吐血整理歷屆考研英語(yǔ)(二)真題及答案詳解(2010-2013)

吐血整理歷屆考研英語(yǔ)（二）真題（2010-2013）【使用說(shuō)明】本人親身經(jīng)歷了考研的旅途，深感對(duì)于英語(yǔ)（二），研友們最缺的就是真題，因?yàn)閷?zhuān)碩產(chǎn)生不久，參考人數(shù)卻呈爆發(fā)式增長(zhǎng)；而相對(duì)英語(yǔ)（一），市面上不易買(mǎi)到英語(yǔ)（二）的真題資料，給考生帶來(lái)不便。即使是網(wǎng)上的一些版本也是七拼八湊，錯(cuò)誤連篇。本著傳承愛(ài)心的理念，本人特整理2010-2013年真題及參考答案，供學(xué)弟學(xué)妹們復(fù)習(xí)。本版本真題的一大特點(diǎn)是完全按照考研真題的格式、字體、字號(hào)、行間距排版，每套真題12頁(yè)，建議使用時(shí)采用A4紙雙面印刷，以最大限度模擬考場(chǎng)實(shí)際效果。（市面上的真題大多為了節(jié)約紙張，縮小了字體和行間距，和考場(chǎng)真題有一定差距，若長(zhǎng)期用市面版本做練習(xí)，上了考場(chǎng)可能不習(xí)慣：例如完型填空，考場(chǎng)真題第一頁(yè)是完型文章，選項(xiàng)一般從第二頁(yè)開(kāi)始，需要翻頁(yè)，給考生造成不便，考生需提前習(xí)慣這種不便！而市面上的真題大多文章選項(xiàng)就在一頁(yè)，做習(xí)慣了反而會(huì)不利于考場(chǎng)發(fā)揮！深有體會(huì)，切記切記）對(duì)于真題的使用方法，有以下幾點(diǎn)需要說(shuō)明：不要盲目做真題！那是浪費(fèi)資源！英語(yǔ)（二）開(kāi)考以來(lái)就這四套真題，希望大家節(jié)約使用！其他的模擬題、英語(yǔ)（一）真題、樣題都沒(méi)這四套值價(jià)！不信對(duì)比著做幾套就知區(qū)別！專(zhuān)碩真題是寶藏，它就是我們確切意義上的指南！建議大家采用一下介紹的“六遍法”，以最大限度榨干真題價(jià)值?。勘檫m當(dāng)間隔一段時(shí)間效果會(huì)更好）第一遍：嚴(yán)格按照考試時(shí)間，創(chuàng)造最貼近考試的環(huán)境來(lái)完成真題。第二遍：摘抄生詞，長(zhǎng)句進(jìn)行記憶分析，進(jìn)一步熟悉文章，正面分析正確選擇項(xiàng)，使自己的思路初步貼近出題人的思路?？创鸢傅臅r(shí)候最好不要看相關(guān)的分析，因?yàn)檫@樣可能會(huì)讓自己的思路跟著出書(shū)人跑。另外，你需要對(duì)出的題目有一個(gè)分類(lèi)了，例如細(xì)節(jié)題目，作者態(tài)度題目，例證題目，文章主旨題目等等，為以后的進(jìn)一步總結(jié)應(yīng)對(duì)策略打下基礎(chǔ)。第三遍：反面分析錯(cuò)誤選擇項(xiàng)（至關(guān)重要！）主要應(yīng)該主要從4個(gè)方面著手：對(duì)比正確選項(xiàng)和錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，找出其差異所在。在知道了為什么正確答案為什么正確的基礎(chǔ)上找出錯(cuò)誤的原因，出題人為什么要用這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)來(lái)迷惑我們——用的是偷換概念還是以小代大？同意互換的修飾成分是否遺漏？作者觀點(diǎn)題目答案給的是不是有出題人主觀傾向以及這種傾向是不是可以作為規(guī)律來(lái)對(duì)待？等等等等。二、把錯(cuò)誤選擇項(xiàng)帶到原文中，看看出題人是怎么把作者意圖和事實(shí)歪曲的。關(guān)于這點(diǎn)你可以分析完10篇來(lái)一個(gè)總結(jié)，你會(huì)很驚奇的發(fā)現(xiàn)：原來(lái)每道題目錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的來(lái)路是這么的相似！以后再見(jiàn)到這種錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候很大程度上你就能感覺(jué)到什么應(yīng)該是正確的什么是錯(cuò)誤的了（這就是你和出題人思路的接近過(guò)程）。三、把握絕對(duì)和相對(duì)的關(guān)系，找出錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)代表性的詞匯。很多輔導(dǎo)班老師會(huì)這么告訴你：包含some，perhaps，appromately，about，seems等詞匯的選擇項(xiàng)一般都是正確的，而包含certainly，extremely等絕對(duì)的一般都是錯(cuò)誤的。這個(gè)可以當(dāng)成一個(gè)一般的原則來(lái)應(yīng)用，但是我要求你們并不是簡(jiǎn)單的把這類(lèi)詞匯給看到然后就直接的判斷出其正確性或者錯(cuò)誤性，我們現(xiàn)在是打基礎(chǔ)，必須對(duì)自己從嚴(yán)要求，我們應(yīng)該這樣做：找出代表性詞匯后進(jìn)行匯總，根據(jù)肯定否定的語(yǔ)氣輕重來(lái)把它們進(jìn)行排序，然后回到題目看看出題目的人是怎么把作者不太肯定的語(yǔ)氣給“硬化”的（老外很少說(shuō)絕對(duì)，中國(guó)人經(jīng)常說(shuō)絕對(duì)）。四、把自己當(dāng)成出題人來(lái)思考（換位思考）。你需要把自己放到出題人的角度來(lái)對(duì)待錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)殄e(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)都是很熟悉中國(guó)人思維的專(zhuān)家出的，因此，你如果單純的從自己（考生）的角度思考錯(cuò)誤選擇項(xiàng)，很可能會(huì)百思不得其解，而在把我原文的基礎(chǔ)之上把自己看成出題人情況就會(huì)很不同。這是提高你考試能力的一個(gè)很重要的方法，到你經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的訓(xùn)練，能從出題人的思路把握選擇項(xiàng)的時(shí)候，你就是真正的知彼知己，從而就很容易的達(dá)到百戰(zhàn)不殆了。第四遍：回到文章中去，把自己上一遍的思路“代入”到文章中去，分析一下出題人是怎樣把題目出出來(lái)的，具體思考以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：一、體會(huì)出題人為什么會(huì)在這個(gè)地方出題目而不在其他地方出題目？二、其它地方是不是可以出題目？三、如果讓你出題目你會(huì)怎樣來(lái)出？四、自己試著出上幾道題目，比較一下和出題人的差距，進(jìn)一步體會(huì)出題人出題目的把戲。第五遍：再次像第一遍那樣去做題目，總結(jié)出題技巧以及自己的應(yīng)對(duì)策略。當(dāng)然，答案你已經(jīng)非常清楚了，這里只是讓你再次體驗(yàn)一下真題的“魅力”所在?？偨Y(jié)出題技巧并不是讓你將來(lái)有可能去出題目，只是再此深化貼近出題人思維方式這個(gè)思路，爭(zhēng)取達(dá)到自己看到一篇文章在看題目之前就大致知道體會(huì)出在什么地方（完全可以達(dá)到）。應(yīng)試策略和前面幾遍的分析是分不開(kāi)的，前面的工作做好了，你就是不進(jìn)行應(yīng)試策略的專(zhuān)門(mén)總結(jié)也沒(méi)有問(wèn)題，例如例證題目，你完全可以自己就總結(jié)出來(lái)90%向上，10%向下找答案的思路等等。第六遍：這一遍選擇應(yīng)用，首先，可以適當(dāng)做一點(diǎn)市場(chǎng)上的模擬試題應(yīng)用下自己總結(jié)出來(lái)的方法，看一下是不是自己的思路和出書(shū)人的差不多，不一樣完全沒(méi)有關(guān)系，因?yàn)榈浆F(xiàn)在你的試題研究的水平可能比出書(shū)人還要高，你的思路更加貼近將來(lái)的06年真題！其次，適當(dāng)?shù)倪x用自己認(rèn)為比較好的模擬試題，你可以在做完題目之后用挑剔的木管來(lái)“修正”它們，進(jìn)一步使自己的應(yīng)試技巧和策略得到深化。最后給大家一點(diǎn)個(gè)人的建議：英語(yǔ)沒(méi)必要報(bào)輔導(dǎo)班，尤其是專(zhuān)碩英語(yǔ)，靠自己才是王道！雖然輔導(dǎo)班天花亂墜的宣傳臺(tái)詞催生了如火如荼的考研經(jīng)濟(jì)，但就我個(gè)人的經(jīng)歷來(lái)說(shuō)，不要太指望輔導(dǎo)班。認(rèn)真研究著幾套真題，再歸納聯(lián)系一下各類(lèi)型的作文，考研英語(yǔ)沒(méi)問(wèn)題的！預(yù)祝大家取得好成績(jī)，并在考研路上有所收獲！2010年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試(英語(yǔ)二)試題SectionIUseof

EnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconjune11,2009.Itisthefirstwotldwidecpidemic__1__bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.Theheightenedalert__2__anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatassembledafterasharppiseincasesinAustralia.andrising__3__inBritain,Japan,Chileandelsewhere.Buttheepiemicis“__4__”inseverity.AccordingtoMargaretChan.Theorganization’sdirectorgeneral,__5__theoverwhelmingmajortyofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandfullrecovery.Ofteninthe__6__ofanymedicaltreatment.Theoutbreakcametogobal__7__inlateApril2009.whenMexicanauthoritiesnotedanunusuallylargenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths__8__healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityShutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto__9__inNewYorkCity,thesouthwestemUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade__10__warmerweatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2009,officialsreportedtherewas__11__fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe__12__testedarethenewswineflu.Alsoknownas(A)H1N1,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,Ithas__13__morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.Federalhealthofficials___14___Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegan__15__ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is__16__aheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2009,thoughmostofthose__17__doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot__18__forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveralother__19__.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroups;healthcareworkers,people__20__infantsandhealthyyoungpeople.1.［A］criticized［B］appointed［C］commented［D］designated2.［A］proceeded［B］activated［C］followed［D］prompted3.［A］digits［B］numbers［C］amounts［D］sums4.［A］Moderate［B］normal［C］unusual［D］extreme5.［A］With［B］in［C］from［D］by6.［A］Progress［B］absence［C］presence［D］favor7.［A］Reality［B］phenomenon［C］cincept［D］notice8.［A］Over［B］for［C］among［D］to9.［A］stayup

［B］cropup

［C］fillup

［D］coverup10.［A］as

［B］if［C］unless［D］until11.［A］excessive［B］enormous［C］significant［D］magnificent12.［A］categories［B］examples［C］patterns［D］samples13.［A］imparted

［B］immersed［C］injected［D］infected14.［A］released［B］relayed［C］relieved［D］remained15.［A］placing［B］delivering［C］taking［D］giving16.［A］feasible［B］available［C］reliable［D］applicable17.［A］prevalent［B］principal［C］innovative［D］initial18.［A］presented［B］restricted［C］recommended［D］introduced19.［A］problems［B］issues［C］agonies［D］sufferings20.［A］involvedin［B］caringfor

［C］concernedwith［D］wardingoffSectionⅡReadingcomprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CandD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,“BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever”,atSotheby’sinLondononSeptember15th2008.Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwasalasthurrah.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingvertiginouslysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm-doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst’ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector-forChinesecontemporaryart-theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.Withinweekstheworld’stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby’sandChristie’s,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostseriouscontractioninthemarketsincethesecondworldwar.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorevolatile.ButEdwardDolman,Christie’schiefexecutive,says:“I’mprettyconfidentwe’reatthebottom.”Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket,whereasintheearly1990s,wheninterestrateswerehigh,therewasnodemandeventhoughmanycollectorswantedtosell.Christie’srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2009werestillhigherthaninthefirsthalfof2006.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs—death,debtanddivorce—stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.21.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory”because____.A.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictoryiesB.theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbidsC.BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallmasterpiecesD.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialcrisis22.Bysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line1-2,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat_____.A.collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctionsB.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleriesC.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextentD.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTture?A.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007to2008.B.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.C.Themarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.D.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.24.ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare____A.auctionhouses'favoritesB.contemporarytrendsC.factorspromotingartworkcirculationD.stylesrepresentingimpressionists25.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe___A.FluctuationofArtPricesB.Up-to-dateArtAuctionsC.ArtMarketinDeclineD.ShiftedInterestinArtsText2IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom--awomen'sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkativefrequentlyofferingideasandanecdoteswhilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.TowardtheendoftheeveningIcommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.Thismanquicklyconcurred.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid"She'sthetalkerinourfamily."Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It'strue"heexplained."WhenIcomehomefromworkIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeeptheconversationgoingwe'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence."ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituationstheyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate'70s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook"DivorceTalk"thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed--butonlyafewofthemen--gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percentthatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear--avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohisordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaningcookingsocialarrangementsanderrands.Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:"Hedoesn'tlistentome""Hedoesn'ttalktome."IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirstandforemostconversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisfacewhileawomanglaresatthebackofitwantingtotalk.26.Whatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?A.Talkingtothem.B.Trustingthem.C.Supportingtheircareers.D.Sharinghousework.27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para2)mostprobablymeans___.Ageneratingmotivation.B.exertinginfluenceC.causingdamageD.creatingpressure28.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT_______A.mentendtotalkmoreinpublictanwomenB.nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversationC.womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouplesD.afemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemianideaofthistext?A.Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.B.Marriagebreak-upstemsfromsexinequalities.C.Husbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.D.Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.30.Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocuson______A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalkB.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoonC.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.D.abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHackerTxet3Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors-habits-amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashingwithsoap,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”Dr.Curtissaid.“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto-Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever-hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.Ifyoulookhardenough,you’llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday-chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins-areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn’tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers’lives,andit’sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.31.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap________.[A]shouldbefurthercultivated[B]shouldbechangedgradually[C]aredeepiyrootedinhistory[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns32.Bottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto____[A]revealtheirimpactonpeople’habits[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople’buyingpower[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits33.whichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople’shabits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilver34.Fromthetextwekonwthatsomeofconsumer’shabitsaredevelopeddueto_____[A]perfectedartofproducts[B]automaticbehaviorcreation[C]commercialpromotions[D]scientificexperiments35.theauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabitsis____[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,education,andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofstrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonllyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.36.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat______[A]bothlitcrateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic37.Thepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed_____[A]theinadequacyofantidiscriminationlaws[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces[C]theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtjudegs38.Eveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause_____[A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagement39.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed.___[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished[B]educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors[C]jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirecommunity[D]statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystem40.indiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson_______[A]itsnatureandproblems[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions[D]itstraditionanddevelopmentPartBDirections：Readthefollowingtextanddecidewhethereachofthestatementsistrueorfalse.ChooseTifthestatementistrueorFitthestatementisnottrue.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftFuelBothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft.The787and350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluseanditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation-aV-shape-expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird’swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips.aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.DrKrooandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandIasVegasweretoassembleoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formationoccasionallychangeplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(coupledwithareductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.Thereare,ofcourse,knotstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellingincompanion?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveralnauticalmiles,andwouldnotbeintheintimategroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows,Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganisationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,theplanes’wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsobehardforairlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraft,incontrast,mightbeeasiertoreschedule,asmightroutinemilitaryflight.Asithappens,America’sarmedforcesareontheoncasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry’sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflight,thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.TherearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringtheSecondWorldWar,butDrLissamansaystheyareunsubstantiated.“MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlin,”headds.Soheshouldknow.FindingsoftheStanfordUniversityresearcherswillpromotethesalesofnewBoeingandAirbusaircraft.42.Theupwashexperiencemaysavepropellingenergyaswellasreducingresistance.43.Formationflightismorecomfortablebecausepassengerscannotseetheotherplans.44.Therolethatweatherplaysinformationflighthasnotyetbeenclearlydefined.45.IthasbeendocumentedthatduringWorldWarⅡ,America’sarmedforcesoncetriedformationflighttosavefuel.SectionⅢTranslation46.Directions:InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)“Sustainability”hasbecomeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshavepersonalmeaning.Havingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthougheverydayactionandchoice.Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He’dbeenthoughthedot-comboomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency.Itdidin’tgowell.“Itwasareallyhadmovebecausethat’snotmypassion,”saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.“Iwasmiserable,IhadsomuchanxietythatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,‘Justwait,you’lltrunthecorner,giveitsometime.’”SectionⅣWritingPartADirections:YouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanculturalexchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleagueto1)Expressyourthanksforhis/herwarmreception;2)Welcomehim/hertovisitChinainduecourse.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“ZhangWei”instead.Donotwriteyouraddress.(10points)PartB48.Directions:Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)Interpretthechartand2)Giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.Write