托福真題2014-07-12Reading理解古代中美洲藝術(shù)+泥土如何形成+文明的出現(xiàn)(詞句整理)

UnderstandingAncientMesoamericanArtWords&PhrasestheruinsofancientMesoamerica:古代中美洲的廢墟unearthedcivilizationsincreasinglyremoteinage:出土（年齡上越來越久遠的）文明unearth:v.挖掘，出土anearlierstratumofantiquity:——個更早的古代巖層Stratum:巖層擴展：Stratification:（尤指社會的）分層，形成階層Stratificationisthedivisionofsomething,especiallysociety,intodifferentclassesorlayerscameuponMayacitiesinthejungle:偶然遇到密林里的瑪雅城市Comeupon:偶然碰至4（或發(fā)現(xiàn)）Ifyoucomeuponsomeoneorsomething,youmeetthemorfindthembychance.workersinstallingsoundandlightequipment:安裝音響和光照設(shè)備的工人stumbleduponaremarkablecave:偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)一個極大的洞穴Stumble:v.跌跌撞撞走，結(jié)巴說stumbleupon:偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)aroyalburialchamber:一個皇室的埋葬密室royal:adj.皇室的theexcavationofpyramids:金字塔的挖掘outlyingstructuresratherthanprincipalbuildings:外圍結(jié)構(gòu)而非主要建Outlying:adj.偏僻的；邊遠的；遠離城市的 Outlyingplacesarefarawayfromthemaincitiesofacountryinitiatedtheexcavationsthere: 引發(fā)了那個地方的考古挖掘initiate=start=trigger 引發(fā)，開始excavate=unearthv. 挖掘unravelthepre-Columbianpast :解開（哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸之前的）過去unravel:v. 解開純套或謎團pre-Columbian:adj.哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸之前的turnedthisprocessaround:將該過程反轉(zhuǎn)turnaround=reverse反轉(zhuǎn)toarticulatetheiridentityinthetwenty-firstcentury :去清晰地表達他們在21世紀的身份articulate:v.清晰表達SyntaxItnowscarcelyseemspossiblethatthefrontiersofearlyMesoamericancivilizationcanbepushedbackanyfurther,althoughnewwork—suchasinOaxaca,southernMexico-willcontinuetofillindetailsofthepicture.In1971workersinstallingsoundandlightequipmentunderthePyramidoftheSunatTeotihuacanstumbleduponaremarkablecavethathassincebeeninterpreted bysomescholarsasaroyalburialchamber.Archaeologyhasitsownfashionstoo:theisolationofnewsitesmaybetheprimegoalinonedecadeandtheexcavationofpyramidsthefocusinthenext.Atonepoint,reconstructionofpyramidstoattracttourismmaybedesired;atanother,archaeologistsmaybeprecludedfromworkingatwhathasalreadybecomeatouristattraction.Preclude:v.排除在外，阻止=preventAFranciscanfriar(memberoftheRomanCatholicreligiousorder),Sahagunrecordedforpostehtymanyaspectsofpre-Hispaniclifeinhisencyclopediaoftwelvebooks,includinghistory,ideology,andcosmogony(theoriesoftheoriginoftheuniverse),aswellasdetailedinformationonthematerialsandmethodsoftheskillednativecraftworkers.Catholic:adj.天主教的Posterity:n.后代=offspring=descendantPost-：后綴，意為后面，post-war:戰(zhàn)后的Encyclopedia:n.百科全書Ideology:意識形態(tài)；思想體系；思想方式Anideologyisasetofbeliefs,especiallythepoliticalbeliefsonwhichpeople,parties,orcountriesbasetheiractionsCosmogony:n.宇宙的產(chǎn)生Craftworkers:手工藝工人Duringthepast40years,scholarsalsohavemadegreatprogressindecipheringandinterpretingancientMesoamericanwritingsystems,abreakthroughthathastransformedourunderstandingofthepre-Columbianmind.Decipher:v.破解密碼=decode,cipher=code密碼Interpret:v.解釋，理解Transform:v.轉(zhuǎn)變ClassicMayainscriptions,forexample Tongthoughttorecordonlycalendricalinformationandastrologicalincantations—cannowberead,andwefindthatmostofthemglorifyfamilyandancestryby■displayingtherightofindividualsovereignstorule.Calendrical:歷法的，日歷的astrologicalincantations:占星的咒語incantation:咒語Anincantationisaseriesofwordsthatapersonsaysorsingsasamagicspellglorify:贊美；頌揚；吹捧；美化Toglorifysomethingmeanstopraiseitormakeitseemgoodorspecial,usuallywhenitisnotancestry:n.＜集合詞〉祖先；世家，名門sovereigns:n.君主AlthoughscholarslongbelievedthatMesoamericanartistsdidnot■ II- I AA ?■ II -I ? , uccci ' rsigntheirworks,MayanistscholarDavidStuart sdec86heringoftheMayaglyphs（writtensymbols）for“scribeand “towriteopenedawindowonMayapractice;nowweknowatleastonepainterofceramicvesselswasthesonofaking.Mayanist:瑪雅專家decipher:破譯（密碼）；辨認（潦草字跡）；解讀；解釋（古代文學(xué)）glyphs:象形文字practice:n.通常做法；常規(guī)；慣例Youcanrefertosomethingthatpeopledoregularlyasapractice.Ceramicvessels: 瓷器器皿Vessel：n.器皿；船只；血管Thousandsmoresmall-scaleobjectsareknownnowthaninthetwentiethcentury,although ataterriblecosttotheancientruinsfromwhichtheyhavebeenplundered.Ata??-cost=at-expense以??的代價plunder:v.搶劫，竊取AbstractfConcreteTheprocessofdiscoveryoftenshapeswhatweknowaboutthehistoryofMesoamericanart.Archaeologyhasitsownfashionstoo.Norshouldoneforgetthatexcavatorsarevulnerabletolocalinterests.Also,modernconstructionoftendetermineswhichancientsitescanbeexcavated.ButthestudyofMesoamericanartisnotbasedexclusivelyonarchaeology.Duringthepast40years,scholarsalsohavemadegreatprogressindecipheringandinterpretingancientMesoamericanwritingsystems,abreakthroughthathastransformedourunderstandingofthepre-Columbianmind.HowSoilisFormedWords&Phrasesdynamicprocess:動態(tài)的過程dynamic—反義motionless,stagnant,stilltopography(theelevations,depressions,directionsandanglesofslopes,andothersurfacefeaturesofthelandscape)topography:地形，地貌=terrainelevation:海拔高度=altitude,區(qū)別于latitude:緯度，longitude:經(jīng)度anglesofslopes:斜坡的角度stimulateorinhibitbiogeochemicalreactions刺激或抑制生物地理化學(xué)反應(yīng)Stimulate:v.刺激，激發(fā)=motivateSimulate:v.模擬，模仿=mimic=imitateInhibit:v.阻止，抑制Inhabit:v.居住Habitat:n.居住地,棲息地Habitant=inhabitant:n.居民carrieroftheacids:酸的攜帶者carrierofdisease:疾病攜帶者Radiantenergyhasapronouncedeffectonthemoistureregime,nouncedeffectonthemoistureregime:對水分管理的明顯效果pronounced:adj.明顯的，顯著的=noticeable=dramatic=remarkableregime:n.管理制度，組織方法Aregimeisthewaythatsomethingsuchasaninstitution,company,oreconomyisrun,especiallywhenitinvolvestoughorsevereactionevaporativeprocess:蒸發(fā)過程evaporate:v.蒸發(fā)vapor:n.水蒸氣steepslopes:陡峭的斜坡relativelylevelland:相對平■坦的土地relatively:adv.相對地"comparativelydrainingfromslopes:從斜坡水流走drain:v.流走，排出drainagesystem:排水系統(tǒng)Vegetation,animals,bacteria,andfungiallcontributetotheformationofsoil.Bacteria:細菌Fungi：真菌Theweatheringofrockmaterialandtheaccumulation,decomposition,andmineralizationororganicmaterialrequireconsiderabletime.Accumulation:n.積累二buildingupDecomposition:n.分解二degradationComposition:n.組成Mineralization:n.礦化Considerable:adj.大量的=substantial=significantinequilibriumwith:與…處在平衡中soildifferentiationfromparentmaterial:從母體物質(zhì)中土壤的分化Soilsonsteepslopesoftenremainpoorlydevelopedregardlessofgeologicalagebecauserapiderosionremovessoilnearlyasfastasitisformed.Regardlessof:不管，不顧，不論Syntax:Theparentmaterialistheunconsolidatedmassonwhichsoilformationtakesplace.Unconsolidated:adj.疏松的，松散的Thismaterialmayormaynotbederivedfromtheon-sitegeologicalsubstrateorbedrockonwhichitrests.Derivefrom:從?…獲得Derive=obtainOn-sitegeologicalsubstrate: 處在原處的地質(zhì)基底層物質(zhì)On-site=inplace 處在原處Substrate:基底層物質(zhì)，基質(zhì)Becauseofthediversityofmaterialsinvolved,soilsderivedfromtransportedparentmaterialsarecommonlymorefertilethansoilsfromparentmaterialsderivedinplace.Fertile:adj.肥沃的;有繁育能力的Fertilize:v.施肥；傳粉受精Fertilizer:n.化肥Naturalfertilizer=animalwaste=dung=manureArtificialfertilizer=inorganicfertilizer=mineralfertilizerWhatever theparentmaterial,whetherderivedinplace frombedrockorfromtransportedmaterial,讓ultimatelycomesfromgeologicalmaterials,suchasigneous,sedimentary, andmetamorphicrocks,andthecompositionoftherockslargelydeterminesthechemicalcompositionofthesoilUltimately:adv.最終二eventually=finally=overtimeIgneousrock:火成巖igneousrockisrockformedbysolidificationfromamoltenstate;especiallyfrommoltenmagmaSedimentaryrock:沉淀巖Sediment:沉淀物=depositMetamorphicrock:變形變質(zhì)巖Climateismostinfluentialindeterminingthenatureandintensityofweatheringandthetypeofvegetationthatfurtheraffectssoilformation.thenatureandintensityofweathering:風化的性質(zhì)和強度nature:本性，性質(zhì)eg.Thenatureofhimisbad.Intensity:n.強度Intense:adj.猛烈的Weather:v.（使）風化;（使）褪色;（使）受到侵蝕Ifsomethingsuchaswoodorrockweathersorisweathered,itchangescolororshapeasaresultofthewind,sun,rain,orcoldOpensurfacesexposedtothermalradiationundergothegreatestdailyfluctuationsinheatingandcooling,soilscoveredwithvegetationtheleast.Exposedto:暴露于（不好的東西）當中=subjectto=vulnerableto=susceptibletoThermalradiation:熱輻射Therm-:詞根，熱的意思，geothermalenergy:地熱能量undergo:v.經(jīng)歷fluctuation:n.波動變化flutter:v.揮動翅膀，上下飄動Thewaterregime—thewaterflowoveragiventime—insoilmaterialissporadic,andinmanypartsoftheEarthishighlyseasonal.Waterregime：Sporadic:adj.間斷發(fā)生的；零星的SporadicoccurrencesofsomethinghappenatirregularintervalsWaterthatentersthesoilduringheavyrainfallandsnowmeltmovesdownthroughthesoil.Steepslopesaresubjecttosurfaceerosionandsoilcreep—thedownslopemovementofsoilmaterial,which