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英文詩(shī)歌賞析

AppreciationofEnglishPoetry熊鋒華英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌詩(shī)歌是一種重要的文學(xué)體裁。它運(yùn)用精練的、富有節(jié)奏和韻律的語(yǔ)言,以強(qiáng)烈的感情和豐富的想象,高度集中地反映社會(huì)生活。它通過(guò)生動(dòng)具體的藝術(shù)形象,來(lái)教育和感染人們,啟迪人們的社會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí),陶冶人們的思想感情,培養(yǎng)人們的生活理想與情操,給人們以美的教育和藝術(shù)享受。詩(shī)歌的韻律是用詞語(yǔ)、音響、重音,在聲音、意義上經(jīng)過(guò)選擇與組合而建立起來(lái)的,是詩(shī)歌的創(chuàng)作方式。我們?cè)谠?shī)中,很容易產(chǎn)生感情互動(dòng),那是因?yàn)樵?shī)行中有音響的規(guī)律,有用相同數(shù)目的音節(jié)建立起來(lái)反復(fù)吟唱的方式,又以相同的方法使重音有規(guī)律的出現(xiàn)英詩(shī)節(jié)奏(Rhythm)

1.一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)與一個(gè)或兩個(gè)輕讀音節(jié)按一定的模式搭配起來(lái),有規(guī)律地反復(fù)出現(xiàn)就是英文詩(shī)歌的節(jié)奏

Alone│shecuts│andbinds│thegrain,

Andsings│ame│lancho│lystrain.

2.音步(foot)及常見(jiàn)的音步類型某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”(foot),相當(dāng)與樂(lè)譜中的“小節(jié)”。常見(jiàn)的音步類型:1.抑揚(yáng)格(iamb,iambic)輕讀是“抑”,重讀是“揚(yáng)”,一輕一重,故稱抑揚(yáng)格。Eg.adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return2.揚(yáng)抑格(trochee,trochaic):

如果一個(gè)音步中有兩個(gè)音節(jié),前者為重,后者為輕,則這種音步叫揚(yáng)抑格音步.重讀是“揚(yáng)”,輕讀是“抑”,一重一輕,故稱揚(yáng)抑格.Eg.Happy,many,holy,yonder,headlong,flaming,upper,grandeur,failingPresent│mirthhas│present│laughter

Shakespeare

Shakeyour│chainsto│earthlike│dew

(byShelley)

3.抑抑揚(yáng)格(Anapaest,anapaestic)

抑抑揚(yáng)格含三個(gè)音節(jié),即輕——輕——重.Eg.cavalier,intercede,disbelieve,reappear,disapprove,indistinct,onthehill.TheAssyr│iancamedown│likethewolf│onthefold,

Andhiscoh│ortswereglea│minginpurp│leandgold;

Andthesheen│oftheirspears│waslikestars│onthesea,

Whentheblue│wavesrollsnight│lyondeep│Galilee.

——DestructionofSennacherib(Byron)

4.揚(yáng)抑抑格(dactyl,dactylic):

重——輕——輕是揚(yáng)抑抑格.

eg:

happily,merciful,eloquent,messenger,merrily,properly,accident,quantity.

eg:

Draggingthe│cornbyher│goldenhair.

Davies:thevillain.

詩(shī)行(Line)1.end-stoppedline(結(jié)句行)一行詩(shī)正好是一句.2.run-online(跨行句):有時(shí)兩行甚至許多行才構(gòu)成一個(gè)意思完整的句子。前者叫),后者叫).Ishotanarrowintotheair,

Itfelltoearth,Iknewnotwhere;

For,soswiftlyitflew,thesight

Couldnotfollowitinitsflight.

詩(shī)行的長(zhǎng)短詩(shī)行的長(zhǎng)短以音步數(shù)目計(jì)算:

英文詩(shī)行的長(zhǎng)度范圍一般是一音步——五音步。六、七、八音步的詩(shī)行也有,但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的詩(shī)一音步詩(shī):monometer二音步詩(shī):dimeter三音步詩(shī):trimeter四音步詩(shī):tetrameter

五音步詩(shī):pentameter

六音步詩(shī):hexameter七音步詩(shī):heptameter八音步詩(shī):octameter.)

Eg.AnEMPTYHOUSE

AlexanderPope

Youbeat│yourpate,│andfan│cywit│willcome:

Knockas│youplease,│there’sno│body│athome.

抑揚(yáng)格五音步”(iambicpentameter)壓韻(rhyme)1.全韻與半韻(full/perfectrhymeandhalfrhyme)1)全韻與半韻(fullrhymeandhalfrhyme)。

全韻是嚴(yán)格的押韻,其要求是:

(1)韻要押在重讀音節(jié)上,其元音應(yīng)相同;

(2)元音前的輔音應(yīng)不同;

(3)如果元音之后有輔音,應(yīng)相同。

(4)重讀音節(jié)之后如有輕讀音節(jié),也應(yīng)相同。

下面幾對(duì)詞都符合全韻的標(biāo)準(zhǔn):

whysigh;hatelate;fightdelight;powersflowers;todayaway;endingbending.Eg.bloodhood;therehere;gonealone;daughterlaughter.

這種情形被稱為“眼韻”(eyerhyme),雖然詩(shī)人有時(shí)用之,但不是真正的押韻半韻也/近似韻:是聲音,而不是嚴(yán)格的拼音序列相同的,叫半韻,半韻也叫近似韻.它的韻律詞語(yǔ)的輔音發(fā)聲相同,但是重音的母音發(fā)聲與領(lǐng)前的輔音發(fā)聲不同.Thoustillunravish’dbrideofquietness,Thoufoster-childofSilenceandslowTime.Sylvanhistorian,whocan’tthusexpressAflowerytalemoresweetlythanourrhyme:你依然是未被強(qiáng)奪的、安貞的新娘,你這由沉靜與悠久時(shí)光撫養(yǎng)的孩子,田園的歷史家,能如此宣揚(yáng)花也似的故事,更甜過(guò)我們寫的詩(shī)。Heardmelodiesaresweet,butthoseunheardAresweeter;therefore,yesoftpipes,playon:Nottothesensualear,but,moreendear’d,Pipetothespiritdittiesofnotone;聽(tīng)到的樂(lè)音甜蜜,聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)的更甜蜜,吹吧,柔和的風(fēng)笛,不是傳于耳,更使人去相思,吹那無(wú)調(diào)曲,在心間點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴。剛(陽(yáng))/男韻和柔(陰)/女韻(masculineandfeminincrhyme)

剛/男韻出現(xiàn)在作韻之詞的完全音節(jié)是重音,在不同的字首輔音之后,詞的音響是相同的:

distort與purport(扭曲與大意)。柔/女韻,作韻的重音節(jié)跟著相同的非重音節(jié):treasure與pleasure(珍貴與愉快)Eg1.Butonce,yearsafter,inthecountrylanes,Twoscholars,whomatcollegeerstheknew,Methim,andofhiswayoflifeinquired.Whereatheanswered,thattheGipsycrew,Hismates,hadartstoruleastheydesiredTheworkingsofmensbrains;年后,有一次,相逢在鄉(xiāng)間小路,兩個(gè)學(xué)者,在學(xué)院結(jié)識(shí)于昔往今又遇于;問(wèn)他作何人生探討,他答:追隨才智非凡的吉卜賽同行,他的同伴,掌握藝術(shù)規(guī)律和祈禱能隨意左右人們的思路。krew

與crew,inquired與desired都是剛韻。Eg2.Andleaningbackwardsinapensivedream,AndforteringinthylapaheapofflowersPluckedinshyfieldsanddistantwychwoodbowers,Andthineeyesrestingonthemoonlitstream:斜躺在(船舷),沉浸在夢(mèng)幻后面,你的膝上簇?fù)碇欢讯氧r花,采自寂靜的田野和遙遠(yuǎn)的威慈伍德林蔭下你的目光凝視在月色籠罩的溪邊;dream與stream,flowers與bowers都是柔韻。尾韻:最常見(jiàn),最重要的押韻方式1)聯(lián)韻:aabb型。Ishotanarrowintotheair,Itfelltoearth,Iknewnotwhere;For,soswiftlyitflew,thesightCouldnotfollowitinitsflight.HenryWadsworthLongfellow:TheArrowandtheSong2)交叉韻:abab型。Sunsetandeveningstar,Andoneclearcallforme!Andmaytherebenomoaningofthebar,WhenIputouttosea,AlfredTennyson(1809-1892):CrossingtheBar3)同韻:有的詩(shī)押韻,一韻到底,大多是在同一節(jié)詩(shī)中共用一個(gè)韻腳。如下例就共用/i:p/為韻腳。Thewoodsarelovely,darkanddeep,ButIhavepromisestokeep,AndmilestogobeforeIsleep,AndmilestogobeforeIsleep.RobertFrost(1874-1963):StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening行內(nèi)韻(行間韻)(internalrhyme)

在同一行中,有幾個(gè)相同音響的詞前后出現(xiàn),這就是行間韻Eg.ThesplendourfallsoncastlewallsAndsnowysummitsoldinstory:ThelonglightshakesacrossthelakesAndthewildcataractleapsinglory.華光降落在城墻,故事中有極古老的雪光,長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的閃輝搖曳著穿過(guò)湖面,那莽闖的瀑布跳躍在天堂。頭韻(alliteration)

一行中有幾個(gè)詞用同樣的輔音開(kāi)頭,就叫字首韻,通常稱之為頭韻。Eg.Forwinter’srainsandruinsareover,Andalltheseasonofsnowsandsins;Thedaydividingloverandlover,Thelightthatloses,thenightthatwins.冬天的雨和遺余已離開(kāi),所有下雪和有罪的理由;日子區(qū)分得可愛(ài)更可愛(ài),光明已消失,黑夜已臨頭。母諧音與子諧音/諧元韻與諧輔韻(Assonanceandconsonance)

諧元韻/母諧音:是以相同的母音出現(xiàn)在另一個(gè)不同子音的詞中,使之在聲母方面十分接近另一個(gè)詞。例如:“bird(鳥(niǎo))”與“thirst(渴)”這兩個(gè)詞中都有“i”這一相同的母音發(fā)聲,而其子音(輔音、韻母)則是完全不同的。如果是“bird”與“third”(第三)的其部分子音發(fā)音相同,子諧音可在母諧音中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。lake,fate;time,mind諧輔韻/子諧音:是以相同的子音在另一個(gè)不同母音的詞中出現(xiàn)。例如:“wood(木)”與“weed(草)”這兩個(gè)詞有相同的子音,但其母音不同。它們就是子諧音。black,block;creak,croak;reader,rider;despise,dispose詩(shī)的體式1.十四行詩(shī)(Sonnet),源于中世紀(jì)民間抒情短詩(shī),十三、十四世紀(jì)流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)為代表人物,每行十一個(gè)音節(jié),全詩(shī)一節(jié)八行,加一節(jié)六行,韻腳用abba,abba,cdcdcd(cdecde)。前八行提問(wèn),后六行回答。

后來(lái),懷亞特(ThomasWyatt,1503-1542)將十四行詩(shī)引人英國(guó),五音步抑揚(yáng)格,全詩(shī)三個(gè)四行一個(gè)二行,前三節(jié)提問(wèn),后二句結(jié)論。

斯賓塞(EdmundSpenser,1552-1599)用韻腳abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亞(WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616)用韻腳abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,稱英國(guó)式或莎士比亞式。

Sonnet60

Likeasthewavesmaketowardsthepibbledshore,

Sodoourminuteshastentotheirend;

Eachchangingplacewiththatwhichgoesbefore,

Insequenttoilallforwardsdocontend,

Nativity,onceinthemainoflight,

Crawlstomaturity,wherewithbeingcrowned,

Crookedeclipsesagainsthisgloryfight,

Andtimethatgavedothnowhisgiftconfound.

Timedothtransfixtheflourishsetonyouth

Anddelvestheparallelsinbeauty'sbrow,

Feedsontheraritiesbutforhisscythetomove.

Andnothingstandsbutforhisscythetomove.

Andyettotimesinhopemyverseshallstand,

Praisingthyworth,despitehiscruelhand.2.打油詩(shī)(Limericks):通常是小笑話甚至是胡謅,一般沒(méi)有標(biāo)題也無(wú)作者姓名,含有幽默諷刺性,常運(yùn)用雙關(guān),內(nèi)韻等手法。每首詩(shī)五個(gè)詩(shī)行,押韻為aabba,格律以抑揚(yáng)格和抑抑揚(yáng)格為主。1)TherewasayoungladyofNiggerWhosmiledassherodeonatiger;TheyreturnedfromtherideWiththeladyinside,Andthesmileonthefaceofthetiger.2)AtutorwhotaughtonthefluteTriedtoteachtwotooterstotoot,“Isithardertotoot,orSaidthetwotothetutor,Totutortwotooterstotoot?”3.無(wú)韻體(BlankVerse):五音步抑揚(yáng)格,不押韻詩(shī)體。Acrossthewaterybale,andshoutagain,Responsivetohiscall,--withquiveringpeals,Andlonghalloos,andscreams,andechoesloud.Redoubledandredoubled:concoursewildOfjocunddin!…WilliamWordsworth:ThereWasaBoy4.自由詩(shī)(FreeVerse):現(xiàn)代詩(shī)中常見(jiàn)的體式,長(zhǎng)短不同的詩(shī)行存在于同一首詩(shī)中,不講究押韻與格律,只注重詩(shī)歌所表達(dá)的意象和傳遞的情感。美國(guó)詩(shī)人WaltWhitman的<<草葉集>>(LeavesofGrass)中,就采用此格式.英詩(shī)用詞(PoeticVocabulary)名詞array(clothes,衣服、盛裝);babe(baby,嬰兒),bane(poison,mischief,毒物、禍根),billow(wave,波濤),bliss(happiness,幸福),bower(dwelling,臥室、閨房),brine(ocean,海洋、淚水),brow(forehead,額頭);chanticleer(cock,雄雞),charger(horse,馬);dale(valley,谷、溪谷);foe,foeman(enemy,仇敵);fere(friend,朋友);glebe(earth,field,土地、田野),goblet(cup,酒杯),gore(blood,流出的血),grot(cave,洞穴),guile(deceit,狡詐);ire(anger,怒火);ken(perception,看見(jiàn));maid(girl,少女),main(seaorocean,海洋,滄海),marge(margin,邊緣),mart(market,市場(chǎng)),mead(meadow,草地),meed(reward,應(yīng)得的報(bào)答),might(strength,力量、權(quán)勢(shì)),morn(morning,黎明);number(verseormetre,詩(shī)文、韻律),nuptials(marriage,婚禮);poesy(poetry,詩(shī)歌、詩(shī)才);quest(search,探求);realm(kingdom,王國(guó));scribe(writer,作家),sire(father,父),spouse(wife,配偶、夫或妻),steed(horse,駿馬),swain(peasant,農(nóng)民),sward(grass,草地),swine(pig,豬);thrall(bondage,奴役),tilth(agriculture,耕種),troth(veracityorfaithfulness,忠誠(chéng));vale(valley,溪谷),victor(conqueror,戰(zhàn)勝者);weal(welfare,幸福),woe(sorrowormisery,悲哀);yeoman(peasant,farmer,村農(nóng))形容詞aweary(weary,厭倦的);baleful(pernicious,有害的、不吉的);beauteous(beautiful,美麗的),bootless(unprofitable,無(wú)益的),bosky(wooded,有樹(shù)叢的);clamant(noisy,喧嚷的);darksome(dark,陰暗的),dauntless(brave,無(wú)所畏懼的),dire(dreadful,可怕的),dread(dreadful,令人畏懼的),drear(dreary,沉悶的);fair(beautiful,美麗的),fond(foolish,不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的),forlorn(distressed,悲慘的);hallowed(holy,神圣的),hapless(unhappy,不幸的);ingrate(ungrateful,忘恩的),intrepid(brave,無(wú)畏的);jocund(merry,歡樂(lè)的),joyless(unhappy,悲哀的);lone(lonesome,lonely,寂寞的、孤獨(dú)的),lovesome(lovely,可愛(ài)的),lowly(loworhumble,低下的、謙卑的);murky(grim,陰沉的),mute(silent,緘默的);quenchless(inextinguishable,不可熄滅的);rapt(delighted,著迷的),recreant(unfaithful,變節(jié)的);sequestered(retired,lonely,退隱的、寂寞的),stilly(still,寂靜的),sylvan(woody,森林的);uncouth(unusual,笨拙的);wrathful(angry,怒氣沖沖的)副詞amain(violently,suddenly,猛然、突然),anon(soon,立刻);erst(formerly,往昔);full(very,完美的);haply(perhaps,或許),hardby(closeorverynear,在近旁);natheless(nevertheless,然而),nigh(almost,幾乎);right(very,precisely,準(zhǔn)確的);scantly(scantily,貧乏的),scarce(scarcely,剛剛),sore(sorely,痛苦的);whilom(formerly,從前)動(dòng)詞behold(see,看),brook(bear,容忍、忍受);cleave(cling,依戀),cumber(distress,trouble,煩累);deem(think,認(rèn)為);fare(walk,行走);hearken(hear,attend,傾聽(tīng)、給予注意),hie(hasten,趕緊);ken(know,知道);list(listen,聽(tīng)見(jiàn));methink(seemtome,據(jù)我看來(lái));quaff(drink,痛飲),quoth(said,說(shuō));obscure(darken,使黑暗);slay(kill,殺害),smite(strike,重?fù)簦瑂ojorn(lodgeordwell,旅居),speed(hasten,促進(jìn));tarry(remain,逗留),trow(believe,相信);vanquish(conquer,征服);wax(grow,漸增)代詞aught(anything,任何事物);naught(nothing,沒(méi)有什么);thou,(you,你【主格】),thee(you,你【賓格】),thy(your,你的),thine(your,你的【在元音或h之前】);yonder,yon(that,在那兒的物或人),ye(you,你們)連接詞:albeit(although,盡管、雖然);ere(before,在……以前)前置詞:anent(concerning,關(guān)于),amidst(among,在……當(dāng)中),athwart(across,橫跨);betwixt(between,在……中間)英詩(shī)詞法、句法要點(diǎn)(PoeticGrammar)詞法:1)動(dòng)詞(1).動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)的形式是在動(dòng)詞尾加-th,像liveth,knoweth,hath等等。如:FromherkennelbeneaththerockShemakethanswertotheclock.(Coleridge)在她巖石下面的洞穴中,她按照時(shí)鐘行事。Andinsilenceprayethshe.(Coleridge)她默默地祈禱。(2).現(xiàn)在時(shí)及過(guò)去時(shí)第二人稱單數(shù)動(dòng)詞詞尾加-st的形式,像livest,knowest,sayst,dost,livedst,knewest,saidst,didst,hadst等,此外還有動(dòng)詞shall,will,be的形式為shalt,wilt,art(現(xiàn)在時(shí)單數(shù)第二人稱thouart等于youare),wert(或wast,第二人稱,單數(shù)過(guò)去時(shí)thouwert或thouwast等于youwere)。上述各種形式均與第二人稱單數(shù)人稱代詞thou連用。Norcarewhatlandthoubearstmeto.(Byron)我不介意你帶我前往何方。Withdoublejoywertthouwithme.(Byron)你與我共享雙重歡樂(lè)。Thouliest,thouliest,thoulittlefoot,Louddostthoulietome!(Scott)你撒謊,你撒謊,你這個(gè)小隨從,你竟敢明目張膽地對(duì)我撒謊!(3).過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去分詞的較古老形式。如:wrought(worked),bade(bid),begat(begot),clove(cleft),crew(crowed),drave(drove),spake(spoke),throve(thrived),clomb(climbed),clad(clothed),bare(bore,“bear”的過(guò)去時(shí)),broke(broken),lockt(locked),sate(sat)等。Andhark,again,thecrowingcock,Howdrowsilyitcrew.(Coleridge)聽(tīng),雞又啼鳴,那么使人昏然入眠。AloftinawfulstateThegodlikeherosate.(Dryden)高高在上,令人生畏,儼如上帝,英雄就位。Andtheloudlaughthatspakethevacantmind.(Goldsmith)高亢的笑聲說(shuō)出了心靈的空虛。2)形容詞:(1).形容詞用作名詞:Belowthechestnuts,whentheirbudswereglisteningtothebreezyblue(-sky).(Tennyson)栗樹(shù)蔭中,嫩果向著漠然的藍(lán)天閃爍。Thedreadedvast(-expanse)ofnight.(Milton)令人生畏茫茫無(wú)際的黑夜。WhereIusedtoplayonthegreen(-grass).(Blake)昔日我常在那綠茵之上嬉戲。(2).使用復(fù)合形容詞取得簡(jiǎn)潔效果:Orintheviolet-embroideredvale.(Milton)在開(kāi)滿了紫羅蘭的山谷里。Beforethecrimson-circledstar.(Tennyson)在緋紅色光環(huán)圍繞的星星之前。3).副詞(1).副詞詞尾不加-ly:Theypraisedhimsoftandlow.(Tennyson)他們?nèi)崧暤驼Z(yǔ)地贊揚(yáng)他。Thegreentreeswhisperedlowandmild.(Longfellow)綠樹(shù)輕柔地沙沙私語(yǔ)。Ohnight,Andstorm,anddarkness,yearewondrousstrong.(Byron)啊,夜晚,暴風(fēng)雨和黑暗,你們多么驚人地倔強(qiáng)。(2).-ly結(jié)尾的副詞以-lier的形式表示比較級(jí):YouhavetakenitwiselierthanImeantyoushould.(Shakespeare)你已經(jīng)泰然處之,勝過(guò)我所期望于你。Strangefriend,present,andtobe:Loveddeeplier,darklierunderstood.(Tennyson)現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的陌生朋友:愛(ài)得更深,體諒得更知己。句法1.詞序:為了保持韻律,英詩(shī)中的詞序與正常詞序有所不同(1).形容詞放在所形容的名詞之后,而不是在前:Daisiespiedandvioletsblue.(Shakespeare)色彩斑駁的雛菊和藍(lán)色的紫羅蘭。Sobythecavernsoftheforestgreen.(Shelley)在青青叢林中的山洞旁。Withnotesangelicaltomanyaharp.(Milton)一個(gè)又一個(gè)豎琴,奏出天使的曲調(diào)。(2).主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)之后:Andinsilenceprayethshe.(Coleridge)她默默地祈禱。Andawealthywifewasshe.(OldBallad)她是富家婦。Thencamestilleveningon.(Milton)隨即黃昏照常來(lái)臨。(3).

直接賓語(yǔ)位于動(dòng)詞之前:Andshemecaughtinherarmslongandsmall.(Wyatt)她用細(xì)長(zhǎng)瘦削的胳臂抱住了我。Wherewinethewitmaynotoppress.(Howard)美酒灌不昏頭腦。(4).前置詞在啟賓語(yǔ)(名詞)之后:Whereechowalkssteephillsamong.回聲在陡峭的群山之中回蕩。省略或刪節(jié)句法中通常需要的字詞1、省略冠詞:Creepinglike(a)snailunwillinglytoschool…像條蝸牛在爬行,滿

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