初中英語被動語態(tài)講解-練習(xí)及答案

文檔文檔.被動語態(tài)一、考點、熱點回憶【詞匯辨析】across,through穿過across指從一定圍的一邊到另一邊。動作是在物體的外表進展。常用于橫穿街道、河流，穿過橋梁等。eg:Theywalkacrossthebridge.他們步行走過了這座橋。through側(cè)重從物體的部空間穿過，動作是在物體部進展。常用于門、窗戶、森林等。eg:Hewalksthroughthepark.他步行穿過公園。2.ill,sick"生病的"。{ill只在系動詞后作表語eg:Hermotherwasillinbed.sick既可作表語eg:Hermotherwassickinbed.I也可作定語eg:Janeistakingcareofhersickmother.假設(shè)ill作定語，譯為‘‘壞的，惡劣的〃eg:anillperson一個壞人sick作表語時也常譯為“惡心的，想吐的“eg:Theboyalwaysfeelssickwhenhetravelsbycar.【固定搭配】動詞+名詞/代詞/副詞+介詞makeroomfor給騰出地方eg:Wecanmakeroomforheratthistable.playajokeon戲弄人；對人惡作劇eg:Wecan'tplayajokeonlaw.speakhighlyof稱贊eg:Thecustomsspeakhighlyoftheirqualityofservice.saygoodbyeto辭別；告辭eg:Idon'twanttosaygoodbyetothem.takeanactivepartin積極參加eg:Theytakeanactivepartinschoolactivities.takecareof照顧；照料；注意eg:CouldyoutakecareofmyplantswhileI'monvacation?【被動語態(tài)】〔一〕語態(tài)：英語的語態(tài)是通過動詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。英語中有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。例如：ManypeoplespeakChinese.謂語：speak的動作是由主語manypeople來執(zhí)行的。被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者,即行為動作的對象。例如：Chineseisspokenbymanypeople.主語English是動詞speak的承受者?！捕潮粍诱Z態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞"構(gòu)成。人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化是通過be的變化表現(xiàn)出來的?，F(xiàn)以speak為例說明被動語態(tài)在各種時態(tài)中的構(gòu)成。一般現(xiàn)在時：am／is／are+spoken一般過去時：was／were+spoken一般將來時：will／shallbe+spoken現(xiàn)在進展時：am/is/arebeing+spoken過去進展時：was/werebeing＋spoken現(xiàn)在完成時：have/hasbeen+spoken過去完成時：hadbeen+spoken〔三〕被動語態(tài)的用法〔1〕不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰。例如：Somenewputerswerestolenlastnight.一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了?！膊恢朗钦l偷的〕Thisbridgewasfoundedin1981.這座橋竣工于1981年?！?〕強調(diào)動作的承受者，而不強調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者。例如：TheglasswasbrokenbyMike.玻璃杯是邁克打破的。Thisbookwaswrittenbyhim.這本書是他寫的。Yourhomeworkmustbefinishedontime.你們的家庭作業(yè)必須及時完成?！菜摹持鲃诱Z態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法〔1〕把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語?！?〕把謂語變成被動構(gòu)造〔be+過去分詞〕〔根據(jù)被動語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來主動語態(tài)句子中動詞的時態(tài)來決定be的形式〕?！?〕把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語，將主格改為賓格。例如：Allthepeoplelaughedathim.—Hewaslaughedatbyallpeople.Theymakethebikesinthefactory.—Thebikesaremadebytheminthefactory.Hecutdownatree.—Atreewascutdownbyhim.〔五〕含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)含有情態(tài)動詞的主動句變成被動句時，由“情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞"構(gòu)成Wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.—Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays.Theyshoulddoitatonce.—Itshouldbedoneatonce.〔六〕特殊情況Hemadetheboyworkfortwohoursyesterday.—Theboywasmadetoworkbyhimfortwohoursyesterday.MotherneverletsmewatchTV.—IamneverlettowatchTVbymother.JackgavePeteraChristmaspresentjustnow.—〔1〕AChristmaspresentwasgiventoPeterbyJackjustnow.—〔2〕PeterwasgivenaChristmaspresentbyJackjustnow.常見的句型構(gòu)造：Itis(was)agreed(believed/decided/hoped/thought〕that大家同意〔相信、決定、希望、認(rèn)為〕Itis(was)wellknownthat眾所周知Itis(was)takenforgrantedthat被視為當(dāng)然Itmustberememberedthat務(wù)必記住Itmustn'tbeforgottenthat千萬別忘記Itis(was)said(reported，heard，told，suggested)that據(jù)說(報道、聽說、告知、建議)二、典型例題〔〕1．TheOlympicGameseveryfouryears.AareheldBwereheldC．a(chǎn)reholdingD．willho1d〔〕2.Intheartshow，alotofenjoyment__toforeignfriendsbytheChinesepaintings．A．isgivingBisgivenCwillgiveDhasgiven〔〕3.TodayChineseisbeingmoreandmorepopular.Itin.manyschoolsaroundtheworld.A.teachesB.isteachingC.hastaughtD.istaught〔〕4.BaJin,oneofthegreatestwritersinChina,as"People'sWriter".A.isregardedB.hasregardedC.isregardingD.regards〔〕5.UsuallyputerstosearchtheInternet.A.useB.areusingC.areusedD.used〔〕6.--Doyouoftencleanyourclassroom?--Yes.Ourclassroomeveryday.A.cleanB.cleansC.iscleaned〔〕7.一DidyouhearthatwaterinTaiLakesmeltterrible?一Yes．Infact，it.That'sallbecauseofthepeopleandthefactoriesaround．A．pollutedBwaspollutedChaspollutedD．waspo11ute〔〕8.--Ourenvironmentisgettingworsethanbefore.--You'reright.ButthankstoEarthDay,peoplehavedonemoreandmoreusefulthingstoprotect(保護)theearthsinceEarthDay.A.isstartedB.wasstartedC.hasstarted〔〕9.---IfeelveryhappythatItobethehost.---Congratulations!A.chooseB.amchosenC.waschosenD.havenchosen〔〕10.Manytreesandflowersinourschoollastyear，andtheymadeourschoolabeautifulgarden．A．plantB．plantedC．haveplantedD．wereplanted

〔〕11.Somefamouspaintingsinthehallnextweek.A.willshowB.wereshownC.isshownD.willbeshown〔〕12.Atalkondevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologyintheschoolhallnextweek.A.givenB.willbegivenC.hasbeengivenD.gives〔〕13.---Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthiscity.---Right.Manymoderntallbuildingshavebeenthesedays.A.turnedupB.putupC.shownupD.fixedup〔〕14.Twelve-year-oldsshouldnottodriveinChina.A.allowB.beallowC.allowedD.beallowed〔〕15.—Doyouoftencleanyourclassroom?—Yes,ourclassroomeveryday.A.cleanB.cleansC.iscleanedD.Cleaned三、課后練習(xí)〕1．—Susan,whyareyoustillhere?Theyareallreadytostart.-I'msorry,butIwhentomeet.A.don'ttellB.didn'ttellC.haven'ttoldD.wasn'ttold〕2．Manyoldhousesaroundourschoolnextyearandalargegreenareawillappear.A.pulldownB.willbepulleddowndown〕3．---Mywatch.---Don'tworry.Let'sgototheLost&Found.A.islostB.isbroken〕4．---DidyougotoSam'sweekendparty?C.willpulldownC.hasfoundD.arepulledD.hasstopped---No,IA.amnotinvitedB.wasn'tinvitedA.pulldownB.willbepulleddowndown〕3．---Mywatch.---Don'tworry.Let'sgototheLost&Found.A.islostB.isbroken〕4．---DidyougotoSam'sweekendparty?C.willpulldownC.hasfoundD.arepulledD.hasstopped---No,IA.amnotinvitedB.wasn'tinvitedC.haven'tinvitedD.didn'tinvite〕5．--Howoftenyourschoolsportsmeeting?--Onceayear.A.does;holdB.was;holdC.is;heldD.did;hold〕6．OnMay30th,,onebowlintheMingdynasty（明朝）atthepriceof30.36millionHongKongdollars.A.sellB.soldC.issoldD.wassold〕7．The"Thousand-handGuanyin"bymanypeopleasthebestperformanceatCCTV'sSpringFestivalEvening.A.hasbeenregardedB.areregardedC.hasregardedD.regards〕8．—Thoseeggsofdifferentcolorsareverybeautiful.—Yes,theyinHangzhou.A.paintedB.werepaintingC.werepaintedD.hadpainted〕9．---Don'tlittertheground,boy,Lookatthesign::“Rubbishintothedustbin.〞---Sorry.A,hasthrowB,wasthrowC,mustthrowD,mustbethrown〕10．The29th0lympicGames__inBeijingin2021．A．willholdBwillbeheldC．hold〕11.Thegirlwasoftenheardhappilyinherroom.A.singB.tosingC.singingD.sings〕12.Itisreportedthatmorenewteachingbuildingsinourschoolinthenextterm.A.willbebuiltB.wasbuiltC.hasbuiltD.willbuild〕13.Itisreportedthatmorenewteachingbuildingsinourschoolinthenextterm.A.willbebuiltB.wasbuiltC.hasbuiltD.willbuild〕14.Thesickboytohospitalbythepoliceyesterday.A.istakenB.wastakenC.takesD.took〕15.--It'sdifficultforthevillagechildrentocrosstheriverforschool.--Ithinkabridgeovertheriver.A.wasbuiltB.isbeingbuiltC.hasbeenbuiltD.shouldbebuilt〔〕16.--David,turnofftheTVnooneiswatchingit.--Butitoffalready!Themusicisfromtheradio.A.sothat,hasbeenturnedB.when,hasturnedC.if,hasbeenturnedD.because,hasturned〕17.UsuallyJohntoschoolinhisfather'sbeautifulcar.A.hastakenB.istakingC.istakenD.hasbeentaken〕18.Don'tputofftoday'sworkfortomorrow.Imean,today'sworktoday.A.maydoB.mustdoC.maybedoneD.mustbedone〕19.--Look,whatanoldpalace!Itlookssogreat!--Yeah,itnearly800yearsago.A.wasbuildingB.wasbuiltC.hasbuiltD.isbuilt〕20.Don'tdiscusstheproblemswithyourpartnerunlessyoutodoso.A.askB.areaskedC.willaskD.willbeasked典型例題一般現(xiàn)在時1A。［解析］考察被動語態(tài)，根據(jù)句意，“奧運會每四年舉行一次'’可見須用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)，故排除了B、C、D。2［答案］B。［解析］此題考察被動語態(tài)，句中alotofenjoyment是動作的承受者?！霸谶@次藝術(shù)展中，一些有趣的東西通過中國國畫展示給外國朋友。〞3［答案］D。［解析］考察被動語態(tài)。物作主語，一般要考慮被動語態(tài)。但如果動詞指的是物的特性，不能用被動語態(tài)。4［答案］A。［解析］選用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)，表示人們對這位偉大作家的愛戴。5［答案］C。［解析］從句子看，電腦作主語，是動作的承受者，所以用被動語態(tài)，應(yīng)選C。6.［答案］C。［解析］考察被動語態(tài)物作主語，一般要考慮被動語態(tài)。但如果動詞指的是物的特性，不能用被動語態(tài)。一般過去時1［答案］B?？疾毂粍诱Z態(tài)。物作主語，一般要考慮被動語態(tài)。但如果動詞指的是物的特性，不能用被動語態(tài)。2［答案］B。［解析］從句意：“……自從'地球日'開場以來，人們已做了一些越來越有用的事保護環(huán)境。"可知，“地球日"的開場，要用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)，其構(gòu)成為wasstarted應(yīng)選B。3.Weintofivegroupstogototheoldpeople'shome.Wedidmanythingstocheerthemup.［市］A.dividedB.aredividedC.weredivided3［答案］C。［解析］此題主要考察被動語態(tài)的用法。根據(jù)句意及語境可推知空格處應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)的形式。由后一句"Wedidmanythings."可推斷，時態(tài)應(yīng)該是一般過去時。因此選C。4C5D一般將來過去1［答案］D。［解析］此題綜合考察時態(tài)和語態(tài)。主語為“一些名畫〃，在此為動作“展出'’的承受者，故應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)，時間狀語為nextweek,是表示將來的時間狀語，所以句子時態(tài)是一般將來時，所以D項正確。2B答案B答案：D。情態(tài)動詞用于被動構(gòu)造為：情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞。答案為C。句中有everyday,主語為ourclassroom,故要用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)?！緟⒖即鸢浮??答案D解析：依據(jù)句意：對不起，但我不知道什么時候見面。強調(diào)動作發(fā)生在過去，I和tell之間是被動關(guān)系。2?答案B解析：由題干時間nextyear科知識將來時態(tài)，句子主語是oldhouses,應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。應(yīng)選B。答案A解析：由Let'sgototheLost&Found.可知，說明表喪失了。應(yīng)選答案B解析：由DidyougotoSam'sweekendparty可知述過去的動作的發(fā)生，I和invite之間存在著被動關(guān)系。應(yīng)選B。答案C解析：Howoften+—般疑問句？此句型用來提問在某一特定時間進展某個動作的次數(shù)，表示“多長時間一次〞。往往針對頻度副詞如：always,seldom,usually,onceamonth,sometimes,everyfiveminutes.等提問，常用于現(xiàn)在時或過去時。由題干yourschoolsportsmeeting作主語，謂語應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。應(yīng)選C。6?答案D解析：由OnMay30th,,可知動作發(fā)生在過去；其主語是onebowl與sell存在被動關(guān)系。7．答案A解析：依據(jù)題意：“千手觀音〞被許多人認(rèn)為是中央電視臺春節(jié)聯(lián)歡晚會最好的節(jié)目。表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。其主語是The"Thousand-handGuanyin",要用被動語態(tài)。應(yīng)選A。8答案C解析：they指代Thoseeggsofdifferentcolors,主語是物，故用被動語態(tài)。依據(jù)構(gòu)造，應(yīng)選C.。9?答案D解析：依據(jù)句意：垃圾必須扔進垃圾箱里。表示'命令〃，句子主語是垃圾，應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。10?答案B解析：考察一般將來時的被動語態(tài)。由in2021可知是將來時，運動會應(yīng)該是“被舉行〃，所以使用一般將來時的被動語態(tài)：will+be+過去分詞。11選B?？疾焓挂蹌釉~的被動語態(tài)。在主動語態(tài)中heard后用省略to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語，而在被動語態(tài)中動詞不定式符號to需補上。由關(guān)鍵信息wasoftenheard可直接斷定正確答案為B。12選A?？疾煲话銓頃r的被動語態(tài)。由關(guān)鍵信息inthenextterm可知要用一般將來時，先排除B、C二項；另結(jié)合題意''據(jù)報道我們學(xué)校在下個學(xué)期有更多的教學(xué)樓被建造'’可知要用被動語態(tài)，故舍D選A。13選A14選B。由時間狀語yesterday可知此題要用一般過去時，先排除A、C二項；另根據(jù)題意''那個生病的男孩被警察送到了醫(yī)院'’可知要用被動語態(tài)，故舍D選B。15選D16選C?？疾飕F(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。結(jié)合題意'如果沒有人看電視就關(guān)掉它'’可知第一個空是條件狀語從句；另由關(guān)鍵信息"Themusicisfromtheradio."可知"〔電視〕已經(jīng)關(guān)掉了"，要用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài),故正確答案為C。17選C18選D?？疾旌閼B(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)。由題意''今天的工作必須在今天被做完'’可知此題要用被動語態(tài)，先排除A、B二項；結(jié)合題意可舍C選Do19選B?？疾煲话氵^去時的被動語態(tài)。由時間狀語nearly800yearsago可知要用一般過去時，先排除C、D二項；另結(jié)合題意''它〔古老的宮殿〕在近800年前被建造的"可舍A選Bo20選B二、典型例題〔〕1?TheOlympicGameseveryfouryears.AareheldBwereheldC.areholdingD.willho1d〔〕2.Intheartshow,alotofenjoyment—toforeignfriendsbytheChinesepaintings.A.isgivingBisgivenCwillgiveDhasgiven〔〕3.TodayChineseisbeingmoreandmorepopular.Itin.manyschoolsaroundtheworld.A.teachesB.isteachingC.hastaughtD.istaught〔〕4.BaJin,oneofthegreatestwritersinChina,as"People'sWriter".A.isregardedB.hasregardedC.isregardingD.regards〔〕5.UsuallyputerstosearchtheInternet.A.useB.areusingC.areusedD.used〔〕6.--Doyouoftencleanyourclassroom?--Yes.Ourclassroomeveryday.A.cleanB.cleansC.iscleaned〔〕7.一DidyouhearthatwaterinTaiLakesmeltterrible?一Yes．Infact，it.That'sallbecauseofthepeopleandthefactoriesaround．A．pollutedBwaspollutedChaspollutedD．waspo11ute〔〕8.--Ourenvironmentisgettingworsethanbefore.--You'reright.ButthankstoEarthDay,peoplehavedonemoreandmoreusefulthingstoprotect（保護）theearthsinceEarthDay.A.isstartedB.wasstartedC.hasstarted〔〕9.---IfeelveryhappythatItobethehost.---Congratulations!A.chooseB.amchosenC.waschosenD.havenchosen〔〕10.Manytreesandflowersinourschoollastyear，andtheymadeourschoolabeautifulgarden．A．plantB．plantedC．haveplantedD．wereplanted〔〕11.Somefamouspaintingsinthehallnextweek.A.willshowB.wereshownC.isshownD.willbeshown〔〕12.Atalkondevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologyintheschoolhallnextweek.A.givenB.willbegivenC.hasbeengivenD.gives〔〕13.---Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthiscity.---Right.Manymoderntallbuildingshavebeenthesedays.A.turnedupB.putupC.shownupD.fixedup〔〕14.Twelve-year-oldsshouldnottodriveinChina.A.allowB.beallowC.allowedD.beallowed〔〕15.—Doyouoftencleanyourclassroom?—Yes,ourclassroomeveryday.A.cleanB.cleansC.iscleanedD.Cleaned三、課后練習(xí)〔〕1．—Susan,whyareyoustillhere?Theyareallreadytostart.-I'msorry,butIwhentomeet.A.don'ttellB.didn'ttellC.haven'ttoldD.wasn'ttold〔〕2．Manyoldhousesaroundourschoolnextyearandalargegreenareawillappear.A.pulldownB.willbepulleddownC.willpulldownD.arepulleddown〔〕3．---Mywatch.---Don'tworry.Let'sgototheLost&Found.

A.islostB.isbrokenC.hasfoundD.hasstoppedA.islostB.isbrokenC.hasfoundD.hasstopped〔〕4．---DidyougotoSam'sweekendparty?---No,I.A.amnotinvitedB.wasn'tinvitedC.haven'tinvitedD.didn'tinvite〔〕5．--Howoftenyourschoolsportsmeeting?--Onceayear.A.does;holdB.was;holdC.is;heldD.did;hold〔〕6．OnMay30th,,onebowlintheMingdynasty（明朝）atthepriceof30.36millionHongKongdollars.A.sellB.soldC.issoldD.wassold〔〕7．The"Thousand-handGuanyin"bymanypeopleasthebestperformanceatCCTV'sSpringFestivalEvening.A.hasbeenregardedB.areregardedC.hasregardedD.regards〔〕8．—Thoseeggsofdifferentcolorsareverybeautiful.—Yes,theyinHangzhou.A.paintedB.werepaintingC.werepaintedD.hadpainted〔〕9．---Don'tlittertheground,boy,Lookatthesign::“Rubbishintothedustbin.〞---Sorry.A,hasthrowB,wasthrowC,mustthrowD,mustbethrown〔〕10．The29th0lympicGames__inBeijingin2021．A．willholdBwillbeheldC．hold〔〕11.Thegirlwasoftenheardhappilyinherroom.A.singB.tosingC.singingD.sings〔〕12.Itisreportedthatmorenewteachingbuildingsinourschoolinthenextterm.A.willbebuiltB.wasbuiltC.hasbuiltD.willbuild〔〕13.Itisreportedthatmorenewteachingbuildingsinourschoolinthenextterm.A.willbebuiltB.wasbuiltC.hasbuiltD.willbuild〔〕14.Thesickboytohospitalbythepoliceyesterday.A.istakenB.wastakenC.takesD.took〔〕15.--It'sdifficultforthevillagechildrentocrosstheriverforschool.--Ithinkabridgeovertheriver.A.wasbuiltB.isbeingbuiltC.hasbeenbuiltD.shouldbebuilt〔〕16.--David,turnofftheTVnooneiswatchingit.--Butitoffalready!Themusicisfromtheradio.A.sothat,hasbeenturnedB.when,hasturnedC.if,hasbeenturnedD.because,hasturned〕17.UsuallyJohntoschoolinhisfather'sbeauti.fulcarA.hastakenB.istakingC.istakenD.hasbeentaken〕18.Don'tputofftoday'sworkfortom.orIromwean,today'sworkto.dayA.maydoB.mustdoC.maybedoneD.mustbedone〕19.--Look,whatanoldpalace!Itlookssogreat!--Yeah,itnearly800yearsago.A.wasbuildingB.wasbuiltC.hasbuiltD.isbuilt〕20.Don'tdiscusstheproblemswithyourpartnerunles_s__y_o_utodoso.A.askB.areaskedC.willaskD.willbeasked文檔文檔.典型例題一般現(xiàn)在時1A。［解析］考察被動語態(tài)，根據(jù)句意，“奧運會每四年舉行一次'’可見須用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)，故排除了B、C、D。2［答案］B。［解析］此題考察被動語態(tài)，句中alotofenjoyment是動作的承受者?！霸谶@次藝術(shù)展中，一些有趣的東西通過中國國畫展示給外國朋友。〞3［答案］D。［解析］考察被動語態(tài)。物作主語，一般要考慮被動語態(tài)。但如果動詞指的是物的特性，不能用被動語態(tài)。4［答案］A。［解析］選用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)，表示人們對這位偉大作家的愛戴。5［答案］C。［解析］從句子看，電腦作主語，是動作的承受者，所以用被動語態(tài)，應(yīng)選C。6.［答案］C。［解析］考察被動語態(tài)物作主語，一般要考慮被動語態(tài)。但如果動詞指的是物的特性，不能用被動語態(tài)。一般過去時1［答案］B?？疾毂粍诱Z態(tài)。物作主語，一般要考慮被動語態(tài)。但如果動詞指的是物的特性，不能用被動語態(tài)。2［答案］B。［解析］從句意：“……自從'地球日'開場以來，人們已做了一些越來越有用的事保護環(huán)境?！芍?，“地球日"的開場，要用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)，其構(gòu)成為wasstarted應(yīng)選B。3.Weintofivegroupstogototheoldpeople'shome.Wedidmanythingstocheerthemup.市［］A.dividedB.aredividedC.weredivided3［答案］C。［解析］此題主要考察被動語態(tài)的用法。根據(jù)句意及語境可推知空格處應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)的形式。由后一句"Wedidmanythings."可推斷，時態(tài)應(yīng)該是一般過去時。因此選C。4C5D一般將來過去1［答案］D。［解析］此題綜合考察時態(tài)和語態(tài)。主語為“一些名畫〃，在此為動作“展出'’的