托福TPO8Lecture生物類 精講+翻譯

學術(shù)講座—學生版生物tpo8lecture1背景介紹：在生物世界，什么是動物棲息地，在棲息地被破壞之后人類是如何采取措施的，藍鶯和黑頭鶯如何選擇棲息地的等。分類表格：TPOLecture生物BiologyTPO1TPO2TPO4TPO6TPO7TPO8TPO10TPO11TPO12TPO14TPO15TPO16TPO17TPO18TPO19TPO20TPO21TPO22TPO23TPO24TPO25TPO26TPO27TPO27TPO28TPO28TPO29TPO304242211112434434333142132312考點分析及各分類常見邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)：生物類考點分析分類部位及特征用途（植物）習性（動物）棲息地繁殖與其他生物的關(guān)系生存狀況相關(guān)研究生物類常見邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)在課堂演講中，教授常常會就某一生物現(xiàn)象或者生物特征進行講解，并舉出相應的例子進行證明，期間往往會有老師的自問自答和已經(jīng)和學生之間的討論。四、十三大原則中這節(jié)課會用到的原則+舉例1.開頭原則：2.強調(diào)原則（語義的強調(diào)）：3.舉例原則4.轉(zhuǎn)折原則5.因果原則6.問答原則五、本次課可能用到的筆記法1.筆記熱身1）中文簡寫2）符號2.TPO1Conversation1筆記六、詞匯，短語及句式1）生物類場景常用的詞匯英語漢語species物種sub-species亞種genepool基因庫ancestor祖先descend傳承extinction滅絕endanger瀕危eradicate滅絕introducedanimals外來動物wildlifereserve野生動物保護區(qū)sanctuary保護區(qū)refuge保護區(qū)habitat棲息地quarantineservice檢疫局parasite寄生蟲insect昆蟲reptile爬行動物mammal哺乳動物pollinate授粉2）本次課常用詞匯英語漢語dispersev.分散；傳播recapv.扼要重述plovern.千鳥；啄木鳥depressionn.洼地；沮喪；不景氣fledglingn.剛會飛的小鳥；無經(jīng)驗的人warblern.鳴鳥densityn.密度reproductiveadj.生殖的；再生的；復制的correlatev.使有相互關(guān)系；關(guān)聯(lián)suitabilityn.合適；適合randomadj.隨機的；任意的3）本次課常用短語及句式：英語漢語preferencesfor偏愛haveinfluenceon對….有影響comeup走近;走到跟前；被提及;被討論；即將發(fā)生;即將到來lookat看待focuson致力于；使聚焦于；對（某事或做某事）予以注意；把…作為興趣中心preventfrom預防befamiliarwith對…熟悉gothrough經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)受（尤指苦難或艱難時期）；翻閱，翻找，整理；通讀；徹查beawayfrom遠離，從…離開afew一些七、文章框架分析Troubleandneedsomehelp:Womancannotfindwherethejournalsare.Mansaysthatshehasfocuswhichisgoodandshecanfindthebookonthereserve.Howtodotheresearchandfindmorejournals:Mantellsherthereareelectronicresources.Thewomanthinksitisunabletousecomputerathome.Butactuallyshecandoitathome.Howtosavetimetodoresearch:narrowdowntheresearchbydisplayabstractandsummary.Whatwillthewomandonext:Thewomanwillresearchtheresourceinthelibraryjustincase.八、聽力文本Pro:OK.Well,lasttime(提示詞，典型的回顧型開頭方式)wetalkedaboutpassivehabitatselection,likeplantsforexample,theydon’tmakeactivechoicesaboutwheretogrow.Theyaredispersedbysomeotheragent,likethewind.Andiftheseedslandinasuitablehabitat,theydowellandreproduce.(針對例子出題是lecture中常見的出題方式，這里即可以針對此例出一道題)Withactivehabitatselection,anorganismisabletophysicallyselectwheretoliveandbreed.Andbecauseananimalbreedinghabitatissoimportant,weexpectanimalspeciestodeveloppreferencesforparticulartypesofhabitats.Placeswheretheiroffspringhavethebestchanceforsurvival.Solet’slookattheeffectsofthepreferencecanhavebylookingatsomeexamples(回顧完了之后轉(zhuǎn)到本次的主題，本句話是主旨的體現(xiàn)),butfirstlet’srecap.Whatdowemeanbyhabitat?(在進入主體部分前進行相關(guān)名詞解釋，這也是聽了lecture里常見的一個環(huán)節(jié))Frank?

Stu:Well,it’sbasicallytheplaceorenvironmentwhereanorganismnormallylivesandgrows.

Pro:Right,andaswediscussed,therearesomekeyelementsthathabitatmustcontain,foodobviously,water,andit’sgottohavearightclimateandbasicsforphysicalprotection.(這里可針對habitat所需的keyelements出雙選題或多選題)Andwesawhowimportanthabitatselectioniswhenwelookatthehabitatweresomeofthefactorsareremoved,perhapsthroughhabitats’destruction.Ijustreadaboutashortbird,theplover.

Theploverlivesbytheoceanandfeedsonsmallshellfish,insectsandplants.Itblendsinwiththesand,soitwellcamouflagefrompredatorbirdsabove.(可以針對這里的信息出關(guān)于plover的細節(jié)題)Butitlagseggsinshallowdepressionsinthesandwithverylittleprotectionaroundthem.Soiftherearepeopleordogsonthebeach,theeggsandfledglingsinthenestarereallyvulnerable.OutingCaliforniaweatherhasbeenalotofhumandevelopmentbytheocean.Theploversarenowisthreatenspecies.Soconservationistriedtorecreateanewhabitatforthem.Theymadeartificialbeachesandsandbarsinareainaccessibletopeopleanddogs.Andtheploverpopulationisupquiteabitinthoseplaces.(此處可出細節(jié)題，針對如何挽救plover)

Ok.Thatisanincidencewhereahabitatismadelesssuitable.Butnow,whataboutcaseswhereananimalexhibitsaclearchoicebetweentwosuitablehabitats?Incaseslikethat,doesthepreferencematter?Let’slookatthebluewarbler.(這幾句話是聯(lián)系上下文的過渡句，Thatisanincidence..Butnow,whataboutcases…Let’slookat…這些語言都是需要重點注意的常見過渡表達，幫助我們建立框架)TheBluewarblerisasongbirdthatlivesintheNorthAmerica.Theyclearlypreferhardwoodforestswithdenseshrubs,bushesunderneaththetrees.Theyactuallynestintheshrubs,notthetrees.Sotheyprettyclosetotheground,butthesewarblersalsonestintheforeststhathavelowshrubdensity.Itisusuallytheyoungerwarblersthatnesttotheareabecausetheirpreferredspotswherealotofshrubsaretakenbyoldermoredominantbirds.(可以針對這塊兒的細節(jié)信息出關(guān)于Bluewarbler的細節(jié)題)

Andthechoiceofhabitatseemstoaffectthereproductivesuccess.Becausetheolderandmoreexperiencedbirdswhonestinthehighdensityshrubareashavesignificantlymoreoffspringthanthoseinlowdensityareas(可以針對這里出推斷題，推斷住在foreststhathavelowshrubdensity里的bluewarbler有什么特點，答案可設置為“Theyarelessexperienced.”),whichsuggeststhatthechoiceofwheretonestdoeshaveimpactonthenumberofchickstheyhave.Butpreferredenvironmentdoesn’talwaysseemtocorrelatewithgreaterreproductivesuccess.Forexample,InEurope,studyhasbeendoneofblackcapwarblers.(可以出回放題，問教授說這2句話的意思；另外，這里是需要重點聽的聯(lián)系上下文的過渡句)Wejustcallthemblackcaps.Blackcapscanbefoundintwodifferentenvironments.Theirpreferredhabitatisforestthatneartheedgeofstreams.However,blackcapsalsoliveinpinewoodsawayfromwater.(可針對前面的信息出關(guān)于blackcap的habitat特點的問題)Studyhasbeendoneonthereproductivesuccessrateforbirdsinbothareas,andtheresultshowedsurprisinglythatthereproductivesuccesswasessentiallythesameinbothareas---thepreferredandthesecondchoicehabitat.Well.Why?

Itturnsout(表結(jié)果的表達，需重點注意)therewereactuallyfourtimesasmanybirdpairsorcoupleslivinginthestreamedgehabitatcomparedtotheareaawayfromthestream,sothisstreamedgeareahasmuchdenserpopulationwhichmeantmoremembersofsamespeciescompetingfortheresources.Whenintofeedonsamethingorbuildtheirnestsinthesameplaces,whichlowerthesuitabilityoftheprimehabitateventhoughit’stheirpreferredhabitat.Sotheresultsofthestudysuggests(表結(jié)果的信息是我們重點要的聽的地方，往往是對前面情況的總結(jié))thatwhenthenumberofthecompetitorsintheprimehabitatreachesacertainpoint,thesecondrandomhabitatbecomesjustassuccessfulastheprimehabitat,justbecausetherearefewermembersofthesamespecieslivingthere.Soitlookslikecompetitionforresourcesisanotherimportantfactor(表列舉的詞another提示我們這句話的信息很重要)indeterminingifparticularhabitatissuitable.

九、學生聽力過程注：此過程中，“小節(jié)”的長度由老師根據(jù)每個學生的水平來決定，兩個句子到兩個自然段不等。注意不要讓學生聽起來太吃力，有挫敗感，也不要讓學生聽著太簡單而沒有提升。第一小節(jié)學生聽+記學生復述學生猜考點老師講解（結(jié)合筆記法，帶領(lǐng)學生逐句聽，該小節(jié)進行完之后綜合聽一遍，保證學生每句話都聽明白了再進行下一小節(jié)）第一段筆記：第二小節(jié)學生聽+記筆記學生復述+回顧之前的內(nèi)容學生猜考點老師講解（結(jié)合筆記法，帶領(lǐng)學生逐句聽，該小節(jié)進行完之后綜合聽一遍，保證學生每句話都聽明白了再進行下一小節(jié)）第二段筆記：第三小節(jié)學生聽+記筆記學生復述+回顧之前的內(nèi)容學生猜考點老師講解（結(jié)合筆記法，帶領(lǐng)學生逐句聽，該小節(jié)進行完之后綜合聽一遍，保證學生每句話都聽明白了再進行下一小節(jié)）第三段筆記：全部小節(jié)進行完之后，讓學生全文一起綜合聽一遍十、題目，答案及解析1.Whatisthemainpurposeofthelecture?TocompareactivehabitatselectionwithpassivehabitatselectionToshowthatmosthabitatpreferencesinanimalsarelearnedTocomparethehabitatrequirementsofseveralbirdspeciesToexaminetheconsequencesofhabitatselectionbyanimalsAnswer:2.Whatelementoftheplover’shabitatinCaliforniawasthreatened?TheavailabilityoffoodTheavailabilityofwaterThesafetyofnestsfromhumanactivityTheprotectionofnestsfrompredatorybirdsAnswer:3.Whatdoestheprofessorillustratewiththeexampleofthebluewarbler?TherelationshipbetweenhumanactivityandhabitatlossTherelationshipbetweenhabitatandreproductivesuccessTheadvantagesofhabitatswithlowvegetationdensityThereproductiveadvantagethatyoungwarblershaveoverolderwarblersAnswer:4.Whydoestheprofessormentionthepopulationdensityofblackcapsintwodifferenthabitats?ToexplainthesimilarreproductiveratesinthetwohabitatsToexplaintherelationbetweenaspecies’populationdensityanditsnestingbehaviorToill