大學(xué)英語四級考試閱讀難句

四六級長難句分析GrammaticalStructure一、時態(tài)和語態(tài)（TheTenseandTheVoice)時態(tài)（Tense)是表示行為、動作和狀態(tài)在各種時間條件下的動詞形式。語態(tài)（Voice)也是動詞的一種形式，表示主語（動作的發(fā)出者或動作的承受者）和謂語之間的關(guān)系。Sampleone:ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,scoring12-15pointsabovethemeanvalueof100,andhavecontributeddisproportionatelytotheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthecareersoftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,affirm.這群人在智商測驗中一般考得很好，得分在平均分100以上12-15分。而且他們對西方的知識和文化做出了很大的貢獻。這種貢獻相對于他們的人口數(shù)量來說是不成比例的。正如他們中的精英分子的職業(yè)生涯所證實的，這些精英分子中包括若干位世界著名的科學(xué)家。Sample2:Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”---therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.一個世紀(jì)以前，弗洛伊德系統(tǒng)闡述了他的革命性理論：夢是我們無意識的欲望和恐懼的變相反映。到20世紀(jì)70年代晚期，神經(jīng)學(xué)家們轉(zhuǎn)而認為，夢只是“精神上的噪音”，也就是說，在睡眠時進行的神經(jīng)修復(fù)工作的任意副產(chǎn)品。Sample3:Shefeltsuitablyhumblejustasshehadwhenhehadfirsttakenagoodlookathercityself,hairwavedandgolden,nailsredandpointed.她感到稱心得體，就像她以前感覺一樣，那時他第一次仔細審視了她城里人的氣質(zhì)、飄逸的金發(fā)、又紅又尖的指甲。Sample4:Thechangesthathavetakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.最近60年來空中旅行所發(fā)生的變化即使對19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初最有成就的科學(xué)家來說似乎也覺得完全是不可能的。Sample5:I’dsaywheneveryouaregoingaftersomethingthatbelongstoyou,anyonewhoisdeprivingyouoftherighttohaveitiscriminal.我想說，無論何時當(dāng)你在追求屬于你的東西時，任何剝奪你擁有它的權(quán)利的人都是有罪的。注：belong,own,possess這類動詞通常不用進行時態(tài)。Sample6Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.如果確實可能的話，我本來是要去醫(yī)院看他的，但是上周整整一周我忙得不可開交。Sample7:Forhimtobere-elected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.為了他能連任，真正重要的不是他的政策有效，而是公眾認為他的政策有作用。Sample8:TheconveniencesthatAmericansdesirereflect

notsomuchaleisurelylifestyleasabusylifestyleinwhichevenminutesoftimearetoovaluabletobewasted.注：notsomuch…as…與其說…倒不如說…美國人所渴望的方便用具和方便設(shè)施與其說是反映了一種閑暇的生活方式，還不如說是反映了一種繁忙的生活方式，其中甚至幾分鐘時間也寶貴得不能被浪費掉。Sample9:Greateffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageistobeavoided.假如想要避免食品短缺，那就必須做出更大的努力來增加農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量。Be(am,is,are,or,was,were)和不定式連用，可表示：1）按計劃或安排要發(fā)生的事或打算做的事：Iamtoseehimtodayatsixo’clock.2)該做或不該做的事（接近should,must,oughtto,haveto):Youarenottosmokeinthisroom.3)能不能發(fā)生的事（接近can,may)：HowamItopaysuchadebt?4)不可避免將要發(fā)生的事，后來將發(fā)生的事：Theworstisstilltocome.5)(用于條件句）如果想要……(接近if…wantto,或if…should):Ifwearetobethereintime,we’llhavetohurryup.Ifthereistoberevolution,theremustbearevolutionaryarmy.Sample10:Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamakeupexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.如果你去向數(shù)學(xué)老師解釋清楚，那時你的父母病了，他是會樂意給你一次補考的機會的。Sample11:Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.我希望，到我們明年回來的時候，她的身體將會很好。bythetime+從句（謂語用一般現(xiàn)在時）表示“到將來某個時間點為止”，故主語中的謂語用將來完成時。e.g.：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.bythetime+從句（謂語用一般過去時）表示“到過去某個時間點為止”，所以主句謂語需用過去完成時；如表示狀態(tài)，也可以用一般過去時，例如：Bythetimehewastakentothehospital,hewasalreadydead.有些表示時間的短語可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，例如：theinstance,theminute,themoment,theday,theyear,each(every)time,nexttime,thefirst(second)time等。e.g.:Theminutehesawherhefellinlove.Thedayhereturnedhome,hisfatherwasalreadydead.EverytimeIcomeheisreading.HewasmuchbetterthelasttimeIsawhim.Sample12:Johnisn’tadiligentstudent,foritisthethirdtimehehasbeenlate,isn’tit?約翰并不是一個勤奮的孩子，因為這是他第三次遲到了，對嗎?在下列表達方式后要用現(xiàn)在完成時：1）This(that)isthefirst/second/third,etc…例如:Thisisthefirstminibuswehavehadinourtown.2)This(that)istheonly…例如：ThisistheonlypartythatIhavereallyenjoyedinmylife.3)This(that)isthe+形容詞最高級…例如：Itisthemostinterestingbook(that)I’veeverread.如果談到過去，就用過去完成時，如：Thiswasthefirsthigh-risebuildingwehadhadinourtown.Sample13:Nosoonerhadthewordsbeenspokenthanherealizedthatheshouldhaveremainedsilent.注：nosooner+had+主語+過去分詞（被動語態(tài)用been+過去分詞）…+than+主語+一般過去時…;意為“剛…就…”。話一說出，他就立刻意識到，他本來應(yīng)該保持沉默。Sample14:Wehadhopedtostartourbusiness,butweneverhadenoughmoneytodoso.我們本來希望自己開辦自己的企業(yè)，但是我們錢不夠。注：hope,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose和want這一類表示希望，愿望，打算的動詞用于過去完成時態(tài)表示過去的希望、期待、意圖、愿望等沒有實現(xiàn)。如：1）Ihadmeanttocallonyou,butwaspreventedfromdoingso.2)Shehadthoughtofpayingusavisitbutthebadweathermadeherchangeherplans.3)Theyhadwantedtohelpbutcouldn’tgetthereintime.4)Ihadn’tforaminutesupposed(expected)thatIshouldgetthefirstprize.(我一點都沒想到我會得一等獎）Sample15:Youloveyouronlysonandindulgehimsomuchthatyouaredoinghimharm.你愛你的獨生兒子，把他嬌慣到了害他的程度了。注：現(xiàn)在進行時常用來闡述、歸納前面所說的話。這種現(xiàn)在進行時的語氣往往較強。本句中的現(xiàn)在進行時表示結(jié)果，有歸納或總結(jié)之意。如：Icannotsleep.Somethingisworryingme.第二句中用現(xiàn)在進行時表示原因，解釋前一句。Sample16：Itisperhapsnotanexaggerationtosaythattherearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswillaccountforanimprovementinthestandardoflivingor,alternatively,willdomuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.或許可以毫不夸張地說，有些人認為值得懷疑的是，這些與國防有關(guān)的研究項目會說明生活水平的提高，或者，換言之，會大大有助于保護我們?nèi)找鏈p少的自然資源。二、虛擬語氣（TheSubjunctiveMood)虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想，假設(shè)或建議等，所說的是一個條件，不一定是事實，或與事實相反。虛擬語氣是一項語法難點，這里把虛擬語氣分成三大塊來討論：1．名詞從句中的虛擬語氣標(biāo)志詞+should+動詞原形2．條件從句中的虛擬語氣①三種基本態(tài)②倒裝虛擬句③混時虛擬句④含蓄虛擬句⑤跳層虛擬句3．其它情形中的虛擬語氣（wish/wouldrather/it’shightime…/ifonly…/lest）1.名詞從句虛擬語氣(1)ask,advise,beg,command,demand,decide,desire,insist,order,prefer,propose,require,recommend,request,suggest,urge等表示命令、要求、建議等含義的動詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動詞用(should)+動詞原形e.g.Isuggest/suggestedthatwe(should)gotomorrow.名詞從句虛擬語氣(2)itis+(形容詞/過去分詞/特定名詞)+that的從句中，形容詞主要是表示令人吃驚的、重要的、必要的、關(guān)鍵的等詞匯。形容詞：astonishing,amazing,advisable,appropriate,crucial,desirable,essential,important,imperative,keen,necessary,natural,normal,odd,proper,preferable,strange,sorry,shocked,surprising,urgent,unusual,vital等。從句用虛擬語氣(3)過去分詞：decided,desired,demanded,ordered,requested,recommended,suggested等;名詞：advice,decision,desire,demand,suggestion,motion,pray,resolution,wish,preference,proposal,recommendation,requirement,idea,order等，從句中，謂語動詞用(should)+動詞原形2．條件從句中的虛擬語氣①三種基本態(tài)表虛擬的時間if從句謂語形式主句謂語形式現(xiàn)在did/werewould(should,might,could)+do過去haddone/hadbeenwould(should/might/could)+havedone(been)將來Wereto/should+dowould(should,might,could)+do與現(xiàn)在事實相反：IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyabook.與過去事實相反：IfIhadhadenoughmoney,Iwouldhaveboughtabook.與將來事實相反：IfIweretohaveenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyabook.IfIshouldhaveenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyabook.②倒裝虛擬句（只能與過去/將來事實相反，省去if，有三種倒裝形式）HadIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldhaveboughtabook.WereItohaveenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyabook.ShouldIhaveenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyabook.③混時虛擬句（主要是抓住時間狀語）(對過去事實虛擬+對現(xiàn)在事實虛擬)IfIhadstudiedEnglishatschool,IcouldreadtheEnglishnovelnow.(對現(xiàn)在事實虛擬+對過去事實虛擬)Ifshewerenotsocareless,shewouldn’thavemadesuchamistake.④含蓄虛擬句WhatwouldIhavedonewithoutyou?Butfortheirhelp,Iwouldnothavefinishedthetask.Butthatthedoctorarrivedontimethatday,theywouldhavebeendead.Givenmoretime,Iwouldhavebeenabletofinishthetest.⑤跳層虛擬句（即句子一半為虛擬，另一半為陳述語氣；but前句用虛擬而or/otherwise后句用虛擬）

(but)Hewouldputonweight,buthedoesn’teatmuch.(與現(xiàn)在事實相反)Hewouldhaveputonweight,buthedidn’teatmuch.(與過去事實相反)(or,orelse,otherwise)IforgetwhereIreadthearticle,orIwouldshowittoyounow.(與現(xiàn)在事實相反)Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter,otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.(與過去事實相反)3．其它情形中的虛擬語氣（wish/wouldrather/it’shightime…/ifonly…/lest）wish…IwishIknewtheanswer.(與現(xiàn)在事實相反)IwishIhadknowntheanswer.(與過去事實相反)Iwishyouwouldshutup.(與將來事實相反)ifonly…IfonlyIweretaller.(與現(xiàn)在事實相反)Ifonlyhehadfollowedyouradvice!(與過去事實相反)Ifonlytherainwouldstop.(與將來事實相反)itis(high/about)time…Itistimeyouthoughtaboutyourfuture.wouldrather…Iwouldratheryoudidn’tspeakrudelytoher.(與現(xiàn)在事實相反)I’dratheryouhadn’tspokenrudelytoher.(與過去事實相反)lest…,incase…,forfearthat…（引導(dǎo)的是目的狀語從句，但可歸入第六點(名詞從句虛擬)，這是因它們答案特征相同，即(should)+動詞原形。e.g.Hetookhisumbrellalestitshouldrain.Sample1:Aftertheterribleaircrashshebegantobeworriedlestheshouldhavemetwithsomeaccidentthedaybefore.可怕的飛機失事發(fā)生后，她開始擔(dān)心，唯恐他已在前一天出了什么事故。Sample2:Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthepublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.要不是老百姓的及時投資，我們的公司就不會像現(xiàn)在這樣興旺。Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,wouldhavelostallpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.所涉及到的數(shù)百萬次計算，如果用手工操作，到它們完成時已失去全部實用價值。timevt.1.為…安排時間；為…選擇時機；為…定時：totimeaninvasion選擇入侵的時機Thebombwastimedtogooffat12o'clock炸彈定在12點鐘爆炸。2.撥準(zhǔn)(鐘、表)的快慢，校正(鐘、表)時間：Hetimedhiswatchwithmine.他和我對表。3.測定…的時間；記錄…的時間：totimearace記錄賽跑的時間totimearunner為賽跑選手計時4.(音樂等)使與節(jié)拍相一致，使合拍子：Theytimedtheirstepstothedrumbeat.他們合著擊鼓聲跳舞。5.調(diào)準(zhǔn)(機械的)速度：Theworkershavetimedthespeedofthemachine.工人們已經(jīng)調(diào)準(zhǔn)機器的速度。

vi.合拍；和諧；打拍子;(鐘、表等)走得準(zhǔn)adj.時間的，表示時間的，時間方面的;(爆炸裝置等)定時的;定期的;[美國英語]分期(付款)的abreastof(或with)thetimes與時俱進的，趕上時代的，不落后于時代的，符合時代的，時新的againsttime爭分奪秒地，盡快地；力爭及時(完成)，爭取在有限的時間內(nèi)(完成)(一般與run，talk，work連用)atalltimes始終，經(jīng)常；隨時，總是，老是；不論什么時候(at)anytime隨時，無論何時atatime每次，一次；個別地；同時，一下子atnotime在任何時候都不；從來沒有…，從不；決不atoddtimes(或hours,moments)偶爾；在閑暇的時候；用零碎的時間atonetimea.同時b.(過去或從前)有個時期，曾經(jīng)(有一段時間)，一度intimesofstressa.在供不應(yīng)求時b.在艱難困苦時intimestocome在將來timelyadj.及時的；適時的，合時宜的adv.及時地Ensuretimelydeliveryandqualityofallproducts.確保準(zhǔn)時交貨并保證產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量Doremembertodosomeexercisetimelytokeepyouhealthy.請務(wù)必記住。要適時的活動活動。保證身體健康。involvevt.1牽涉，牽連，使卷入；使陷入(麻煩、困境等)：tobeinvolvedinascandal卷入丑聞tobeinvolvedinthetrouble陷入麻煩2使參與；使參加：toinvolveemployeesinthemanagement使職員參與管理3包含，含有，包括：Thisprojectinvolvesmuchdifficulty.這一項目有許多困難。4需要；必需：aprojectwhichinvolvesyearsofwork一項需要若干年工作的工程5與…有關(guān)聯(lián)；影響：Hishonorisinvolved.他的名譽受到影響。6包圍，圍?。换\罩：Cloudsinvolvethemountaintop.云霧籠罩著山頂。7使專心于；使忙于；使從事于：tobeinvolvedinresearch忙于研究Sample3:Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.一次安全隱患分析本來會識別這個目標(biāo)是潛在的危險。不幸的是，這樣的分析從未做過。identifyvt.1.辨認；識別；認出；鑒定；驗明；確定：Heidentifiedhisbaggageamonghundredsofothers.他在幾百件行李中認出了自己的行李。toidentifyhandwriting鑒定筆跡2.使等同于；把…看做一致(常與with連用)：Neveridentifywealthwithhappiness.千萬不要把財富等同于幸福。Healwaysidentifiesother'shappinesswithhisown.他總是把別人的幸福看做自己的幸福。3.使支持；使參與，使關(guān)系密切(常與with連用)：Sheisactivelyidentifiedwithourplans.她積極支持我們的計劃。Herefusedtoidentifyhimselfwiththeirpolicy.他拒絕參與他們的政策。4.暴露出…的身份：Hishoarsevoicequicklyidentifiedhim.他那嘶啞的聲音讓人一聽就知道是他。5.使融合：Theplaywassogrippingthattheaudiencequicklyidentifiedwiththeactors.這出戲非?？廴诵南?，使得觀眾很快就與演員融為一體。vi.1.同情；跟…發(fā)生共鳴；支持(常與with連用)：Heidentifieswiththeheroineofthenovel.

他同情小說中的女主人公。

短語1.identifyoneself證明自己(的身份)2.identifyoneselfwith參加到…中去；與…打成一片；支持Sample4:Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.過去男子一般都愿意他們的妻子在家里工作。WhenEdisondied,itwasproposedthattheAmericanpeopleturnoffallpowerintheirhomes,streets,andfactoriesforseveralminutesinhonorofthisgreatman.愛迪生去世時，有人建議，為紀(jì)念這位偉人美國人民應(yīng)關(guān)掉家中，街上和工廠里的全部電源幾分鐘。Sample5:IapologizeifIhadoffendedyou,butIassureyouitwasunintentional.假如我曾經(jīng)冒犯過你，我現(xiàn)在向你道歉，但我向你保證，這不是故意的。I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchabadweather.我寧愿你乘火車去，因為我無法想象在如此惡劣的天氣里你呆在飛機里。注：主語+wouldrather后接賓語從句，從句中謂語須用虛擬語氣：用一般過去時表示希望現(xiàn)在或?qū)韺崿F(xiàn)的行為或狀態(tài)，用過去完成時表示希望過去實現(xiàn)的行為或狀態(tài)。如：I’dratheryoudidn’tdoanythingaboutitforthetimebeing.我寧愿你暫時不要采取任何措施。同類句型還有：Iwouldjustassoon…和Iwouldsooner…e.g.:IwouldjustassoonyoudidnotaskmetospeakatthemeetingtomorrowbecauseIhavealotofurgentmatterstoattendto.Iwouldsooneryouhadgonethereyesterday.注意下述兩個句型的差異：1）(just)assoondosthasdosthelse:同樣樂于做某事，就像做另外一件事一樣：I’djustassoonstayathomeasgoforwalk.我樂于呆在家里，就像樂于出去散步一樣。2）soonerdosththandosthelse:寧愿做某事，而不愿做另一事：Shewouldsoonerresignthantakepartinsuchdishonestbusinessdeals.她寧可辭職也不愿意參與這種不正當(dāng)?shù)馁I賣。Sample6Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddennoise.要是有一聲巨響，這些動物會受到驚嚇，這是有現(xiàn)實可能性的。Itisgenerallythoughttobeofimportancetoamanthathe(should)knowhimself.普遍認為，一個人重要的是貴有自知之明。Hewastohavebeenappointedasthemanagerofthecompany,buthefellseriouslyill.本來要任命他當(dāng)公司經(jīng)理，但他卻得了重病。Sample7:Youlooksotiredtonight.Itishightimeyouwenttobed.你今晚看上去很累。你該去睡覺了。注意：有的語法書上說，謂語可用should+動詞原形表示，但現(xiàn)在我國各類測試中只承認“一般過去時”。Theteacherthoughtitessentialthatalltheexercisebooks(should)behandedinnolaterthanFridaymorning.老師認為必須在周五上午前把全部作業(yè)本交上去。Wemusturgethatdelegates(should)beelectedfromthevariousfactoriesinthecity.我們必須敦促，代表應(yīng)該選自本城各工廠。Sample8:Isaidsomethingthatmadethemattersmuchworse.IfonlyIhadkeptmymouthshut!我說了些使事態(tài)惡化的話。早知道我就閉口不言了。Shewasn’tingoodhealth,otherwiseshewouldhaveworkedharder.她身體不好，否則的話她會更努力工作。HaditnotbeenforProfessorRusselstandingforhim,hewouldhavehadtoleave.要不是因為羅塞爾教授支持他，他就得離開了。Sample9:Mr.Brown,agoodfriendofmine,wouldhavehelpedusbutthathewasshortofmoneyatthetime.若不是我的好朋友波浪先生那時缺錢，他就會幫我們了。Butforyourkindadvicewecouldnothavesucceededintheexperimentwhenwewereintrouble.當(dāng)我們處于困境中時，要不是你的忠告，我們本來是不可能成功的。WeretheTimesCo.topurchaseanothermajormediacompany,thereisnodoubtthatitcoulddramaticallytransformafamily-runenterprisethatstillgets90%ofitsrevenuefromnewspapers.如果時代公司要收購另一家主流媒體公司，毫無疑問，它能改造一家仍然從報業(yè)獲取90%收益的家庭經(jīng)營的企業(yè)。purchase

vt.1.買，購買，購置Expertflatterymaypurchaseanhonestman老練的阿諛奉承可以買動一個老實人。2.(用犧牲等)換取，換得：Theypurchasedlifeattheexpenseofhonor.他們以犧牲名譽為代價換得了生命。3.依靠機械力移動(或舉起)；靠機械力抓緊：topurchaseananchor起錨vi.

購買東西

n.1.購得物，所購物2.購買，買3.緊握，緊抓；牢靠的立足點4.獲得物；贓物5.(地產(chǎn)等以年計的)收益，價值短語notworthaday's(或anhour's)purchase活不到一天(或一小時)，命危在旦夕buyvt.1.買，購買，購置，買得：Iboughtmyselfacar.我為自己買了一輛汽車。

Theyboughtthehousefor$100,000.他們花十萬美元買了這座房子。2.(付出一定代價)換得，贏得，獲得：tobuytimebynegotiating通過談判贏得時間Sheboughtfavorwithflattery.她以阿諛奉承博得寵幸。3.能購得；足以買到(或獲得)；具有…購買力，價值相當(dāng)于：Onehundreddollarsbuyslessthanitusedto.現(xiàn)在100美元買不到以前所能買到的那么多東西。4.雇，聘；享受…的服務(wù)：TheChicagoBullboughtanewguard.芝加哥公牛隊新雇了一名后衛(wèi)。5.收買，向…行賄，賄賂：Afewpublicofficialscanbebought.一些公務(wù)員會被收買。6.n[美國俚語、口語]采納，接受，認為；相信；同意，贊成(尤指采納有效可行的意見)：Ican'tbuyhisexcuse.我不能相信他的借口。Idon'tbuythatexplanation.我不接受那樣的解釋。vi.

當(dāng)買主，(作為買者)采購商品，買商品，買貨物，購買東西，買某物：Thecarpricesarelow;it'sagoodtimetobuy.現(xiàn)在汽車價格低，買車正是時候。

n.1.買，購買，購置2.買賣，交易短語1.buyit相信(或接受)(某種提議、建議、說明)，信以為真；放棄[回答問題或猜謎時用][亦作buythat]transformvt.1.使變化；使變形；使改觀：Alittlepaintwilltransformthisoldcar.噴點漆就能讓這輛舊車變個模樣。Themagiciantransformedthegirlintoatiger.魔術(shù)師把那個女孩變成了一頭老虎。2.改革；使改變(性質(zhì)、機能等)：Theytransformedthebasementintoareadingroom.他們把地下室改建成閱覽室。totransformdreamintoreality變夢想為現(xiàn)實3.改造；使改變(思想、性格等)：Marriagehascompletelytransformedhim.婚姻已經(jīng)徹底改變了他。Successandwealthtransformedhischaracter.成功和財富改變了他的性格。4.【電工學(xué)】變壓；變化(電流)；【物理學(xué)】轉(zhuǎn)變(能量形式等)；使轉(zhuǎn)換：Adynamotransformsmechanicalenergyintoelectricity.發(fā)電機使機械能轉(zhuǎn)換為電。vi.改變；變形；變態(tài)；轉(zhuǎn)變；轉(zhuǎn)化；變換：Acaterpillartransformsintoabutterfly.毛蟲變成了蝴蝶。transformfault轉(zhuǎn)換斷層；轉(zhuǎn)形斷層transfervt..-ferring搬；轉(zhuǎn)移；傳遞；傳輸：Theywilltransferthosebooksintothenewlibrary.他們將把那些書搬進新的圖書館。Pleasetransferthemoneytomyaccount.請把這筆錢轉(zhuǎn)到我的賬上。轉(zhuǎn)讓(財產(chǎn)等)：Heintendstotransferthepropertytohisdaughter.他打算把財產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓給女兒。改變；轉(zhuǎn)變；變換：totransferwastelandintofertilefields把荒地變成良田轉(zhuǎn)寫；轉(zhuǎn)?。荒±L調(diào)動；使(職業(yè)足球運動員)轉(zhuǎn)會：Hehasbeentransferredtoantherbranch.他已經(jīng)被調(diào)到了另外一個部門。ThatfootballerhasbeentransferredtoACMilan.那個足球運動員已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)會到AC米蘭隊。

vi.1.轉(zhuǎn)移；遷移：OurcompanywilltransfertoLondon.我們公司將遷往倫敦。2.轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)；轉(zhuǎn)校；轉(zhuǎn)系；轉(zhuǎn)會；調(diào)動：ShehastransferredfromtheDepartmentofHistorytotheDepartmentofEnglish.她已經(jīng)由歷史系轉(zhuǎn)到英語系了。3.換車(或船)；轉(zhuǎn)乘：AtBirminghamItransferredtoanothercoach.我在伯明翰換乘另一輛大客車。三、不定式、分詞和動名詞（TheInfinitive,TheParticipleandTheGerund)非限定動詞（Non-finiteVerb)是動詞的非謂語形式。非限定動詞在句中不能單獨做謂語，不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制；它在句中可以充當(dāng)各種句子成分。非限定動詞包括不定式、動名詞和分詞。3.1不定式的用法3.1.1不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)形式及其補足成分1）不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)形式不定式通常由不定式符號to+V原形構(gòu)成，如write的不定式便是towrite,這是不定式的一般形式。主動詞的進行體形式，完成體形式以及完成進行體形式也可以有不定式：tobewriting,tohavewritten,tohavebeenwriting.不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符號之前加not,never等否定詞（nottowrite).動詞的被動態(tài)也可以有不定式。其形式是由tobe+-ed分詞或者tohavebeen+-ed分詞構(gòu)成：tobewritten,tohavebeenwriten.2)不定式的補足成分：不定式常常帶有自己的補足成分：HebegantostudyRussian.Hemeanttosendmeagift.Theydecidedtoappointhermanager.Hebegantofeelsad.Itcontinuedtorainheavily.Hedecidedtoliveinthecountryside.所有這些帶有補足成分的不定式統(tǒng)稱為“不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。3.1.2不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可在句中作主語、補語、賓語等多種句子成分。1)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語Togivegoodserviceisourduty.Tocleantheroomsonceaweekisnecessary.Tomeetyouisgreatpleasure.把不定式結(jié)構(gòu)直接置于主語的位置，平時用得不多，聽起來也不太自然，通常的用法是在主語位置上放個“先行it”,而把作主語的不定式后置：Itisourdutytogivegoodservice.Itisnecessarytocleantheroomsonceaweek.Itisagreatpleasuretomeetyou.2)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語補語不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語補語有以下兩種情況：一種是主語和主語補語都是不定式，其含義往往一是條件，一是結(jié)果。Inaway,toprotectforestsistokeepnaturalbalance.保護森林在某種程度上就是保持生態(tài)平衡Topromisetoomuchistopromisenothing.另一種情況是，作主語補語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)往往說明主語的內(nèi)容，這時，主語通常是由aim,business,duty,hope,idea,job,mistake,plan,suggestion,wish,work等作中心詞的名詞詞組，或是由what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句。thelittleboy’saimtobecomeawriterThepoorgirl’swishwastobuyapairofwarmshoes.Whattheguidesuggestedwastomakeafire.Whathecouldsayistocallameetingimmediately,I’msure.3)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞，常見的有agree,ask,beg,begin,decide,expect,forget,hate,hope,learn,like,manage,mean,offer,plan,prefer,pretend,promise,refuse,remember,try,want,wish等Thechildrenbeggedtocomewithus.Thesethreesbegantobearfruitin1985.Ihaveforgottentobringmyumbrella.Wemustn’tpretendtoknowwhatwedon’tknow.如果作賓語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)之后帶有補語，就得用”先行it”作形式賓語并把不定式結(jié)構(gòu)放到補語后面去QuitealotofstudentsfinditdifficulttomasteradvancedEnglish.Doyouthinkitpossibleforhimtocompletehisstudiesintwoyears’time.作賓語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)之前還可帶有疑問詞Haveyoudecidedwhentogo?Iwonderwhethertoinvitehimornot.Idon’tknowwhomtorelyon.不定式還可在SVoO句型中作直接賓語Heaskedmehowtopronouncetheword.Weshowedthemhowtorepairthecar.Hepromisedmetogetadoctorformydaughter.Bear，begin，cease,continue,dislike,endure,hate,intend,start,neglect,Forgetdoingsth,forgettodosthGoondoing,goontodoMeandoing,meantodoStopdoing,stoptodo4)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補語Iadvisedhimtoseeadoctorimmediately.Wewarnedhernottodothatagain.Heexpectedhissontobeapianist.Weknowthisbooktobeveryinformative.我們知道這本書資料豐富Wethinkhimtobeanoutstandingscientists.在feel,hear,see,listento,notice,watch,let,make,have等動詞之后，不定式常不帶to.Isawaboyclimboverthefence.Weallfeltthehouseshake.Iwon’tletyougoalone.We’llhaveTomhelpGroupA.但若這些動詞用于被動語言，隨后的不定式便須帶to.Aboywasseentoclimboverthefence.TomwillbemadetohelpGroupA.5)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語可表目的，結(jié)果，原因等意義A)表示目的Hewenthometoseehismother.Heworkedhardtocatchupwithhisclassmates.為了加強語勢，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)還可用inorderto/soasto來引導(dǎo)Theoldmanputonhisglassesinorderto/soastoseetheobjectmoreclearly.B)表示結(jié)果Heissocarelessastogeteverythingconfused.Heissuchafoolastothinkthateverybodyelseisinferiortohim.It’stoolateforustogohome.此外，還可在句尾用（only)to…表示一種出乎意料的（通常不是愉快的）結(jié)果Ihurriedtothestationonlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.C)表示原因Sheseemedsurprisedtomeetus.I’msorrytohavemadethismistake.I’mgladforyoutohavefinishedtheworksosoon.6)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作名詞修飾語不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作名詞修飾語（定語）總是出現(xiàn)在名詞（詞組）之后，相當(dāng)于一個關(guān)系分句即“定語從句”。Maryisalwaysthefirsttocome(whocomes)andthelasttoleave(wholeaves).Onthefarm,thereisalwaysalotofworktobedone(thatmustbedone).Shehastenchildrentolookafter(whomshemustlookafter).在以上例子中，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的施動者同時也就是句子的主語，如果不定式的施動者不是句子的主語，那就得用for把它引導(dǎo)出來。Itisagoodchanceforyou

tomakeupwithhim.那是你和他和解的好機會。Ihavealotofworkforhertodothismorning.

Ability,agreement,ambition,anxiety,attempt,capacity,chance,claim,courage…Thisisanopportunitytogivepeoplemoreleisure.ThebookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglish.Fortheworktobedoneatonceisnecessary.Itishightimeforallofustotakethismessagetoheart.Who,what,which,when,where,asif,asthough..Nowheretoturn,howtokeep,whattodo,wheretorecommend,whichfoodtocook,1.不定式的時態(tài)TobedoingThebabyseemstobesleeping.Ihappenedtobetalkingwithhimwhenhewashitbyaballandcollapsed.TohavedoneByronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes.Themembersofthedelegationweregladtohavestayedlongerthanoriginallyplanned.TohavebeendoingIdon’tknowwhatishappeningbetweenthem;theyseemtohavebeenarguingallmorningsince8.2.被動語態(tài)TobedoneEveryoneisfittobeeducated.TohavebeendoneThebuildingissaidtohavebeendestroyedinafiretwoyearsago.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings.Manyoftheworld’sgreatnovelsarereportedtohavebeenmadeintofilmslastyear.Toconclude,tomention,tobebrief,tobeexact,tobefair,tobehonest,tosumup,tobeginwith,needlesstosay,nottospeakof,thatistosay,toputitsimply,totellthetruth,tomakemattersworse,toreturntomysubject,tomakealongstoryshortHelp,letalone,muchless,can’thelpbut,donothingbutSample1:Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled,fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.人們不得不感到困惑，因為他們簡直無法理解，他怎么會犯這樣一個愚蠢的錯誤。Thosepart-timestudentsexpecttobeofferedsomejobsoncampusduringthecomingsummervacation.那些打工的學(xué)生期望在即將來臨的暑假中能在校園內(nèi)向他們提供更多的工作。Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.這些學(xué)生期望在期末考試以前有更多的復(fù)習(xí)課。Sample2:Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.今晚天氣不至于冷到有霜凍，因此我能把吉姆的汽車安全地停在外面。Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.為了順利交流思想，全體出席者必須全神貫注并參加討論。Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabouttopaycomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.馬林是一位有獨立思維的年輕人，他不愿意對其政界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人阿諛奉承。Sample3:Becauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmetoswimintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus.由于最近發(fā)生的事故，我們的父母禁止我的兄弟和我在河里游泳，除非有人同意看護我們。注：forbidsbtodosth.禁止某人做某事。在非正式英語中可用forbidsbfromdoingsth.但在正式英語中用不定式。英語中表“禁止”的還有prohibit和hibitsb.fromdoingsth.如：Hethrewhimselfinfrontofthedoorandprohibitedusfromleaving.Prohibit后可接動名詞或帶邏輯主語的動名詞。如：1）Manyfirmsprohibitsmokingintheirshops.2)Hissmallsizeprohibitshisbecomingapoliceman.bann/vt.Wewillbanallsmokinginourclub.Bicyclesarebannedfromthenewmotorway.但帶有“禁止”意義的牌示，在英語中常常不用動詞，如：禁止停車（Noparking),禁止隨地吐痰（Nospitting),禁止入內(nèi)（Noadmittance/entry),禁止在此倒垃圾(Nogarbagehere)Sample4：IworkedsolateintheofficethatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.我在辦公室工作得很晚，因此我?guī)缀鯖]有時間趕上末班公共汽車。注：havetimetodosth.意為“有時間做某事”，而haveahardtimedoingsth.則意為“有困難做某事”。ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.英國和美國英語之間的詞匯和語法差別微不足道，幾乎不屑一顧。Sample5:Ifthelettertobemailedwasplacedonthewritingtableanhourago,itiscertaintobetherenow.如果要郵寄的信一小時以前放在寫字臺上，那它現(xiàn)在一定還在那里。Thelocalhealthorganizationisreportedtohavebeensetuptwenty-fiveyearsagowhenDr.Audonbecameitsfirstpresident.據(jù)報道，這家當(dāng)?shù)匦l(wèi)生組織是25年前成立的，那時奧頓博士就成了第一主任。Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgroundsonwhichtobasehisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.這位教授幾乎找不到充分的理由來證明他的論據(jù)以支持這條新理論。Sample6:Heworkshardestofall,andhedeservestoberewarded.他工作最努力，值得嘉獎。注：deserve(應(yīng)受，值得），后接名詞、代詞、動詞不定式，偶爾也接動名詞（少用）。如：1)Hedeservedthisglory.2)Youdeservetosucceed.3)Theydeservedtobepunished.4)Theboyrichlydeserveswhipping.bedeservingof(應(yīng)該受，值得），如：Hisconductisdeservingofthehighestpraise.Themembersofthedelegationhadfinishedtheirexcitingvisit.Allofthemweregladtohavestayedlongerthanoriginallyplanned.代表團團員們已經(jīng)結(jié)束了振奮人心的訪問。他們大家都很高興，因為呆得比原計劃長。不定式所表示的動作，發(fā)生在謂語所表示的動作之前，不定式用完成式：Iamsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Hefeltashamedtohavedonesuchathing.Ihappenedtohavecomeacrossthebookonce.Iintendedtohavetelephonedyou,butIforgotto.Thebuildingissaidtohavebeendestroyedinafireinafewyearsago.3.2非限定動詞：-ing分詞-ing分詞概說：1）-ing分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)形式及其補足成分-ing分詞也是一種非限定形式，從而沒有“時”（tense)的標(biāo)記，但它有一般形式和完成體形式，以及主動態(tài)和被動態(tài)的區(qū)別。以write為例：-ing分詞的否定形式是：notwriting,nothavingwritten等。-ing分詞也可帶有補足成分，比如帶賓語，狀語，補語等。如：Beingblind,howcouldtheyseetheelephant!Gettingupearlyisagoodhabit.主動態(tài)被動態(tài)一般形式writingbeingwritten完成體形式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten2)關(guān)于“動名詞”本次所講的-ing分詞實際上包括了傳統(tǒng)語法中所講的“現(xiàn)在分詞”和“動名詞”。所謂“現(xiàn)在分詞”和“動名詞”不過是