Contract-law分析教學(xué)講解課件

ContractlawContractlawReviewConsiderationDefinitionTypesSufficiencybelegalbesufficientbeexcutoryorexcutedconsiderationnolegalobligationmadebypromiseeReviewConsiderationOutlineVitiatingfactorsBreachofcontractRemediesforbreachofcontractExceptionOutlineVitiatingfactorsJeff,arealestatebroker,sellsPSCompanysomeland.JefftoldPSCompanythatthepropertyincluded80acres,butheknowsitisonly70acres.Q:IsJeffstatementafraudulentmisrepresentation?Jeff,arealestatebroker,seApartymusthavecapacitytocontract;Thepurposeofthecontractmustbelawful;Theformofthecontractmustbelegal;Thepartiesmustintendtocreatealegalrelationship;Thepartiesmustconsent,(throughofferandacceptance).

——真意genuineconsentConsiderationElementsforValidFormationofContract

合同有效成立的要件錯誤Mistake欺詐fraud脅迫Duress不當(dāng)影響Undueinfluence顯失公平UnconscionabilityElementsforValidFormationoVitiatingfactorsMistakeFraudDuressUndueinfluenceUnconscionabilityVitiatingfactorsMistakeMistakes

Underthecommonlaw,mistakesmeananerroneousbelieforamisunderstandingaboutafactoccurringbetweenthepartiestoacontract.

Mistakeisanunintendedact,omission,orerrorthatarisesintheformation,executionorperformanceofacontractualrelationship.Withoutthemistake,thepartyorthepartieswouldnothaveenteredintoacontractontheconditions.MistakesUnilateralmistake

單邊錯誤

Anunilateralmistakeisthatonlyonepartytoacontractismistakenwhileamistakeisknowntotheothercontractingparty.Generally,thepartymakingaunilateralmistakeisnotentitledtorescindthecontractonthebasisofmistake.Forexample,JennywritesalettertoSandyandofferstosellapuppytoher.Jennymistakenlytypesinapriceof$100insteadof$150.Sandywritesbackacceptingtheofferandenclosesthe$100.Unilateralmistake單邊錯誤However,undercertaincircumstances,aunilateralmistakemayjustifyrescission:TheotherpartykneworshouldhaveknownofthemistakeTheerrorwasduetoamathematicalmistakeoromissionofcertainitemsinthecomputationofthecostofthecontract.Attention:nomatterinwhatconditions,themistakemustinvolvematerialfactAmaterialfactisonethatwouldcontributetoareasonableperson’sdecisiontoenterthecontractHowever,underc2.Mutualmistake

相互誤解Mutualmistakeoccurswhenthepartiestoacontractarebothmistakenaboutthesamematerialfactwithintheircontract.Ifmutualmistakeisproven,therewillbenoagreementandthecontractisvoidabinitio(自始無效).Thatis,thelawconsidersthatthecontractnevertookplaceandthepartiesshouldberestoredtotheiroriginalposition.2.Mutualmistake相互誤解Mistake錯誤Contractcanbevoidableif——法國法：關(guān)于標(biāo)的物性質(zhì)方面的錯誤關(guān)于涉及與其訂立合同的雙方當(dāng)事人所產(chǎn)生的錯誤德國法：關(guān)于意思表示內(nèi)容的錯誤關(guān)于意思表示形式上的錯誤Mistake錯誤Contractcanbevoid英國法：分成單方錯誤和雙方錯誤，單方錯誤不能使合同無效如果某項錯誤導(dǎo)致雙方當(dāng)事人之間根本沒有達(dá)成真正的協(xié)議，則可以使合同無效美國法：單方錯誤原則上不能要求撤銷合同，雙方當(dāng)事人都有錯誤時，僅在錯誤涉及重大事項，才可主張合同無效或要求撤銷合同英國法：ChinaContractLawArticle54:“Apartyshallhavetherighttorequestthepeople’scourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontomodifyorrevokethefollowingcontract:(1)thoseconcludedasaresultofseriousmisunderstanding;重大誤解的合同(thenatureofcontract;theotherparty;thequalityandassortmentofthecontractedobject;priceandexpenses.)ChinaContractLawWoodv.BoyntonFacts:Wood(P)soldagemfor$1toBoynton(D),ajeweler.Bothpartiesbelievedthestonetobetopazatthetimeofthesale.Boyntonlaterlearnedthatthestonewasadiamondworth$700.BoyntondeclinedWood’soffertobuybackthegemfor$1.10andWoodsuedforitsreturn.AttrialthecourtdirectedaverdictinfavorofBoyntonandWoodappealed.Issue:Isapartytoacontractentitledtorescissionifbothpartiesweremutuallymistakenregardingthevalueoftheitemssoldandthesellerhasnotcommittedfraud?Woodv.BoyntonFacts:Wood(P)No.Acontractmadewherethereismutualmistakeregardingthenatureandvalueoftheitemssoldcannotberescindedwithoutfraud.TheonlywayPcanrescindthesaleisbyshowingthattherewassomefraudbyDinprocuringthesale,orthatthesellermadeamistakebydeliveringanarticlethatwasnotthearticlesold.Thelatteramountstoamistakeinfactastotheidentityofthearticlesold.No.Acontractmadewherether

Rafflesv.WichelhausFact:ThedefendanthadmadeanorderforthepurchaseofcottonforgoodsarrivingonacertainboatPeerlesssfromBombayleavinginOctober.However,adifferentboatPeerless,alsofromBombay,buthavingleftinDecember.TheplaintiffmerchantsoughttoenforcethecontractforthesaleofcottoninOctoberbutthedefendantrefusedstatingthatitwasnotthecottonthathadorderedinDecember.Q:howtodealwithit?Rafflesv.WichelhausFeaturesoffraudincontractOnepartymademisrepresentationabouttheconditionsinthecontractorsuppressedthetruthbytheinformationasymmetry不對稱betweentwonationstotheotherpartywhoactuallyentersthecontractwithoutgenuineconsent.欺詐方對所訂立的合同中的主要條款或關(guān)鍵性內(nèi)容虛假陳述，或利用兩國之間信息不對稱而隱瞞事實真相，致使對方陷于錯誤認(rèn)識，進(jìn)而在意思表示不真實的情況下與他人簽訂欺詐性合同。Fraud

FeaturesoffraudincontractFeaturesoffraudincontract

Onepartyhasthecapacityinthecontractualrelation,anddoesintendtoperformthecontract,onlyitmeanstoassumeillegalinterestfromtherelationshipbyfraud.

欺詐方在與被欺詐方訂立買賣合同時，本身具有一定的履約能力，(主觀)也準(zhǔn)備在訂立合同之后履行合同，但同時也想從履行欺詐性合同中獲取不法利益。FeaturesoffraudincontractFraudinthefactumFraudininducementFraudinthefactumFraudinthefactum(事實的錯誤)focusesonwhetherthepartyinquestionknewtheywerecreatingacontract.Ifthepartydidnotknowthattheywereenteringintoacontract,thereisnomeetingoftheminds,andthecontractisvoid.Fraudinthefactum(事實的錯誤)focFraudininducementfocusesonthemisrepresentationattemptingtogetthepartytoenterintothecontract.Fraudininducementfocuseson

Misrepresentation錯誤陳述Misrepresentationisafalsestatementoffactmadebyonepartytoanotherwiththeintentionofinducingtheotherpartytocontract.Inotherwords,misrepresentationmeansthatoneofthepartiestoacontractcreatedamistakenimpressionaboutanimportantfactorfactsconcerningthesubjectofthecontractinthemindsoftheotherparty.Actingonthismistakenbelief,thevictimizedpartyenteredintoacontractwhichheorshewouldnothaveenteredifheorshehadknownthefulltruth.Misrepresentation錯誤陳述Toestablishmisrepresentation,

thefollowingelementsshouldbeproven:

(1)anuntrueassertionofamaterialfactorfacts.(2)thevictim’sjustifiablerelianceontheassertion,(3)thelossorharmdoneonthevictimcausedbyhisorherrelianceontheassertion.Toestablishmisrepresentation3typesofmisrepresentations：Fraudulentmisrepresentation欺詐性錯誤陳述Negligentmisrepresentation疏忽性錯誤陳述Innocentmisrepresentation無辜的錯誤陳述3typesofmisrepresentations錯誤陳述故意錯誤陳述欺詐非故意錯誤陳述疏忽性錯誤陳述無辜的錯誤陳述虛假陳述的分類錯誤陳述故意錯誤陳述欺詐非故意錯誤陳述疏忽性錯誤陳述無辜的錯1.fraudulentmisrepresentation

Fraudulentmisrepresentationisafalsestatementoffactmadewithoutbeliefinitstrutheitherrecklessly,knowinglyorwithoutcaringwhetheritistrueorfalsewiththeintentionthatitshouldbeactedonoritisinfactactedupon.1.fraudulentmisrepresentatio1.therepresentormadeafalsestatement2.therepresentorknewthestatementwasfalse,orwasrecklesslyindifferentaboutitstruthfulness.3.therepresentorintendedthatthestatementwouldpersuadetheotherpartytoenterthecontract.4.theinnocentpartyreliedwhollyorpartlyonthestatement.5.theinnocentpartysufferedlossasaresultofthefalserepresentation.1.therepresentormadeafalseAnactionforfraudulentmisrepresentationallowsforaremedyofdamagesandrescission(撤銷).Onecanalsosueforfraudulentmisrepresentationinatortaction.AnactionforfraudulentmisreEastvMaurer[1991]被告Maurer擁有兩家經(jīng)營的很好的發(fā)廊，在1979年，他同意將其中的一家（位于ExeterRoad）出售給原告East。原告被引誘買下這一發(fā)廊部分原因是因為被告的陳述表明他希望將來去國外工作而也不愿在另一家工作。但事實上，這個在此地區(qū)享有聲譽(yù)的被告仍然在另一家發(fā)廊全日經(jīng)營。結(jié)果是原告的生意日漸衰落并且沒有獲得任何利潤。而在1989年時原告被迫將這一發(fā)廊賣掉，而價錢比他們原來買時少很多。原告因此起訴被告違約并且存在欺詐性錯誤陳述。Question:whowonthiscase?EastvMaurer[1991]被告Maurer擁有兩法官判決原告的行為是非常合理。法官判決原告的損失為33328鎊，加上利息，總額為55205鎊；還給予了原告在三年零三個月中的利潤損失，數(shù)目為15000鎊。最后，法官還給予原告1000鎊作為原告意圖經(jīng)營發(fā)廊卻遭受了失望和不便的賠償。法官判決原告的行為是非常合理。Gordonv.SelicoMrGordonandMrsTeixeira,contractedinNovember1978topurchasea99yearleaseofaflatownedbythedefendant,SelicoLtd.Theflatwasinpoorcondition,aswastheblockthatcontainedit,withsomeevidenceofdryrot.PriortothefirstinspectionbytheplaintiffsinaboutNovember1978,theseconddefendantshadinstructedsomepainterstoconcealpatchesofdryrotfromview,bypaintingthem.TheplaintiffsobtainedadetailedsurveyoftheflatinFebruary1979,whichconcludedthatnodryrothadbeenfound(althoughonlyonefloorboardhadbeenlifted,anditcouldnotbeguaranteedthatitdidnotexistelsewhereintheflat).TheplaintiffsmovedintotheirflatonJanuary1,1980,andsubsequentlydiscoveredextensivedryrotinthefrontbedroom,bathroom,andlavatory.Gordonv.SelicoDerryvPeek(1889)ThePlymouth,DevonportandDistrictTramwayscompany'sprospectusstatedthatthecompanyhadpermissiontousesteamtrams,ratherthanhorsepoweredones.Infact,itdidnotbecausetherighttousesteampowerwassubjecttotheBoardofTrade'sconsent.Thecompanyapplied,andhonestlybelievedthattheywouldgetitbecausepermissionwasamereformality.Infact,aftertheprospectuswasissued,theydidnotgetpermission.Shareholders,representedbySirHenryPeek,whohadpurchasedtheirstakesinthecompanyonthefaithofthestatement'struthsuedwhenthecompany'sbusinessendedupinliquidation.Question:Whatisthejudgment?DerryvPeek(1889)ThePlymouthLordHerschellfoundthatthiswasnotdeceitsincethedirectorshonestlybelievedintheirstatementsatthetimeandthoughtsteampowerpermissionwasamereformality正式手續(xù).Theymadeacarelessstatementbuttheyhonestlybelievedinitstruth.LordHerschellfoundthatthis2.NegligentmisrepresentationThisoccurswheretherepresentorinnocentlybutcarelesslymakesafalsestatementonwhichtheotherpartyreasonablyreliesonandsuffersalossasaresult.Tobringasuccessfulactionfornegligentmisrepresentation,theplaintiffmustprovethefollowing:

2.Negligentmisrepresentation1.therepresentormakesafalsestatementinnocentlybutcarelessly;2.theotherpartyreasonablyreliesonandsuffersaloss.1.therepresentormakesafalThistypeofmisrepresentationisrelativelynewandwasintroducedtoallowdamagesinsituationswhereneitheracollateralcontract(附屬契約)norfraudisfound.ItwasfirstseeninthecaseofHedleyByrnevHeller[1964]A.C.465wherethecourtfoundthatastatementmadenegligentlythatwasrelieduponcanbeactionable可提起訴訟的intort侵權(quán)行為法.ThistypeofmisrepresentationHedleyByrnewereafirmofadvertisingagents.Acustomer,EasipowerLtd,putinalargeorder.HedleyByrnewantedtochecktheirfinancialposition,andcreditworthiness,andsubsequentlyaskedtheirbank,NationalProvincialBank,togetareportfromEasipower’sbank,Heller&PartnersLtd.,whorepliedinaletterthatEasipowerwas"consideredgoodforitsordinarybusinessengagements".

Theletterwassentforfree.EasipowerwentintoliquidationandHedleyByrnelost￡17,000oncontracts.HedleyByrnesuedHeller&Partnersfornegligence,claimingthattheinformationwasgivennegligentlyandwasmisleading.Heller&Partnersarguedtherewasnodutyofcareowedregardingthestatements"withoutresponsibilityonthepartofthisbank”,whichsaidthatinanycaseliabilitywasexcluded.HedleyByrnewereafi3.InnocentMisrepresentationoccurswhentherepresentorhadreasonablegroundsforbelievingthathisorherfalsestatementwastrue.

It’sdifferentfromfraudulentmisrepresentationinthattherepresentordidn’tknowthatthestatementwasfalseandtheonlyremedyforthisisthatthecontractbecomesvoidableifthereisaninnocentmisrepresentation.1.therepresentordidnotknowthestatementwasfalseandwasnotrecklesslyindifferentaboutitstruthfulness2.thereisnoneedtoprovethatdamagesresulted.3.InnocentMisrepresentationDuress（脅迫）

Inmoderntimes,duressoccurswhenapersonisinducedtoenterintoacontractbyathreatofphysical,emotionaloreconomicharm.(1)physicalcompulsion(2)threatofphysical,emotionaloreconomicharmDuress（脅迫） Torescindacontractonthebasisofduress,onemustbeabletoestablishbothofthefollowing:

(1)thecontractwasinducedbyanimproperthreat(e.g.thethreattocommitacrimeortofileasuit);(2)thevictimhadnoalternativebuttoenterintoacontract.

Incaseofduress,thecontractisconsideredvoidableattheoptionofthevictimizedperson.TorescindacontractonthebUndueinfluence不當(dāng)影響

Undercommonlaw,undueinfluenceoccurswhereapersonusesapositionofinfluencetopersuadeanothertoenterintoacontractthatprovidesthestrongerpersonwithadirectorindirectbenefit.Undueinfluence不當(dāng)影響

Toestablishundueinfluence,theplaintiffmustshowthat:s/hewassusceptibletooverreaching.Thedefendanthasanopportunityforexercisingundueinfluence.Thedefendantwasinclinedtoexerciseundueinfluence.Theremustbeanunnaturalorsuspicioustransaction.Toestablishundueinfluenunconscionability/grossunfairness

（顯失公平）

Ifoneofthepartiestoacontractisinneedofspecialprotectionthroughpovertyorignorance,orwhereunfairadvantageistakenofherorhim,thecontractcanbesetasideonthebasisofunconscionabilityorgrossunfairness（顯失公平）.

unconscionability/grossunfaiUndercommonlaw,acontractmaybevoidableonthegroundsofunconscionableconductifplaintiffcanprovethat:(1)theirdisabilitymakesthemtheweakerparty;(2)thestrongerpartytookunfairadvantageofthisdisability;(3)thispreventedthemfrommakinganindependentdecisionaboutthecontract.Undercommonlaw,acontractm《中華人民共和國合同法》第五十二條有下列情形之一的，合同無效：（一）一方以欺詐、脅迫的手段訂立合同，損害國家利益；（二）惡意串通，損害國家、集體或者第三人利益；（三）以合法形式掩蓋非法目的；（四）損害社會公共利益；（五）違反法律、行政法規(guī)的強(qiáng)制性規(guī)定。《中華人民共和國合同法》BreachandremediesAbreachofcontractisafailuretofulfillthedutiesunderthecontractterms.Acontractcanbebreachedinseveralways:1.onepartydoesnotperformashe/shepromised;2.Onepartydoessomethingthatmakesitimpossiblefortheotherpartytoperformthedutiesunderthecontract3.Onepartymakesitclearthathe/shedoesnotintendtoperformthecontractduties.BreachandremediesAbreachoForms

ofbreachofcontract1)civillawsystem（Germany）Superveningimpossibility(給付不能)Delayinperformance(給付延遲)Formsofbreachofcontract2)CommonlawUK：Breachofcondition(違反條件)Breachofwarranty(違反擔(dān)保)Anticipatorybreachofcontract(預(yù)期違約)Impossibilityofperformance(履行不可能)2)CommonlawCISG:FundamentalbreachofcontractNon-fundamentalbreachofcontractCISG:RemediesforBreachofContractTheobjectiveofremedies:toputtheinjuredpersoninthesamepositionasifthecontracthasbeenperformed.RemediesforBreachofContracRemediesforBreachofContract

Damages1.nominaldamages(象征性賠償)

pensatorydamages(補(bǔ)償性賠償)compensationforthelossorinjurysufferedbythenon-breachingparty,bringingthatpartybacktothepositionwheres/hewouldhavebeeninhadthecontractbeenproperlyperformed.RemediesforBreachofContraRemediesforBreachofContract3.Punitivedamages(懲罰性賠償)damagesawardedtopunishthebreachingparty’sconductaswellastodeterothersfromsuchconductinthefuture4.liquidateddamages(違約金)aspecifiedamountofmoneydamagesagreeduponinthecontracttobeawardedtothenon-breachingpartyforbreachofcontractRemediesforBreachofContraRemediesforBreachofContractSpecificperformance

(實際履行)Specificperformanceinthecommonlawisanordergivenbythecourtrequiringperformanceofapositivecontractualobligation.Specificperformancemaybeavailableincaseswheremoneydamagesareinadequateforcompensatingthelossofthenon-breachingpartyorwhenthecontractisforsaleofrealproperty.Butunderthefollowingcircumstances,specificperformanceisnotavailableRemediesforBreachofContracRemediesforBreachofContractRescission(互相解除合同義務(wù))Injunction(禁令)RemediesforBreachofContracExceptionChangesofcircumstances(情勢變更)Frustrationofcontract（合同落空）ForceMajeure（不可抗力）ExceptionChangesofcircumstaHw1.Reviewwhatwehavelearnttoday2.Findthedifferencesbetweenconditionandwarranty3.PreviewChapter8Hw1.ReviewwhatwehavelearContractlawContractlawReviewConsiderationDefinitionTypesSufficiencybelegalbesufficientbeexcutoryorexcutedconsiderationnolegalobligationmadebypromiseeReviewConsiderationOutlineVitiatingfactorsBreachofcontractRemediesforbreachofcontractExceptionOutlineVitiatingfactorsJeff,arealestatebroker,sellsPSCompanysomeland.JefftoldPSCompanythatthepropertyincluded80acres,butheknowsitisonly70acres.Q:IsJeffstatementafraudulentmisrepresentation?Jeff,arealestatebroker,seApartymusthavecapacitytocontract;Thepurposeofthecontractmustbelawful;Theformofthecontractmustbelegal;Thepartiesmustintendtocreatealegalrelationship;Thepartiesmustconsent,(throughofferandacceptance).

——真意genuineconsentConsiderationElementsforValidFormationofContract

合同有效成立的要件錯誤Mistake欺詐fraud脅迫Duress不當(dāng)影響Undueinfluence顯失公平UnconscionabilityElementsforValidFormationoVitiatingfactorsMistakeFraudDuressUndueinfluenceUnconscionabilityVitiatingfactorsMistakeMistakes

Underthecommonlaw,mistakesmeananerroneousbelieforamisunderstandingaboutafactoccurringbetweenthepartiestoacontract.

Mistakeisanunintendedact,omission,orerrorthatarisesintheformation,executionorperformanceofacontractualrelationship.Withoutthemistake,thepartyorthepartieswouldnothaveenteredintoacontractontheconditions.MistakesUnilateralmistake

單邊錯誤

Anunilateralmistakeisthatonlyonepartytoacontractismistakenwhileamistakeisknowntotheothercontractingparty.Generally,thepartymakingaunilateralmistakeisnotentitledtorescindthecontractonthebasisofmistake.Forexample,JennywritesalettertoSandyandofferstosellapuppytoher.Jennymistakenlytypesinapriceof$100insteadof$150.Sandywritesbackacceptingtheofferandenclosesthe$100.Unilateralmistake單邊錯誤However,undercertaincircumstances,aunilateralmistakemayjustifyrescission:TheotherpartykneworshouldhaveknownofthemistakeTheerrorwasduetoamathematicalmistakeoromissionofcertainitemsinthecomputationofthecostofthecontract.Attention:nomatterinwhatconditions,themistakemustinvolvematerialfactAmaterialfactisonethatwouldcontributetoareasonableperson’sdecisiontoenterthecontractHowever,underc2.Mutualmistake

相互誤解Mutualmistakeoccurswhenthepartiestoacontractarebothmistakenaboutthesamematerialfactwithintheircontract.Ifmutualmistakeisproven,therewillbenoagreementandthecontractisvoidabinitio(自始無效).Thatis,thelawconsidersthatthecontractnevertookplaceandthepartiesshouldberestoredtotheiroriginalposition.2.Mutualmistake相互誤解Mistake錯誤Contractcanbevoidableif——法國法：關(guān)于標(biāo)的物性質(zhì)方面的錯誤關(guān)于涉及與其訂立合同的雙方當(dāng)事人所產(chǎn)生的錯誤德國法：關(guān)于意思表示內(nèi)容的錯誤關(guān)于意思表示形式上的錯誤Mistake錯誤Contractcanbevoid英國法：分成單方錯誤和雙方錯誤，單方錯誤不能使合同無效如果某項錯誤導(dǎo)致雙方當(dāng)事人之間根本沒有達(dá)成真正的協(xié)議，則可以使合同無效美國法：單方錯誤原則上不能要求撤銷合同，雙方當(dāng)事人都有錯誤時，僅在錯誤涉及重大事項，才可主張合同無效或要求撤銷合同英國法：ChinaContractLawArticle54:“Apartyshallhavetherighttorequestthepeople’scourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontomodifyorrevokethefollowingcontract:(1)thoseconcludedasaresultofseriousmisunderstanding;重大誤解的合同(thenatureofcontract;theotherparty;thequalityandassortmentofthecontractedobject;priceandexpenses.)ChinaContractLawWoodv.BoyntonFacts:Wood(P)soldagemfor$1toBoynton(D),ajeweler.Bothpartiesbelievedthestonetobetopazatthetimeofthesale.Boyntonlaterlearnedthatthestonewasadiamondworth$700.BoyntondeclinedWood’soffertobuybackthegemfor$1.10andWoodsuedforitsreturn.AttrialthecourtdirectedaverdictinfavorofBoyntonandWoodappealed.Issue:Isapartytoacontractentitledtorescissionifbothpartiesweremutuallymistakenregardingthevalueoftheitemssoldandthesellerhasnotcommittedfraud?Woodv.BoyntonFacts:Wood(P)No.Acontractmadewherethereismutualmistakeregardingthenatureandvalueoftheitemssoldcannotberescindedwithoutfraud.TheonlywayPcanrescindthesaleisbyshowingthattherewassomefraudbyDinprocuringthesale,orthatthesellermadeamistakebydeliveringanarticlethatwasnotthearticlesold.Thelatteramountstoamistakeinfactastotheidentityofthearticlesold.No.Acontractmadewherether

Rafflesv.WichelhausFact:ThedefendanthadmadeanorderforthepurchaseofcottonforgoodsarrivingonacertainboatPeerlesssfromBombayleavinginOctober.However,adifferentboatPeerless,alsofromBombay,buthavingleftinDecember.TheplaintiffmerchantsoughttoenforcethecontractforthesaleofcottoninOctoberbutthedefendantrefusedstatingthatitwasnotthecottonthathadorderedinDecember.Q:howtodealwithit?Rafflesv.WichelhausFeaturesoffraudincontractOnepartymademisrepresentationabouttheconditionsinthecontractorsuppressedthetruthbytheinformationasymmetry不對稱betweentwonationstotheotherpartywhoactuallyentersthecontractwithoutgenuineconsent.欺詐方對所訂立的合同中的主要條款或關(guān)鍵性內(nèi)容虛假陳述，或利用兩國之間信息不對稱而隱瞞事實真相，致使對方陷于錯誤認(rèn)識，進(jìn)而在意思表示不真實的情況下與他人簽訂欺詐性合同。Fraud

FeaturesoffraudincontractFeaturesoffraudincontract

Onepartyhasthecapacityinthecontractualrelation,anddoesintendtoperformthecontract,onlyitmeanstoassumeillegalinterestfromtherelationshipbyfraud.

欺詐方在與被欺詐方訂立買賣合同時，本身具有一定的履約能力，(主觀)也準(zhǔn)備在訂立合同之后履行合同，但同時也想從履行欺詐性合同中獲取不法利益。FeaturesoffraudincontractFraudinthefactumFraudininducementFraudinthefactumFraudinthefactum(事實的錯誤)focusesonwhetherthepartyinquestionknewtheywerecreatingacontract.Ifthepartydidnotknowthattheywereenteringintoacontract,thereisnomeetingoftheminds,andthecontractisvoid.Fraudinthefactum(事實的錯誤)focFraudininducementfocusesonthemisrepresentationattemptingtogetthepartytoenterintothecontract.Fraudininducementfocuseson

Misrepresentation錯誤陳述Misrepresentationisafalsestatementoffactmadebyonepartytoanotherwiththeintentionofinducingtheotherpartytocontract.Inotherwords,misrepresentationmeansthatoneofthepartiestoacontractcreatedamistakenimpressionaboutanimportantfactorfactsconcerningthesubjectofthecontractinthemindsoftheotherparty.Actingonthismistakenbelief,thevictimizedpartyenteredintoacontractwhichheorshewouldnothaveenteredifheorshehadknownthefulltruth.Misrepresentation錯誤陳述Toestablishmisrepresentation,

thefollowingelementsshouldbeproven:

(1)anuntrueassertionofamaterialfactorfacts.(2)thevictim’sjustifiablerelianceontheassertion,(3)thelossorharmdoneonthevictimcausedbyhisorherrelianceontheassertion.Toestablishmisrepresentation3typesofmisrepresentations：Fraudulentmisrepresentation欺詐性錯誤陳述Negligentmisrepresentation疏忽性錯誤陳述Innocentmisrepresentation無辜的錯誤陳述3typesofmisrepresentations錯誤陳述故意錯誤陳述欺詐非故意錯誤陳述疏忽性錯誤陳述無辜的錯誤陳述虛假陳述的分類錯誤陳述故意錯誤陳述欺詐非故意錯誤陳述疏忽性錯誤陳述無辜的錯1.fraudulentmisrepresentation

Fraudulentmisrepresentationisafalsestatementoffactmadewithoutbeliefinitstrutheitherrecklessly,knowinglyorwithoutcaringwhetheritistrueorfalsewiththeintentionthatitshouldbeactedonoritisinfactactedupon.1.fraudulentmisrepresentatio1.therepresentormadeafalsestatement2.therepresentorknewthestatementwasfalse,orwasrecklesslyindifferentaboutitstruthfulness.3.therepresentorintendedthatthestatementwouldpersuadetheotherpartytoenterthecontract.4.theinnocentpartyreliedwhollyorpartlyonthestatement.5.theinnocentpartysufferedlossasaresultofthefalserepresentation.1.therepresentormadeafalseAnactionforfraudulentmisrepresentationallowsforaremedyofdamagesandrescission(撤銷).Onecanalsosueforfraudulentmisrepresentationinatortaction.AnactionforfraudulentmisreEastvMaurer[1991]被告Maurer擁有兩家經(jīng)營的很好的發(fā)廊，在1979年，他同意將其中的一家（位于ExeterRoad）出售給原告East。原告被引誘買下這一發(fā)廊部分原因是因為被告的陳述表明他希望將來去國外工作而也不愿在另一家工作。但事實上，這個在此地區(qū)享有聲譽(yù)的被告仍然在另一家發(fā)廊全日經(jīng)營。結(jié)果是原告的生意日漸衰落并且沒有獲得任何利潤。而在1989年時原告被迫將這一發(fā)廊賣掉，而價錢比他們原來買時少很多。原告因此起訴被告違約并且存在欺詐性錯誤陳述。Question:whowonthiscase?EastvMaurer[1991]被告Maurer擁有兩法官判決原告的行為是非常合理。法官判決原告的損失為33328鎊，加上利息，總額為55205鎊；還給予了原告在三年零三個月中的利潤損失，數(shù)目為15000鎊。最后，法官還給予原告1000鎊作為原告意圖經(jīng)營發(fā)廊卻遭受了失望和不便的賠償。法官判決原告的行為是非常合理。Gordonv.SelicoMrGordonandMrsTeixeira,contractedinNovember1978topurchasea99yearleaseofaflatownedbythedefendant,SelicoLtd.Theflatwasinpoorcondition,aswastheblockthatcontainedit,withsomeevidenceofdryrot.Priortothefirstinspectionbythe