大學(xué)國際商務(wù)復(fù)習(xí)資料

名詞解釋commandeconomyInapurecommandeconomy,thegovernmentplansthegoodsandservicesthatacountryproduces,thequantityinwhichtheyareproduced,andthepricesatwhichtheyaresold.Mixedeconomy:lnamixedeconomy,certainsectorsoftheeconomyarelefttoprivateownershipandfreemarketmechanismswhileothersectorshavesignificantstateownershipandgovernmentplanning.Culture:asystemofvaluesandnormsthataresharedamongagroupofpeopleandthatwhentakentogetherconstituteadesignforliving.Values:abstractideasaboutwhatagroupbelievestobegood,right,anddesirable.Putdifferently,valuesaresharedassumptionsabouthowthingsoughttobe.Norms:thesocialrulesandguidelinesthatprescribeappropriatebehaviorinparticularsituations.Mores:moresarenormsthatareseenascentraltothefunctioningofasocietyandtoitssociallife.0rganizationculture:referstothevaluesandnormsthatemployeesofanorganizationshare.Culturerelativism:whichisthebeliefthatethicsarenothingmorethanthereflectionofaculture---allethicsareculturallydetermined---andthataccordingly,afirmshouldadopttheethicsofthecultureinwhichitisoperating.Corecompete:referstoskillswithinthefirmthatcompetitorscannoteasilymatchorimitate.Learningeffects:refertocostsavingsthatcomefromlearningbydoing.Turnkeyproject:thecontractoragreestohandleeverydetailoftheprojectforaforeignclient,includingthetrainingofoperatingpersonnel.Licensingagreement:isanarrangementwherebyalicensorgrantstherightstointangiblepropertytoanotherentity(thelicensee)foraspecifiedperiod,andinreturn,thelicensorreceivesaroyaltyfeefromthelicensee.Greenfieldventures:afirmcanestablishawhollyownedsubsidiaryinacountrybybuildingasubsidiaryfromthegroundup判斷1.Globalizationhasseveralfacets,includingtheglobalizationofmarketsandtheglobalizationofproduction.napurecommandeconomy,thegovernmentplansthegoodsandservicesthatacountryproduces,thequantityinwhichtheyareproduced,andthepricesatwhichtheyaresold.Acivillawsystemisbasedonadetailedsetoflawsorganizedintocodes.Normsarethesocialrulesthatgovernpeop'actionstowardoneoranother.Normscanbesubdividedfurtherintotwomajorcategories:folkwaysandmores.Folkwaysaretheroutineconventionsofeverydaylife.Christianityisthemostwidelypracticedreligionintheworld.Hinduismhasapproximately750millionadherents,mostofthemontheIndiansubcontinent.Justicetheoriesfocusontheattainmentofajustdistributionofeconomicgoodsandservices.AdamSmithattackedthemercantilistassumptionthattradeisazero-sumgame.Firmsthatcompeteintheglobalmarketplacetypicallyfacetwotypesofcompetitivepressure,theyfacepressureforcostreductionsandpressuretobelocallyresponsive.ThefirmthatentersintoaturnkeydealwillhavenoIong-terminterestintheforeigncountry.lnstead,thefranchiseetypicallyassumesthoseandrisks.Thiscreatesagoodincentiveforthefranchiseetobuildaprofitableoperationasquicklyaspossible.Commonlawisbasedontradition‘precedent,andcustom.Thisgivesacommonlawsystemadegreeofflexibilitythatothersystemslack.選擇題Theroleoftechnologicalchange:(".Microprocessorsandtelecommunications.Theinternetandworldwideweb.TransportationtechnologyTherearethreemaintypesoflegalsystemsorlegaltraditionsinusearoundtheworld:commonlaw,civillaw,andtheocraticlaw宗教法).SeveralsociologistshavearguedthatofthemainbranchesofChristianityCatholic,Orthodox,andProtestant(新教)---thelatterhasthemostimportanteconomicimplications.新教對資本主義的產(chǎn)生具有非常重要的意義。ThisbasicthesisisthatConfucianethicsmayhelpexplaintheeconomicsuccessofChina,Japan,andsouthKoreabecauseitlowersthecostofdoingbusinessinthosecountries.Inthisregard,threevaluescentraltotheConfuciansystemofethicsareofparticularinterest:loyalty(忠誠),reciprocalobligations(互惠)，andhonesty(誠實(shí))indealingswithothers.Strawmen爭議的觀點(diǎn)包含哪些：thefriedmandoctrine,culturerelativism,therighteousmoralist正義的道德說教者，thenaiveimmoralist.Forporter,theessentialtaskwastoexplainwhyanationachievesinternationalsuccessinaparticularindustry.FDI給東道國的好處host-countrybenefits:(1)resource-transfereffects(2)employmenteffects(3)balance-of-paymentseffects(4)effectoncompetitionandeconomicgrowthFDI給東道國的負(fù)面影響costs:(1)adverseeffectsoncompetition(2)adverseeffectsonthebalaneeofpayments(3)nationalsovereigntyandautonomyPressureforlocalresponsiveness:(1)differencesincustomertastesandpreferences(2)differencesininfrastructureandtraditionalpractices(3)differencesindistributionchannels(4)host-governmentdemandsTheadvantagesofexporting:(1)avoidstheoftensubstantialcostsofestablishingmanufacturingoperationinthehostcountry.(2)mayhelpafirmachieveexperieneecurveandlocationeconomiesThedisadvantagesofexporting:(1)lowercostlocationsformanufacturingtheproduct.(2)hightransportationcosts.(3)tariffbarriers.Jointventuresadvantages:(1)benefitfromalocalpartner'knowledge(2)sharingthesecostsandorriskswithalocalpartner.(3)politicalconsiderationsmakejointventurestheonlyfeasibleentrymode.technologicalfactors:(1)fixedcosts,(2)minimumefficientscale,(3)flexiblemanufacturingandmasscustomizationTheadvantagesofmake:(1)loweringcosts(2)facilitatingspecializedinvestments(3)protectingproprietaryproducttechnology(4)improvingschedulingTheadvantagesofbuy:(1)strategicflexibility(2)lowercosts(3)offsets簡答TheGlobalizationdebate:Globalization,jobs,andincome.Globalization,laborpolicies,andtheenvironmentGlobalizationandnationalsovereigntyGlobalizationandtheworld'spoor.Therootsofunethicalbehavior:personalethics(2)decision-makingprocesse決策過程(3)organizationculture企業(yè)文化(4)unrealisticperformaneeexpectations不實(shí)際的行為期望(5)leadership領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力(6)societalculture社會文化competitiveadvantageattributes:(1)factorendowments,(2)demandconditions,(3)relatingandsupportingindustries,(4)firmstrategy,structure,andrivalry.Entrymodes:(1)exporting(2)turnkeyprojects交鑰匙工程(3)licensing(4)franchising特許經(jīng)營(5)jointventures合資(6)whollyownedsubsidiaries獨(dú)資wheretoproduce:(1)countryfactors(2)technologicalfactors:fixedcosts,minimumefficientscale,flexiblemanufacturingandmasscustomization(3)productfactors(4)locatingproductionfacilities論述Cultureandtheworkplace從五個(gè)方面比較各國文化有哪些不同，這些不同會給各國的國際商務(wù)帶來哪些影響P71powerdistanee1ndividualismversuscollectivismUncertaintyavoidaneeMasculinityversusfemininityConfuciandynamism(long-termorientation長期導(dǎo)向)怎樣避免倫理道德問題favorhiringandpromotingpeoplewithawell-groundedsenseofpersonalethicsBuildanorganizationalculturethatplacesahighvalueonethicalbehaviorMakesurethatleaderswithinthebusinessnotonlyarticulatetherhetoricofethicalbehaviorbutalsoactinmannerthatisconsistentwiththatrhetoric

Putdecision-makingprocessesinplacethatrequirepeopletoconsidertheethicaldimensionofbusinessdecisions.Developmoralcourage.3.為什么企業(yè)會選擇FDI?書P158因?yàn)槌隹诤驮S可證的局限性：(l)limitationofexporting:①whentransportationcostsareaddedtoproductioncosts,itbecomesunprofitabletoshipsomeproductsoveralargedistane