因果關(guān)系causeandeffect說(shuō)課材料

Unit1

WaysofDevelopingParagraph

(DevelopmentbyCauseandEffect)第一頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。

Inourdailyconversation,questionswithwhyareoftenaskedandanswered.Thisshowsthatcausalanalysisisverycommon;itissomethingwearefamiliarwith.Causalanalysisexplainsthecause-effectrelationshipbetweentwoormoresubjects.Causestellreaderswhysomethinghappened.Forexample,smokingcauseslungcancer.(Smokingisoneofthecausesoflungcancer.)Effectsaretheresultsofsomething.Forexample,twelvethousandsmokersdiefromlungcancereveryyear.(Lungcancerisoneoftheeffectsofsmoking.)Definition第二頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。

Soundreasoningorlogicisnaturallythemostimportantqualityofanycausalanalysis.Butitisnotalwayseasytoexplaincausesandeffectsclearlyandlogically.Onereasonforthisisthataneffectmayhavemanycausesandacausemayhavemanyeffects.Sowemustbethoroughinourdiscussionandcarefulinourselectionofdetails.Characteristics第三頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。Adviceabouthowtousecause-effecttodevelopaparagraph1.Beforewestarttowrite,wemustthinkcarefullyandworkoutalistofcausesandeffects,andfindoutthelogicalrelationshipbetweenthem.Logicalthinkingisparticularlyimportantinwritingparagraphsofcauseandeffect.2.Whenwewrite,wehadbetterputtheimportantcauseoreffectatthebeginningoftheparagraph.3.Usesomewordsorphrasesthatusedfordiscussingcauseandeffectwhenitisnecessary.Procedure第四頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。Stepsforwritingacauseandeffectessay:1)Distinguishbetweencauseandeffect2)Developyourthesisstatement3)Findandorganizesupportingdetails(statistics,examples,etc)?Chronological(按年代(niándài)順序）Achronologicalorganizationmeansarrangingthediscussionbyfollowingthetimesequenceinwhichactualeventshappened.Thisorganizationiseffectivefortopicswhichinvolvenarratinghowsomethinghappenedthroughaperiodoftime.Guidelines第五頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。?OrderofimportanceInananalysiswhichinvolvesmultiplecausesandeffects,youcaneitherarrangethefactorsfromtheleastimportantonestothemostimportantones,orfromthemostimportanttotheleastimportantones.Theformerorganizationwouldbuildtoaclimax,whilethelatterorganizationwouldpresentthestrongestfactorfirsttoimpressthereader.?Categorical（按類別(lèibié)順序）Youcanalsogroupthevariousfactorsintodifferentcategories(political,social,financial,personal,psychological,etc)andarrangethemaccordingly.4)UsingappropriatetransitionsGuidelines第六頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。?主題句“因”，“因果(yīnguǒ)”型語(yǔ)段?主題句“果”，“果因”型語(yǔ)段?主題句“果”，發(fā)展句分析“因”，再次歸納論點(diǎn)，“果-因-果”型語(yǔ)段“因-果-因-果”型語(yǔ)段Typesofcausesandeffects第七頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。

Suppose

the

topic

sentence

is:

“More

and

more

fertile

land

in

China

is

taken

up

by

new

buildings.”

In

the

rest

of

the

paragraph

the

effects

of

this

development

should

be

mentioned,

such

as

the

reduction

of

the

grain

output

,increasing

environmental

problems,

too

many

peasants

moving

intothe

cities,

etc.(singlecause-multipleeffects)Sample1第八頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。

Supposethe

topic

sentence

is:

“

In

the

past

few

years

,higher

education

has

become

less

important

to

young

peoplethan

it

was

previously.”

This

is

an

effect.

It

should

befollowed

by

a

discussion

of

the

cause

of

this

effect,

such

as

the

pressure

of

fierce

competition,

better

opportunities

and

colleges

being

out-dated,

and

so

forth.(singleeffect-multiplecauses)Sample2第九頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。

Thetwo-dayweekendissincerelypopularwithcollegestudents.Itoffersstudentsmoreleisuretimefortheirhobbiesandentertainments,whichhelpthemrelaxcompletelyafterfive-dayhardwork.Italsorelievesthepressureonthemfromtoomanycoursesandassignments.Therefore,manystudentstrytoenjoythemselvesinmanyinterestingwayssuchasgoingcampingandhavingapotluckparty.(effect-causes-effect)Sample3第十頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。

Althoughblackshad“freedom”inalegalsense,mostofthemstilldidnothaveanyeducationoreconomicindependence.Consequently,theywerehelplesstoparticipatesignificantlyinthepoliticalprocesstotrytoimprovetheirstatus.Exceptforfarmwork,mostformerslaveshadnoskills.Asaresult,manyblackswentbacktoworkforthesamewhitepeoplewhousedtobetheirmasters.(causalchain)Sample4第十一頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。

Because,

since,for,as,becauseof,dueto,owingto,asaresultof,resultfrom,onaccountof,onthegroundof,thanksto,onthegroundthat,forthesakeof,attribute…to…Therefore,so,asaresult,consequently,asaconsequence,accordingly,becauseofthis,thus,hence,forthisreason,resultin,lead

to,contributeto,beresponsiblefor,sothat……UsefulWordsandExpressions第十二頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。TwomajorfactorscontributedtodevastatingsummerfloodingalongtheYangtzeRiveranditstributaries.First,erosionresultingfromexcessivedeforestationintheupperreachesoftheriverand,second,heavysiltingwhichraisedtheriverbedinthemainchannel.兩個(gè)主要因素導(dǎo)致了夏季長(zhǎng)江及其支流的特大洪水。第一，過(guò)度砍伐引起的河流上游(shàngyóu)的侵蝕，第二，嚴(yán)重的泥沙淤積抬高了主干道的河床。UsefulSentencePatterns第十三頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。Theexplanationforthephenomenonoftherisingteenagesuiciderateinvolvesmanycomplicatedfactors.Someattributetherisetoanoveremphasisonearlysuccess,otherspointtomountingpeerpressure,andstillotherstoconfusionoverchangingsocialvalues.對(duì)上升的少年自殺率的解釋涉及很多復(fù)雜的因素。有的人把上升的原因歸結(jié)為過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)少年時(shí)期的成功，有的人指出(zhǐchū)是因?yàn)椴粩嘣鲩L(zhǎng)的同伴之間的壓力，還有人認(rèn)為是對(duì)不斷變化的社會(huì)價(jià)值的迷茫造成的。UsefulSentencePatterns第十四頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。Identifyingthereasonsforanemergingphenomenonwhichinvolvesseveralcomplicatedfactorsisfarfromaneasytask.Forexample,somescientistsattributeenvironmentaldeteriorationtoaseriesofnaturalfactors,whileothersplacetheblamesolelyoninappropriatehumanbehavior.要找到涉及許多復(fù)雜因素的新現(xiàn)象的原因遠(yuǎn)非一件易事。例如，一些科學(xué)家把環(huán)境的惡化歸結(jié)為一些自然(zìrán)因素，而另一些人把責(zé)任都推在人類不適當(dāng)?shù)男袨樯蟄sefulSentencePatterns第十五頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。Whathassparkedtheincreasinginterestinexercise?Foronething,peoplehavegainedagreaterawarenessoftheneedforphysicalfitness.Foranother,theconstantlyimprovingstandardoflivingenablesChinesepeopletopatronizetheincreasingnumberofrecreationalvenues.Themainthingperhapscentersonthehealthcareandpsychologicalbenefitsexerciseprovides.什么引發(fā)了人們對(duì)鍛煉越來(lái)越濃的興趣？一方面，人們更加清楚地意識(shí)到保持健康的必要性。另一方面，不斷提高的生活水平使中國(guó)人能夠支付增加的娛樂(lè)支出。最主要的可能在于鍛煉帶來(lái)的保健和心理(xīnlǐ)上的好處。UsefulSentencePatterns第十六頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。Therapidlyemergingsexualrevolutionhasbeenaccompaniedbymanydisturbingtrends.Perhapsthemostseriousconsequencescenterontherapidspreadofsexuallytransmitteddiseases(STDs),risingprostitutionandtheriseinAIDScases.伴隨著迅速出現(xiàn)的性革命有很多令人煩惱的趨勢(shì)，最嚴(yán)重的后果可能是性傳染病的迅速蔓延，賣淫現(xiàn)象及艾滋病患者(huànzhě)的增多。UsefulSentencePatterns第十七頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。Thedeepimpactofopeningtotheoutsideworldisreadilydiscernibleinanumberofareas:theadoptionofmanyWesternhabits,bothgoodandbad;changingsocialandmoralvalues;thetrendtowardsindividualism;andtheintroductionofstate-of-the-artconceptsandtechnology.ThekeytoadoptingWesternwaycentersonacceptingthegoodandrejectingthebad.對(duì)外開(kāi)放的深刻影響在許多方面都能看到：模仿西方的習(xí)慣，包括好的和壞的；改變社會(huì)和道德價(jià)值觀；個(gè)人主義(gèrénzhǔyì)的趨勢(shì)；引進(jìn)已發(fā)展的概念和技術(shù)。采取西方方式的關(guān)鍵在于取其精華，去其糟粕。UsefulSentencePatterns第十八頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。TobrainstormandmakealistofpossiblecausesforthetopicGirlsdon’tdoaswellatmathandscienceasboysGirlsdon’tdoaswellatmathandscienceasboys.There

areseveralreasonsforthis.Thefirstandmostimportantreasonisthattheyaren’tencouragedtoplaywithtoysthatbuildupinterestinmathandscienceproblemsandthatbuildskillsforproblemsolvingorunderstandinghowthingswork.Girlsareencouragedtoplaywithtoysthatfosterlanguageandhumanrelationsskills.Asaresult,theycangrowupnotknowinghowanengineworksorhowtobuildamodelfromdirections.In-classPractice第十九頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。

Second,studieshaveshownthatteachersdon’texpectgirlstobegoodatmath.Evenfemalemathandscienceteacherspaymoreattentiontoboysinclassandcallonboysmoreoften.Becauseteachersdon’texpectgirlstoexcel,theydon’ttryveryhard,andsoongirlsarefarbehindboysinthesestudies.

Finally,girlsdon’thavemanyrolemodelstolookupto.Notverymanymathandscienceteachersarewomen,especiallyinthelatergrades.Whenthemediapicturemathematiciansandscientists,theyusuallypicturemen.Asaresult,girlsaren’tinspiredtochoosethesefieldsascareers.第二十頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。

Insummary,severalfactorsworktogetherinthehome,inschools,andinsocietyatlargetosendasubtlemessagetogirls.Girlsalmostalwaysgetthemessage,asaresult,fewgirlsexcelatmathandscience.第二十一頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。

1.Writeaparagraphaboutthereasonsoftheproblemofpiracy.2.Writeaparagraphabouttheeffectsoffreeadmissiontomuseums.Homework第二十二頁(yè)，共25頁(yè)。

Thereareseveralreasonsfortheproblemofpiracy.First

ofall,consumershavenotdevelopedenoughlegal