shù)節(jié)各有一圈瘤狀氣根，每節(jié)三分枝。方竹Chimonobambusoquadrangularis我國特產(chǎn)。

3.籟竹屬BambusaBambusaisalargegenus(about37species)ofclumpingbamboos.Thesespeciesareusuallygiantones,withnumerousbranchesatanodeandoneortwomuchlargerthantherest.

Bambusaoldhamii

3.籟竹屬Bambusa喬木或灌木狀，地下莖合軸型，稈叢生，每節(jié)有枝條多數(shù)，有時不發(fā)育的枝?；纱獭７鸲侵瘢ǚ鹬?、密節(jié)竹）B.ventricosa

稈兩種：正常稈，節(jié)間長，圓筒形畸形稈，短而粗，節(jié)間短，下部分節(jié)間膨大呈瓶狀。廣東特產(chǎn)。孝順竹

Bambusamultiplex

黃金間碧竹（青絲金竹）B.vulgaris

稈鮮黃色，有綠色縱條紋。

方竹

佛肚竹箬竹屬IndocalamusShrubsorsmallshrubs1to4brancheswithlargebroadleavesgrowononenode.Branchesaresimilarwithculms.

灌木型或小灌木型，地下莖復軸形，稈散生或叢生，每節(jié)有1-4分枝，通常與主稈同粗，葉寬大。箬竹屬Indocalamus闊葉箬竹

Indocalamuslatifolius常作地被，栽植觀賞，也可河邊護岸。竹子對溫度，水分要求很高，溫度低-14度，不能生長，竹筍需要很長時間才能長出來，2個月，在出筍前需大量水(雨后春筍)才能長出來。所以北方許多地方種不成，不是水，就是溫度。叢生竹喜溫暖濕潤氣候，散生竹耐寒性強一些。花鏡中對竹描寫，虛心，密節(jié)。性體剛強，值霜日而不凋，歷四時而常茂，頗無妖艷。雅俗共賞。經(jīng)常與松、梅共植。稱為“歲寒三友”。竹林形成竹徑通幽的效果。需要有高度，與路寬比較，有厚度，有深度。

建筑物也可種植高大竹子，院子內(nèi)種植觀賞價值高的竹子。建筑，角隅，竹，山石配。室內(nèi)天井，屋頂花園也可用。松下石重，梅下石秀，竹下石瘦，專類園，竹類公園（樓觀臺）。室內(nèi)盆栽，編織，7000年以前就開始編織，歷史悠久。精密儀器廠可種植，無污染。Indocalamushamadae

Indocalamuslatifolius

Indocalamustessellatus

棕櫚科PalmaceaePalmsarewoodymonocotsnativetothetropics.

Therearemanypalmswhichmakegoodindoorplants.

Manygetlargequicklyandrequirefrequentrepottingbutothersgrowmoreslowly.

Somehavesingletrunksandothershavemultipletrunks.

Palmatelyandpinnatelycompoundleavesarebothcommon.

Sincemostpalmtreesgrowintheshadeoftropicalforestsuntiltheygettallenoughtoreachthedirectraysofthesun,theytoleraterelativelylowindoorlightformanyyears.棕櫚科Palmaceae

Manypalmsbecomelargewithageandoutgrowtheirlocationbutmakeattractive,manageablehouseplantsforseveralyears.

Ediblepalmsproducecoconut,datesandpalmoilandtheyhavenumeroususesinandaroundthehomeandmarketinthetropics.

Baskets,bags,hatsareexamplesofproductswovenfromtheleaves.

棕櫚科Palmaceae常綠喬木或灌木，莖單生或叢生，直立，也有攀緣，實心。葉常聚生莖端，羽狀裂或掌狀分裂大型花小，輻射對稱，組成圓錐狀，肉穗花序或肉穗花序萼片，花瓣各為3瓣，雄蕊6枚，罕3枚。漿果，核果或堅果。約210余屬，2500種左右，有些種還未充分了解。棕竹屬Rhapis

ThespeciesarecommonlyknownasLadyPalms.Theyarefanpalms(Corypheaetribe),withtheleaveswithabarepetioleterminatinginaroundedfanofnumerousleaflets.Theplantshavethinstemsgrowingto3-4mtall,branchingatthebase,formingclumpsandaredioecious,withmaleandfemaleflowersproducedonseparateplants.叢生灌木，莖直立，干細如指，葉掌狀分裂。小葉棕竹棕竹蒲葵屬LivistonaTheyarefanpalmstrees,theleaveswithanarmedpetioleterminatinginarounded,costapalmatefanofnumerousleaflets.喬木或大喬木。莖直立，葉近圓形，扇狀折疊，掌狀分裂至葉片中部附近，先端2裂下垂。蒲葵Livistonachinensis葉淺裂，嫩葉做扇子，最北能夠分布到湖南南部，上海種植需小氣候維護。棕櫚屬TrachycarpusTheyarefanpalms(ArecaceaetribeCorypheae),withtheleaveswithabarepetioleterminatinginaroundedfanofnumerousleaflets.Theleafbasesproducepersistentfibersthatoftengivethetrunkacharacteristichairyappearance.Allspeciesaredioecious,withmaleandfemaleflowersproducedonseparateplantsalthoughfemaleplantswillsometimesproducemaleflowers,allowingoccasionalself-pollination棕櫚屬Trachycarpus喬木或灌木，莖干直立，多單生而不分枝，單葉叢生于端，掌狀深裂，頂端2淺裂，肉穗花序粗大而分枝。雌雄異株。本屬最耐寒，分布于棕櫚科區(qū)域最北境界。棕櫚Trachycarpusfortunei最耐寒，耐陰，抗污染性強。左上椰子右王棕散尾葵

刺葵挺拔秀麗，一派南國風光，適應性強，能抗多種有毒氣體，棕皮用途廣泛。棕櫚科樹種用途：表現(xiàn)熱帶，亞熱帶風光，可做行道樹，庭院樹，筒栽，盆栽。行道樹：王棕（大王爺子）魚尾葵蒲葵棕櫚椰子油棕孤立木：王棕多蒲葵油棕林植：蒲葵油棕棕櫚檳榔水邊：蒲葵動勢椰子棕櫚山石：桄榔魚尾葵軟野刺葵建筑：兩窗之間，高一些的，假檳榔，蒲葵，棕櫚角隅：散尾葵盆景：棕竹室內(nèi)裝飾：軟葉刺葵散尾葵專類園：棕櫚科植物溫室百合科Liliaceae

ManyplantsintheLiliaceaeareimportantornamentalplants,widelygrownfortheirattractiveflowers.Manyplantsinthefamilyarepoisonousifeaten.Afloralpatternsaidtobebasedonalilyorlily-likeflowerisusedinheraldry;seeFleur-de-lis.百合科Liliaceae

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