Intercultural-Communica教學講解課件

InterculturalCommunicationIntercultural概況1

您的內(nèi)容打在這里，或者通過復制您的文本后。概況2

您的內(nèi)容打在這里，或者通過復制您的文本后。概況3

您的內(nèi)容打在這里，或者通過復制您的文本后。+++整體概況2概況1+++整體概況2賈玉新《跨文化交際學》林大津《跨文化交際研究》杜學增《中英文化習俗比較》鄧炎昌，劉潤清《語言與文化》Hall,E.T.TheSilentLanguageHall,E.T.BeyondCultureDavis,L.DoingCulture:Cross-culturalCommunicationinActionThereferencebooks3賈玉新《跨文化交際學》Thereferencebooks竇衛(wèi)林《跨文化商務交際InterculturalBusinessCommunication》關世杰《跨文化交流學》

4竇衛(wèi)林《跨文化商務交際InterculturalBusiThiscourseisaboutinterculturalcommunication.Thenatureofinterculturalcommunicationshouldbespecifiedandwehavetorecognizethatpeoplewhoholdvariousviewpointsseeitsomewhatdifferently.Interculturalcommunicationcanbeexploredinavarietyofways.CourseDescription:

5Thiscourseisabou

Ourconcerniswiththemorepersonalaspectsofcommunication:Whathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturesinteractface-to-face?Hence,ourapproachexaminestheinterpersonaldimensionsofinterculturalcommunication-asitoccursinvariouscontexts.Wefocusonthosevariablesofbothcultureandcommunicationthatcomeintoplayduringthecommunicationencounter–thattimewhenparticipantsfromdifferentculturesaretryingtoshareideas,information,andfeelings.6Ourconcerniswith

Thecoursecombinestheoryandtheanalysisofthecasesfrominterculturalcommunicationperspectiveetc.Thecoursewillinvolvethelecturing,reflectionpapers,classroomactivities,homeworkandtermpaperetc.

Courseassessment:Attendance:10%Classroomparticipation15%Homeworkassignment15%Reflectionpapersandquits15%Termpaper45%7Thecoursecombinestheo1.Toencouragestudentstoexploretheinterculturalcommunicationinvariousway.2.Toprovideanunderstandingofthedynamicsofinterculturalcommunication.3.Toidentifybarrierstoeffectiveinterculturalcommunicationanddevelopstrategiesfordealingwiththesebarriers.CourseObjectives:81.Toencouragestudentstoex4.Toequipstudentswiththebasicskillsandinformationneededtocommunicatewithpeoplefromothercultures.5.Todevelopanawarenessofcontemporaryeventsthatillustratetheneedforimprovedinterculturalcommunicationskills.6.Togainaunderstandingonissuesofculture,communication,differenceandreconciliation.94.ToequipstudentswiththeUnit1

Whyisitdifficulttoexplaintoablindpersonwhatcolorsare?

Itisverydifficultforpeopletounderstandoneanotheriftheydonotsharethesameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghuman,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedonotshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthatmakeupwhatiscalled“culture”inthesocialsciences－

10Unit1Whyisitdiff

thehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuestowhichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoftendiffer,andthedifferencesmayintroducemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.

Moreexamples:

PeopleinPariseatsnails,butpeopleinSanDiegoputpoisononthem.11thehabitsofeverydaylif

PeopleinIransitonthefloorandprayfivetimeseachday,

butpeopleinLasVegasstandupallnightinfrontofslotmachines.12Peoplein

SomepeoplespeakTagalog,whereasothersspeakEnglish.Somepeoplepaintanddecoratetheirentirebodies,butothersspendmillionsofdollarspaintinganddecoratingonlytheirfaces.

13SomepeoplespeakTag

TheJapanesedonotlikeshakinghands,bowwhengreetingeachotheranddonotblowtheirnoseinpublic.Braziliansformunrulybuslines,preferbrownshoestoblackandarrivetwohourslateatcocktailparties.Greeksstareyouintheeye,nodtheirheadswhentheymeannoandoccasionallysmashplatesagainstwallsinrestaurants.

14TheJapanesedono

TheFrenchwipetheirplatescleanwithapieceofbread,throwpastryintotheircoffeeandofferhandshakestostrangersinbistros.Brtistiptheirsoupbowlsawayfromthem,eatpeaswiththeirforksupsidedownandplaygolfintherain.15TheFrenchwipet

individualfreedom

Ithink…Ibelieve…Myopinionis…“Mr.Steve,itistoolate,youshouldhavearest,Ibotheryousomuch,Iamsorryforthat.”16individualfreedom16

“No,comeon,Idon’tthinkyouarebotheringme,wetalksogood.Listen,ifyouwanttogo,itisbecauseyouwanttogo,notbecauseofme.”

“self-reliance,relyonyourself”“Ok,weknowyourfatherisgreatperson,ifwewanttodosomething,Iamgonnafindhim.So,whatareyour?Whatkindofexperiencedoyouhave?

17“No,comeon,Ido

SomepeopletalktoGod,butothershaveGodtalktothem.

Why?culture18SomepeopletalktoG12Whatisinterculturalcommunication?

Communicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackground1912WhatisinterculturalcommunInterculturalcommunicationUnderstoodphenomenon

discipline跨文化交際跨文化交際學20InterculturalcommunicationUndTalkwithAmericanteacherInteractwithJapanesestudents21TalkwithAmericanteach1

talkwithaBritishlecturer2correspondwithawesterncustomerthroughe-mail3

watchanAmericanfilmorreadaFrenchnovel

Interculturalcommunicationasphenomenonisreallyuniversal/takesplaceeverywhere.

221talkwith2correspondwithaWhendidinterculturalcommunicationstart?Ierminglingwitheachother

havingtraderelationwitheachother23WhendidinterculturalcommuniWhyhasinterculturalcommunicationgreatlyincreased?modernmeansoftransport

Newtechnology

communicationsystem24WhyhasinterculturalcommunicInnovativecommunicationsystems

telephoneinternetthesatellite

television2525

globalizationoftheworldeconomy26

largemigration2727Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?

1

culturalvalues2Worldview(religion)3

socialorganization(familyandstate28WhatarethemajorelementsValuesinformamemberofacultureaboutwhatisgoodandbad,rightandwrong,trueandfalse,positiveandnegative,andthelike.Culturalvaluesdefinewhatisworthdyingfor,whatisworthprotecting,whatfrightenspeople,whatarepropersubjectsforstudyandforridicule,andwhattypesofeventsleadindividualstogroupsolidarity.Culturalvaluesguidebothperceptionandbehavior.29ValuesinformamembAworldviewisaculture’sorientationtowardsuchthingsasGod,nature,life,death,theuniverse,andotherphilosophicalissuesthatareconcernedwiththemeaningoflifeand“being”.Socialorganizationreferstothemannerinwhichacultureorganizesitselfisdirectlyrelatedtotheinstitutionswithinthatculture.Thefamilywhoraiseyouandthegovernmentswithwhichyouassociateandholdallegiancetoallhelpdeterminehowyouperceivetheworldandhowyoubehavewithinthatworld.30Aworldviewisacu

Whatcanyougetfromthispart?Whatisthemarkofbeauty,thinorfat?differentcriterionaboutwhatisbeauty.31Whatcanyougetfromthis

Internationalcommunication

JapanesePrimeMinisterAmericanPresident

32Internationalcommunication

Interracialcommunication

Afro-American

White-American

33Interracialcommunication

Interethnic

aTibetan

aHan34InterethnicaTibetana

Interregionalcommunication

anorthernerasoutherner35Interregionalcommunicationwithinthesameculture,betweenthepeopleofdifferentgender,differentage,differentcareer,differentstatus,differenteducationalbackgroundetcIntraculturalcommunication36withinthesameculture,beInternationalcommunication

Interracialcommunication

Interethniccommunication

Interregionalcommunication

includeIntraculturalcommunication37InternationalcommunicationIWhyisitsaidthatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschange?

Manythingshavechangedtheworldveryrapidly.

politicalchanges

boundariesdissolvedthewarTheChallengeofGlobalizationtheadvancementofscienceandtechnology38WhyisitsaidthatourundersWhatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost1945globalization?technology,particularlytelecommunicationandcomputer39WhatisconsideredasthemajoHowdoyouunderstandtheglobalization?

Globalizationisaprocessofinteractionandintegrationamongthepeople,companies,andgovernmentsofdifferentnations,aprocessdrivenbyinternationaltradeandinvestmentandaidedbyinformationtechnology.40Howdoyouunderstandtheglob

Thisprocesshaseffectsontheenvironment,culture,politicalsystems,economicdevelopmentprosperityandhumanphysicalwell-beinginsocietiesaroundtheworld.41Thisprocesshaseffectson

Canadianeducator,philosopher,andscholar—aprofessorofEnglishliterature,aliterarycritic,arhetorician,andacommunicationtheorist.Globalvillage

MarshallMcLuhan

42Canadianeducator,phi

McLuhandescribeshowtheglobehasbeencontractedintoavillagebyelectrictechnologyandtheinstantaneousmovementofinformationfromeveryquartertoeverypointatthesametime.Inbringingallsocialandpoliticalfunctionstogetherinasuddenimplosion,electricspeedhasheightenedhumanawarenessofresponsibilitytoanintensedegree.43McLuhandescribeshow

Today,theterm“GlobalVillage”ismostlyusedasametaphortodescribetheInternetandWorldWideWeb.OntheInternet,physicaldistanceisevenlessofahindrancetothereal-timecommunicativeactivitiesofpeople,andthereforesocialspheresaregreatlyexpandedbytheopennessoftheweb4444andtheeaseatwhichpeoplecansearchforonlinecommunitiesandinteractwithothersthatsharethesameinterestsandconcerns.Therefore,thistechnologyfosterstheideaofaconglomerateyetunifiedglobalcommunity.Duetotheenhancedspeedofcommunicationonlineandtheabilityofpeopletoreadabout,spreadandreacttoglobalnewsveryrapidly,45andtheeaseatwhichpeoplMcLuhansaysthisforcesustobecomemoreinvolvedwithoneanotherfromcountriesaroundtheworldandbemoreawareofourglobalresponsibilities.Similarly,web-connectedcomputersenablepeopletolinktheirwebsitestogether.Thisnewrealityhasimplicationsforformingnewsociologicalstructureswithinthecontextofculture.46McLuhansaysthisforcesus

Inanincreasinglyinterdependentandcomplexglobalenvironment,GlobalVillageisintendedtoserveasaportalforsharing,discussing,andtransmittingavarietyoftimelyinformationthatimpactourdailylives.

Everyoneissupposedtosupportin

promotingGV,contributeindealingwithglobalproblems,suggestinenhancingthecontentsofthesite,47Inanincreasinglyinterdepandcommitinmakingourglobal

villagearelativelyharmoniousandpeacefulplaceinwhichwecanallenjoyadecentstandardofliving,respectforhumanrights,andfreedomofexpression.

InhabitantsinGVcanhaveaccesstohealthcare,education,food,cleanwater,andinformation.

48andcommitinmakingourgl

Avillagethatourchildrenwouldbeproudtoinheritfromus!TheGlobalVillageismuchlikeourcommunities,neighborhoods,towns,cities,ornationsinwhichwelive.

Hence,asresponsibleinhabitantsorcitizens,weneedtocollectivelydedicatethesameenergy,enthusiasm,andattentiontotheaffairsoftheVillage.

49Avillagethatourchildren

TherealityisthatwhateverhappensintheVillage--regardlessofitsgeographicallocation--oftentouchesourlivesinsomeways.

Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith?Countriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwithseriousproblemssuchasvolatileinternationaleconomy,shrinkingresources,mountingenvironmentalcontamination,andepidemicsthatknownoboundaries.

50Therealityisthatwhateve

WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay?

Thiscaseshowsthatinaworldofinternationalinterdependence,theabilitytounderstandandcommunicateeffectivelywithpeoplefromotherculturestakesonextremeurgency.Ifweareunawareofthesignificantrolecultureplaysincommunication,wemayplacetheblameforcommunicationfailureonpeopleofothercultures.51WhatimplicationscanI.surnames:1)profession:SmithBakerCookTailor2)thegeographicalfeature:HillWoodGreenAddressing52I.surnames:Addressing52FordLake3)thenameofaplaceYorkLincolnKentCornwall4)thefeatureofapersonLittleBlack

53Ford53

WhiteSternSmallLongWise5)thenameoffather+sonJacksonRobertsonJohnson6)theotherways(prefix-Mac,Mc)(descendancefromScotland)

54White54prefix-O(descendancefromIreland)WilliamYougess(Youguess)FranklinRooseveltJuniorII.Howtoaddress1)Professor,Doctor,Nurse,Judge,Captain,Colonel,General,Lieutenant,President,Mayor,Governor,etcWaiter/Waitress,Boy,Conductor,Usher,Porter55prefix-O552)

Sir/LadySir+nameLady+surnameIII.theorderduringtheintroduction1)manfirstandladysecond2)youngerfirstandolderpersonsecond3)personwithlowerposition/statusfirstandonewithhigherposition/statussecond4)guessfirstandhost/hostesssecond5)unmarriedwomanfirstandmarriedonesecond562)Sir/Lady56

6)introducethepersonfirstfromnearnesstofarness7)accordingtonormalorder8)subordinationfirstandVIPsecond9)personwithsweettemperfirst,hottempersecond(amongthe

threepersons)(ina

crowd/socialoccasion)LadyfirstVIPfirstVI.thewaystopresentthebusinesscard1)infullname,notinashortform576)introducetheperso2)withtitle(importantorthemostimportantone)3)inaproperplace4)theorderofexchangingthecardMayIhaveyourbusinesscard?5)occasion6)Lookthepersonintheeyewithbothhandsholdingthecardorpassingthecardwithrighthand7)receive/takewithrespect8)inbothChineseandEnglish

582)withtitle(importantorthV.Howtokeeptheballrollingaftersmalltalk1)It’srainingtoday,isn’tit?

It’srainingterriblyhardtoday,isn’tit?It’sextremelycoldtoday,isn’tit?It’sverywindytoday,isn’tit?Thatwasaviolentstormthatwehadlastnight,wasn’tit?Lovelyday,isn’tit?2)Excuseme.Doesthisbusgototherailwaystation?Thebusesareverycrowdednowadays,aren’tthey?

59V.Howtokeeptheballrollin3)

A:It’snicetomeetyou.Myfriendtoldmeaboutyou.HaveyoulivedinPhiladelphialong?B:No,onlytwomonths.Howaboutyou?A:ImovedherefouryearsagofromCalifornia.B:Ohreally!I’mfromCaliforniatoo….4)A:Ilikeyournecklace.B:Thanks,Igot-theminCanadalastyear.5)A:Ilikeyourchair.B:Thankyou.Imadeitmyself.A:Really?Ididn’tknowthatyouworkwithwood.603)A:It’snicetomeetyou.

B:I’vebeendoingthisforfiveyears.A:Didyoutakeaclassinwoodworking?B:No,Itaughtmyselffrombooks.A:That’sgreat.6)A:It’sburninghottoday,isn’tit?B:Yes.A:Doyouthinkitwillgetcoolsoon?B:Idon’tknow.A:Well,Ihopeitwill.Ifinditdifficulttoteachwhenitissohot.B:Yes.61B:I’vebeendoingthisfo

6)A:It’sburninghottoday,isn’tit?B:Yes.A:Doyouthinkitwillgetcoolsoon?B:Idon’tknow.A:Well,Ihopeitwill.Ifinditdifficulttoteachwhenitissohot.B:Yes.6)A:It’sburninghottoday,isn’tit?B:Yes,Iagree.A:Doyouthinkitwillgetcoolsoon?B:Idon’tknow.butIhopeso.It’smiserablewhenit’slikethis.

A:Ifinditdifficulttoteachwhenitissohot.

B:Yes,Idotoo….

626)A:It’sburninghottoday7)A:HowlonghaveyoulivedinBeijing?B:I’vebeenhereforsixyearsalready.A:Whatdoyoudo?B:I’mateacher.Howaboutyou?A:Isee.Howmanychildrendoyouhave?

B:I’mnotmarried,actually.A:Yes.HowcanIimprovemyEnglish?6363IV.Mistakes

1)Areyousick?What’swrongwithyou?...Youshoulddrinkplentyofwaterandputonmoreclothes.…Yousoundasthoughyou’vegotacold.Youseemrathertired.AreyouO.K.?Youlookabitpale.Areyoufeelingallright?Idohopeyou’llbefeelingbettersoon.Takegoodcareofyourself.

64IV.Mistakes64“Ihavenothingtosay,so,good-bye.”

“Well,IthinkImustbegoingnow.”…“Thankyou,good-bye.”

“Walkslowly!”“Youshouldbeverycarefulontheway.”“It’sverywindy.You’dbetterputonyourcap.”“Staywhereyouare!”“Youneedn’tseemeoff.”

65“Ihavenothingtosay,so,go3)“Couldyoupossiblyhelpmewiththeluggage?”“Helpmewiththeluggage.”

“Excuseme,wouldyoumindtakingmetotheairport?”“Airport,please.”

“Wouldyoumindsellingmeatickettotherailwaystation?”“Atickettotherailwaystation?”4)“Canyouanswerthequestion,LiMing?”“Yes.”

663)“Couldyoupossiblyhelpme

“Whowouldliketoanswerthequestion,LiMing?”

“No,Iwouldn’t.”“Haveyoufinishedyourhomework,LiMing?”“Yes,Ihavefinishedmyhomework.”

“PerhapsyoucouldreadthroughthisbyFriday.”

“CouldyoupossiblyreadthroughthisbyFriday”

“Sorry,Ihaven’tfinishedityet.Couldyouwaitforawhile?”

“Couldyouextendthedeadlineafewdays?”67“Whowouldliketoanswerth5)InvitationMr.andMrs.RogerHaydenpresenttheircomplimentstoMr.andMrs.RichardHillmanandrequestthehonoroftheircompanyatdinneronSaturday,the8thJulyatseveno’clockp.m.at45WalnutStreet.45WalnutStreet21stJune,2010RSVP685)Invitation

TomeetMissMillicentGordonMrs.JohnKindhartTues.Jan.7Dancingat9o’clock1350MadisonAvenue69

DearMr.&Mrs.Lewis,Weshouldbeverygratefulifyoucouldcometodinnerwithusatourapartmentat7p.m.onWednesday,Sept.21st.Wearealllookingforwardeagerlytoyourvisit.

Sincerelyyours,Mr.andMrs.HerbertGould

70DearMr.&Mrs.Lewis,70

DearJulia,I’mholdingapartyformy20thbirthdayonSaturday,December2nd,at7:00p.m.inmyhouse.I’dverymuchliketohaveyouandsomeotherfriendscome.Ihopewe’llhaveawonderfultimethen.Pleaseletmeknowifyou’llbeabletojoinus.Affectionately,Cindy71DearJulia,71

Mr.andMrs.RichardHillmanacceptwithpleasureMr.andMrs.RogerHayden’skindinvitationfordinneronSaturday,the8thJulyatseveno’clockp.m.at45WalnutStreet.72Mr.andMrs.RichardHillman7

Mr.andMrs.RichardHillmanregretthattheyareunabletoacceptthekindinvitationfordinnerofMr.andMrs.RogerHaydenonSaturday,the8thJulyatseveno’clockp.m.at45WalnutStreet.73Mr.andMrs.RichardHillma

Acceptswithpleasureat9o’clockTues.Jan.7MissMillicentGordo1350MadisonAvenue

Sincereregretsat9o’clockTues.Jan.7MissMillicentGordo1350MadisonAvenue

74Acceptswithpleasure

DearMr.andMrs.HerbertGould,Weacceptwithpleasureyourkindinvitationfordinnerat7p.m.onWednesday,Sept.21stinyourapartment.Manythanksfortheinvitation,andwebothwouldbedelightedtocome.Cathy&BillLewis

7575

DearMr.andMrs.HerbertGould,Weregretthatwe’reunabletoacceptyourkindinvitationfordinnerat7p.m.onWednesday,Sept.21stinyourapartment.Oursmalldaughterfelldownfromthehorseandweshouldtakehertothehospitalimmediately.Withmanyapologies.Cathy&BillLewis

76DearMr.andMrs.HerbertGou

DearCindy,(informal)ItisverykindofyoutoinvitemetoyourbirthdaypartyonSaturday,December2nd,at7:00p.m.inyourhouse.Iwouldlovetocomeandamlookingforwardtoseeingyou.Yourfriend,Julia77DearCindy,(informal)77

DearCindy,ThankyouverymuchforyourkindinvitationtoyourbirthdaypartyonSaturday,December2nd.Unfortunately,muchtomyregret,Iwon’tbeabletojoinyouowingtomypreviousplanforthesameevening.Ihopeyouhaveahappybirthdayandthatwecangettogethersoon.Love,Julia78DearCindy,78

“Thankyou.”

“Allright,I’IItrytocome.”

“Yes,I’dloveto./No,I’mafraid…butthankyouallthesame.”

“Let’shavelunchtogetherwhenthingssettledown.”“Wemustgettogethersometime.”“I’lldefinitelyinviteyoutodinneroneday.”

79“Thankyou.”79

Kate:Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime,Pat.Youmustcomeroundfordinnersometime.

Pat:Thankyou.I’dliketoverymuch.Kate:I’llcallyouthen.Pat:OK.

withoutdefinitetimeYes,/No,must,should,have,soon,oneday,sometime80Kate:Ihaven’tseenyoufor

“WhatcanIdoforyou”?“CanIhelpyouatall”?“Goodmorning.Whatdoyouwant”?“CanIhelpyou/WhatcanIdoforyou”?“Haveacupoftea,please”“Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?”“Wouldyoulikeacupoftea/coffee?”“How/Whataboutacupofcoffee?”“That’saverygoodidea./Goodidea.”“I’dratherhaveacupoftea,ifyoudon’tmind.”81“WhatcanIdoforyou”?81Americanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships＝CaseAnalysisinEgypt

inmanycultures

valuedsohighly

humanrelationship

notexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway

≠inlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms82Americanscertainlyvaluehumathefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuseattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistpraisethefooditselfthetotalevening≠hosthostessWhatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein83thefoodwassimplythesettinorganizationitselfafamily

order

harmonyJapanesepeoplevalueamongpersonsinagroup

avastcorporation

ismorevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember84organizationitselfafamilyorwhentheyseemjustifiablyinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroupareapttoassertindividualdifferences

Americansstressindividuality85whentheyseemjustifiablyinmakinggreateffortstodefendhimselftheerrorswerenotintentional，butitisnotrighttodefendhimself

Richard’smistake

Inthiscase86makinggreateffortstodefendtoassistthegroupbywarningothersofsimilarmistakesasimpleapology

Richard’sunstatedintent

appropriateacceptanceoftheblame87toassistthegroupbywarningNothinginhisexperiencehadpreparedhimfortheJapanesereaction–infacthehadbeentaughttodespisesuchbehavior.anapology

subservientForRichardunmanly88NothinginhisexperiencehadWhenitcomestoEngland

betweenAmericansandEnglishmen

fewerproblemsalmostanyothergroup89WhenitcomestoEnglandfewerBemyguestvaluesexpressedinthisgesturelookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcream

HelpyourselfforAmericansfortheEnglish90Bemyguestvaluesexpressedindiffersomewhatinthevalue

ofthedistinctionenjoyentertainingandbeingentertainedAmericanstheEnglish91differsomewhatinthevalueesuchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrudemakehimselfathomeatthepartyidealguestatAmericanparty

fortheEnglishanswerthedoor,fixone’sowndrink

personsinmanyothersociety92suchguestmakehimselfatideaSilenceisGolden…andConfusing

ProfessorJohnsonwasinvitedtogiveaguestlectureataChineseuniversityintheearly1990s.Hecouldtellthatthestudentswereveryattentive.Theyapplaudedwarmlywhenthelecturecametoanend.However,ProfessorJohnsonwasdisappointedwhennooneaskedanyquestions,evenaf