戴煒棟英語語言學(xué)概論Chapter 8

Chapter8LanguageandSocietyWhatissociolinguistics?Sociolinguisticsisthesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.Maintasks:ThescopeofsociolinguisticsVarietiesoflanguageStandarddialectPidginandCreoleBilingualismanddiglossiaThescopeofsociolinguistics

Therelatednessbetweenlanguageandsociety(語言和社會的相關(guān)性)Speechcommunityandspeechvariety(言語社區(qū)和言語變體)Twoapproachestosociolinguisticstudies(社會語言學(xué)的兩種研究方法)

TherelatednessbetweenlanguageandsocietyLanguageisusedtoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationship.Usersofthesamelanguagespeakdifferentlyduetotheirdifferentsocialbackground.Languagereflectsboththephysicalandsocialenvironmentsofasociety.Languageiscloselyrelatedtothestructureofthesociety.Speechcommunityandspeechvariety言語社區(qū)和言語變體Thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudyiscalledthespeechcommunity.Speechvariety,orlanguagevariety,referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.TwoapproachestosociolinguisticstudiesMacro-sociolinguistics:tolookatsocietyasawholeandconsiderhowlanguagefunctionsinitandhowitreflectsthesocialdifferentiations,i.e.abird’s-eyeviewofthelanguagesusedinsociety.

將社會看作一個整體，考察語言是如何在其中運(yùn)作的，以及他是如何反映社會差異的，即對社會中所使用的語言的一個總觀。Micro-sociolinguistics:tolookatsocietyfromthepointofviewofanindividualmemberwithinit,oraworm’s-eyeviewoflanguageinuse.從其中的個體成員的角度來觀察社會，或?qū)κ褂弥械恼Z言作一個具體的詳細(xì)的觀察。Varietiesoflanguage語言變體Dialectalvarieties(方言變體)Register(語域)Degreeofformality(正式度)Dialectalvarieties(方言變體)Regionaldialect(地域方言)Sociolect(社會方言)Languageandgender(語言與性別)Languageandage(語言和年齡)Idiolect(個人方言)Ethnicdialect(種族方言)Regionaldialect(地域方言)Aregionaldialectisalinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.Sociolect(社會方言)Social-classdialect,orsociolect,referstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.Accentisanimportantmarkerofsociolect.Languageandgender(語言與性別)Women’sspeechcloselyapproachesthestandardvarietythanthespeechofmen.Maleandfemalespeechesarealsofoundtobedifferentintheuseofintonations.Genderdifferentiationsisalsoreflectedintheuseofcertainlexicalitems.Languageandage

Languageusedbytheoldgenerationdiffersfromthatusedbytheyoungergenerationincertainways.Themoststrikingdifferenceisfoundatthelexicallevel(詞匯層).Idiolect

(個人方言)Idiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.Ethnicdialect(種族方言)BlackEnglishisjustanothernon-standardvarietyofEnglish.BlackEnglishhasitsownfeaturesatthephonological,morphological,syntactic,andlexicallevel.LinguisticFeaturesofBlackEnglishThesimplificationofconsonantclustersattheendofaword;Thedeletionofthelinkverb“be”;Theuseofdoublenegationconstruction.Examples:P116.Register(語域)Languagevarieswiththeuseranditalsovarieswiththecircumstancesunderwhichitisused.Acompetentnativespeakerofalanguageisinpossessionofavarietyofwaysinusingthelanguage.Thetotalityoflinguisticvarietiespossessedbyanindividualconstituteshislinguisticrepertoire(語言變體庫).Halliday’sregistertheory

“Languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries;itdiffersindifferentsituations.”“語言隨其功能而變；因其場合而異”.Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisaregister.Threesocialvariablesthatdeterminetheregister:fieldofdiscourse(語場),tenorofdiscourse(語旨),andmodeofdiscourse(語式).Fieldofdiscourse(語場)Fieldofdiscoursereferstowhatisgoingon:totheareaofoperationofthelanguageactivity.(purposeandsubject)Thefieldofaregisterdeterminestoagreatextentthevocabularytobeusedincommunicationanditalsodeterminesthephonologicalandgrammaticalfeaturesofthelanguage.Tenorofdiscourse(語旨)Tenorofdiscoursereferstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:whotheparticipantsandinwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.It,toagreatextent,determinesthelevelofformalityandtheleveloftechnicalityofthelanguageweuse.Modeofdiscourse(語式)Modeofdiscoursemainlyreferstothemeansofcommunication.Itisconcernedwith“how”communicationiscarriedout.Example:P118.Degreeofformality

(正式程度)AnAmericanlinguistMartinJoos,distinguishesfivestagesofformality,namely,1.intimate,2.casual3.consultative4.formal5.frozen.Example：P119.Standarddialect

(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方言)Thestandardvarietyisasuperimposed(強(qiáng)制性的),sociallyprestigiousdialectofalanguage.Thestandarddialectisaparticularvarietyofalanguagewhichanymemberofaspeechcommunitycanpossiblyuseregardlessofhissocialandgeographicalbackgrounds,hisgenderandage.PidginandCreole

洋涇浜語和克里奧耳語(混雜語)Apidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.Whenapidginhasbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunity,andisacquiredbythechildrenofthatspeechcommunityastheirnativelanguage,itissaidtohavebecomeaCreole.FeaturesofPidginIthasalimitedvocabularyandmuchreducedorsimplifiedgrammarandservesrestrictedfunctions,suchastradingandemployment.Bilingualismanddiglossia

雙語現(xiàn)象和雙語Insomespeechcommunities,twolanguagesareusedsidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay.Thetermdiglossia,firstusedbyFergusonin1959,referstoasociolinguisticsituationsimilartobilingualism.Butinsteadoftw