(11.3) unit 14 Irih Culture 愛爾蘭共和國文化課件

Unit14Irishculture:language,literatureandartsLanguagePeasantclass(mid19thcentury)–emigrationduringtheGreatFamine1845-48)–revivetheuseofthelanguage(late19thcentury)Thenationallanguage(1922)CompetenceinIrish:entertheuniversities,civilservices,diplomaticcore,teachingprofessionLanguage.Theissueoflanguage,likemuchelseinIreland,isheavilypoliticized.Traditionally,theIrishpeoplespoketheirownlanguage,calledIrishorGaelic.Itisaveryancient(anddifficult)languagewitharichoralcultureThedeathblowtotheIrishlanguagewastheGreatFamineof1845-1848,inwhichalmosttwomillionIrishpeopleemigratedordied.ThefirstIrishnationalstatewassetup(theFreeStateof1922),aconcerted,officialattemptwasmadetomakeIrishonceagainthenationallanguage.ThelanguagethatisspokenuniversallyintheRepublicofIrelandisaversionofstandardEnglishknownasHiberno-English.LanguageThisidiomisdistinguishedfromthekindofEnglishspokenintheBritishIslesby①acertainvocabulary②certainsemanticidiosyncrasies③thevarietyanddifficultyoftheregionalaccents,fromCorktoDonegal

Oralculture口頭文化&Artculture藝術(shù)文化Oralculture---informalwayofdoingbusinessArtculture----richfolkheritage---consciouslyrootedinthetraditionsOralCulture

Irelandisaculturewhichoperatesmostobviouslyonanorallevel.Thebasisforthisis,ofcourse,intheoriginalpeasantculture,whichmadethetransferfromanoraltoawrittencultureonlyslowlyinthelate19thcentury.Thegreatvalueisextendedtotheabilitytotalkspontaneouslyandwithgranceandforce.ArtCultureIrelandisatraditionalcultureanditistruetosayvirtuallyeveryartforminIrelanderivesfromitsrichfolkheritage.Irelandisknownthroughouttheworldfortheintricacyandfervourofitsfolkdances,rearrangedandmodernizedinthecurrentstageproductionsofRiverdance.Literature1.ThefirststoriestoldinIrelandwerenotonlyoral,butwererecitedintheIrishlanguage,asitwasthefirstlanguageoftheland.2.Thefirstpoemidentifiedas"Irish".3.TheoriginoffourwinnersoftheNOBELPRIZEforliterature：thepoets

①W.B.Yeats(1865-1929)②SeamusHeaney(1939-)theplaywrights

①GeorgeBernardShaw(1856-1929)②SamuelBeckett(1906-1989)MusicanddanceSeannos---oldstyleofsinging---unaccompaniedvoicePipemusic:quieterDance:masterineachvillage;fiddleLongnarrativesongs---politicalcommentaryonactualeventsMusicandDance1.Theoldestformofmusicisthatembodiedbytheseannosor"oldstyle"ofsinging.Traditionally,seannosissungbytheunaccompaniedvoice.ThewordsarealwaysinIrish,thelastlineisspoken,notsung.2.Thesameistrueofthepipemusic.TheIrishpipeisdistinctive,theIrishpipesareplayedbyholdingtheairbagunderthearmamdpumpingitwiththeelbow.3.DancingistraditionallypartofIrishculture.

VisualcultureArtsoftheear,notoftheeyeBronzeage---intricatemetalworkEarlyChristianera---bookillustrationNormanarchitectureandGeorgianhousesVisualCultureInthefolkculture,thevisualharmonyofitsarchitecture,itsclothing,anditsfolkartssuchasrushweaving,arereadilyevident.AftertheVikingraidsofthe8thcentury,thegloriesofIrishartdeclineduntil,followingtheNormaninvasionofIreland,itsvisualartwasusuallylimitedtotheimportedbythenewsettlers.Sportsculture1878Soccer---1990firstappearedintheWorldCupRugbyfootball---TripleCrownmatch---England,ScotlandandWalesHurling---bannedtwicebyEnglishrulersHorseracing---sociable;elegantanimals;placingabetSportsCulture1.TheperformanceculturewhichelicitsthemostpassionateresponseintheIrishpeopleissports.SoccerorfootballhasalargesocialimportanceinIreland.TheIrishteammadeitsfirstappearanceintheworldcupfinalsinItalyin1990.

2.Rugbyfootballisverypopular.EveryyeartheIrishrugbyteamcompetesintheSixNations‘CupandeveryfouryearstheyarefreetocompeteintheRugbyWorldCup.3.ThegamethatismostnativelyIrishiscalledhurling.Theoldestdateforitsoriginis1272BC.4.ThenewestandmostfashionableballgameinIrelandisgolf.Otherwidelypopularsportsaresailing,tennis,andrunning.SportinIreland.Irelandhasarichsportingculture.IrelandhastwonationalsportsnativetoIreland.Hurling.Gaelicfootball.CrokeParkinDubliniswhereallmajorsportingeventsarecurrentlyplayed.Itisthe4thlargeststadiuminEurope.FootballFootballisverypopularinIreland.BecausefootballismuchbiggerinEngland,mostofIreland’sbestplayersplayforEnglishclubssuchasManchesterUnitedorLiverpool.TheyreturntoIrelandonlytoplayinternationalmatchesforIreland.RoyKeaneRoyKeaneisprobablyIreland’smostfamousplayer.HewastheteamcaptainforbothManchesterUnitedandIrelandformanyyears.GaelicFootballGaelicFootballisdifferentfromnormalfootballbecauseplayerscanusetheirhands.Thereare15playersoneachteam.Theplayingfieldismuchlargerthanasoccerfield.RugbyandfootballRugbyandfootballarenotIrishsportsbutarebothverypopular.Rugbyisaveryphysicalsportplayedwithanovalball.ThereisaverystrongrugbytraditioninIreland.BrianO’DriscollisoneofIreland’sbestRugbyplayersHurlingHurlingisagameplayedbytwoteamsof15playerseach.Eachplayerhasawoodenstick.Playershitasmallhardleatherballandtrytoscoreintheopponentsgoal.Itisthefastestfieldsportintheworldandaveryexcitingsporttowatch.ScienceandTechnologyArichtraditionIrishinstitutions:DublinSociety(theRoyalDublinSociety);RoyalIrishAcademyScienceandTechnology

Asthehistoricalrecordshows,Irelandhasarichtraditionofscientificenquiryandtechnologicalinvention.InscienceandtechnologyIrelandhasbeenrepresentedbysuchdistinguishednamesasRobertBoyle(1627-1697)calledthe"fatherofchemistry"freshman'srespiratorJohnTyndall(1820-1893)fiberopticinfra-redanalyzerLordKelvin(1824-1907):transatlanticcablesWilliamRowanHamilton(1805-1865):classicalmechanics,opticsandalgebraWhatIsIrishAboutIrishCulture1.Irelandisalsoaverypeople-oriebted,whichregardsthefamilyascentraltoitsvalues.Itisaverycongenialsociety.Theworkcultureisalsoverysociable,withlittledistinctionbeingmadebetweenpeople'spublicandprivatelives.2.Irelandisstillanationthatisintheprocessofmakin