基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)英語課文翻譯

基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)英語課文翻譯基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)英語課文翻譯基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)英語課文翻譯資料僅供參考文件編號(hào)：2022年4月基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)英語課文翻譯版本號(hào)：A修改號(hào)：1頁次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：【Chapter1】Theconnectioncanbesoclosethatnomovementispossible,asisthecaseintheskull.Otherkindsofjointspermitmovement:eitherbackandforthinoneplane—aswiththehingejointoftheelbow—ormovementaroundasingleaxis—aswiththepivotjointthatpermitstheheadtorotate.顱骨不能運(yùn)動(dòng),是由於骨與骨之間的連接太過緊密.但其他的關(guān)節(jié)可允許活動(dòng),如一個(gè)平面上的前後屈身運(yùn)動(dòng),如肘關(guān)節(jié);或是繞軸心旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),如樞軸點(diǎn)允許頭部轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng).Theendsofthesemusclesareattachedtodifferentbonesbyconnectivetissuebandssothatwhenthemusclecontracts,onebonemovesinrelationtotheother.Thismakesitpossibletomovethewholebody,aswhenwalking,ortomovejusonepartofthebody,aswhenbendingafinger.結(jié)締組織是肌肉末端附著於不同的骨面上,所以當(dāng)肌肉收縮時(shí),兩骨彼此靠近而產(chǎn)生運(yùn)動(dòng).這也就使整個(gè)人體可以運(yùn)動(dòng)起來,如走路,運(yùn)動(dòng)軀體某個(gè)部位,如彎曲手指.Theheartisamusclethatisdividedintotwonearlyidenticalhalve:onehalfreceivesbloodfromthelungsandsendsittotherestofthebody,theotherhalfsendsbloodthathastraveledthroughthebodybacktothelungs.心臟是一塊被分為幾乎對(duì)等兩半的肌肉.一辦吸收來自肺部的血液,並把血液運(yùn)送到機(jī)體的其餘部位,另一半使流經(jīng)全身的血液回流入肺.Thetracheadividestoentereachofthetwolungsandthendividesmorethan20timestoformaverylargenumberofsmallairspaces.Oxygenfromtheairentersthebloodthroughcapillariesinthewallsoftheseairspaces,andthebloodreleasescarbondioxideintotheairspacestobeexhaled.氣管分成左右支氣管,各連結(jié)左右肺,左右之氣管在分支20多次,在終端形成大量為小的肺泡.從空氣攝取的氧氣流經(jīng)這些肺泡壁內(nèi)的毛喜血管流入血液.血液在經(jīng)肺泡把釋放出的二氧化碳排出體外.Theurinarysystemmaintainsnormallevelsofwaterandofcertainsmallmoleculessuchassodiumandpotassiuminthebody.Itdoesthisbypassingbloodthroughthekidneys,twoefficientfilteringorgansthatgetridofanyexcessofvariousmoleculesandconservethosemoleculesthatareinshortsupply.泌尿系統(tǒng)維持水分及體內(nèi)某些小分子物質(zhì),如鈉`鉀的正常水平.身體是通過讓腎過濾血液來做到這一點(diǎn)的.腎是兩個(gè)有效的過濾器官,他濾出各種多餘的小分子物質(zhì),保留那些供應(yīng)不足的小分子物質(zhì).Amajorglandisthepituitary,whichislocatedunderthebraininthemiddleofthehead.Itproducesatleasteighthormones,whichaffectgrowth,kidneyfunction,anddevelopmentofthesexorgans.腦垂體是一個(gè)主要的腺體,他位於頭中部腦下方.他至少分泌八種激素,這些激素對(duì)人體生長(zhǎng),腎功能及性器官發(fā)育有影響.Thefemaleproductivesystemisresponsibleforproducingandtransportingova(thefemalesexcells),eliminatingovafromthebodywhentheyarenotfertilizedbysperm,nourishingandprovid-ingaplaceforgrowthofanembryowhenanovumisfertilizedbysperm,andnourishinganewbornchild.女性生殖系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生,輸送卵子(女性性細(xì)胞),將未受精的卵子排出體外,而當(dāng)精,卵結(jié)合時(shí),女性生殖系統(tǒng)培養(yǎng),提供胚胎生長(zhǎng)場(chǎng)所,並孕育新生兒.【Chapter2】Asymptomissomethingapatientcande-tect,suchasfever,bleeding,orpain.Asignissomethingadoctorcandetect,suchasaswollenbloodvesseloranenlargedinternalbodyorgan.癥狀是病人自己就能察覺到的,比如,高燒,流血,或是疼痛.而徵兆則是醫(yī)生所能夠觀察到的,比如,血管擴(kuò)張或是體內(nèi)器官腫大.Theskinandmucousmembranescoveringthebodyorliningitsopeningsofferconsiderableresis-tancetoinvasionbybacteriaandotherinfectiousorganisms.Ifthesephysicalbarriersareinjuredorburned,infectionresistancedrops.Inminorcases,onlyboilsorpimplesmaydevelop.Inmajorcases,howevermlargeareasofthebodymightbecomeinfected.覆蓋在體表或者器官開口處的皮膚和黏膜能在很大程度上抵抗細(xì)菌或其他感染體的入侵.如果這些屏障遭到了損壞或損傷,身體對(duì)感染的抵抗力就會(huì)下降.在一些病情較輕的病例中,疥子和小膿胞可能會(huì)發(fā)生.在病情較重的病例中,身體的大面積區(qū)域則可能會(huì)被感染.Breathingpassagesareespeciallyvulnerabletoinfection.Fortunately,theyarelinedwithmu-cus-secretingcellsthattraptinyorganismsanddustparticles.Also,minutehairscalledcilialinethebreathingpassages,wavelikeafieldofwheat,andgentlysweepmatteroutoftherespiratorytract.呼吸通道尤其容易受到感染,幸運(yùn)的是,呼吸道內(nèi)附蓋滿了能分泌黏液的細(xì)胞,他們能捕捉微小的有機(jī)體和塵粒.另外,被叫做纖毛的細(xì)小毛髮也覆蓋了呼吸道,他們像微風(fēng)下麥田裡的小麥一樣舞動(dòng)著,輕輕地將異物掃出呼吸道.Inaddition,foreignmaterinthebreathingpassagescanoftenbeejectedbynoseblowing,coughing,sneezing,andthroatclearing.除此之外,呼吸道內(nèi)的異物還常常因?yàn)檫┍翘閌咳嗽`打噴嚏和清喉嚨而被彈出.Unlesstheabscessbreaksandallowsthepustodrain,theinfectionislikelytospread.如果膿塊不破裂,裡面的膿不排除掉,感染很可能會(huì)擴(kuò)大.Eachantibodyismadeofaheavychainofchemicalsubunits,oraminoacids,andalightchainofthem.Thelightchainhasspecialsiteswheretheaminoacidscanlinkwiththeircom-plementsontheantigenmolecule.每一個(gè)抗體由一條化學(xué)亞單位(及氨基酸)的重鏈和一條輕鏈所構(gòu)成.這條輕鏈上有特別的部位,在那裡,氨基酸能使其補(bǔ)體和抗原分子相連.Insomecases,throughtheprocessofopsonization,antibodies“butter”thesurfaceofsomeantigensandmakethem“tastier”tophagocytes,whichengulftheantigens.在某些情況下,通過調(diào)理素作用的過程,抗體在抗原表面塗抹上一些”奶油”,讓吞噬細(xì)胞更喜歡吞噬他們.Sometimesanantibodyhookstobacterialantigenbutneedsanintermediate,orcomplement,toactuallydestroythebacterium,Astheantibody-antigencomplexcirculatesintheblood,thecomplex“fixes”complementtoit.在另一些情況下,抗體和一個(gè)細(xì)菌抗原合上以後,卻需要一個(gè)中間體,或補(bǔ)體來實(shí)施對(duì)該細(xì)菌的消滅.於是,當(dāng)抗體和抗原的結(jié)合體隨血液循環(huán)時(shí),該結(jié)合體會(huì)有一個(gè)補(bǔ)體附體.Duringthefirstdayorso,antibodiesagainsttheinfectioncannotbefoundintheblood.Butthisisonlybecausethebasiccellsinvolvedinantibodyproductionhavebeentriggeredbythepresenceofantigentomultiplythemselves.在第一天左右,血液中沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)付傳染病的抗體,但是,這只是因?yàn)樯婕翱贵w製造的基本細(xì)胞已被當(dāng)前的抗原存在所觸發(fā)而準(zhǔn)備開始繁殖.【Chapter3】Thefleshybellyisattachedtoonebonewhilethetendonpassesoverajointtobecomefirmlyattachedtotheadjoiningbone.肌腱跨過關(guān)節(jié)牢固連接相鄰的兩塊骨頭,而腹肌則與骨頭緊密相接.Shorteningofthefleshypartofthemuscleproducesmovementatthejointbypullingonthetendon.Thetendonitselfdoesnotchangeinlength.腹肌收縮拉動(dòng)肌腱使關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng),而肌腱本身的長(zhǎng)度是不變的.Themanybundlessurroundedbythefibrousconnectivetissuefasciaformthefleshybellyofthemuscle.許多纖維束又被纖維結(jié)締組織筋膜所包繞,最後形成肌肉的肌腹部份.Therelationofthemusclebundlestothetendonsisthatthemusclebundlesatesurroundedandheldtogetherbythefibrousconnectivetissuethatiscontinuouswiththefibrousconnectivetissueofthetendonouspartofthemuscle.肌束和肌腱之間的關(guān)係是:肌束被纖維結(jié)締組織包繞並連接在一起,纖維結(jié)締組織又與肌鍵部份的結(jié)締組織相延續(xù).Thenervefibersseparatewithinamusclewithaterminalbranchofthenervegoingtoeachmusclefiber.在一塊肌肉中神經(jīng)纖維可分枝出許多神經(jīng)末梢,分配到每塊肌纖維中.【Chapter4】Flatbonesaregenerallythinandcomposedoftwomoreorlessparallelplatesofcompactboneenclosingalayerofspongybone.扁骨一般較薄,由兩層大致平行的骨密質(zhì)骨板圍繞一層鬆質(zhì)骨構(gòu)成.Bonesundergoingeitherintramembranousorendochondralossificationarecontinuallyremodeledfromhetimethatinitialcalcificationoccursuntilthefinalstructureappears.自最初的鈣化發(fā)生開始,骨通過膜內(nèi)骨化或軟骨內(nèi)骨化而不斷地得以重塑,直至最後結(jié)構(gòu)的形成.Andstillothers,espe-ciallythesexhormones,aidosteoblasticactivityandthuspromotethegrowthofnewbone.Thesexhormonesactasadouble-edgedsword.Theyaidinthegrowthofnewbone,buttheyalsobringaboutthedegenerationofallthecartilagecellsinepiphysealplates.還有其他激素,特別是性激素,協(xié)助成骨細(xì)胞活動(dòng)因而促進(jìn)骨生長(zhǎng).性激素作用具有兩面性,他能促進(jìn)骨生長(zhǎng),但也使骺板所有軟骨細(xì)胞退化.Therearetwoprincipaleffectsofagingontheskeletalsys-tem.Thefirsteffectisthelossofcalciumfrombones.衰老對(duì)骨骼系統(tǒng)有兩個(gè)主要作用.第一個(gè)作用是骨鈣喪失.Thesecondprincipaleffectofagingontheskeletalsystemisadecreaseintherateofproteinformationthatresultsinadecreasedabilitytoproducetheorganicportionofbonematrix.衰老對(duì)骨骼系統(tǒng)的第二個(gè)主要影響,是蛋白質(zhì)合成速度降低至使產(chǎn)生骨基質(zhì)的有機(jī)成分的能力下降.【Chapter5】Thecardiacsphincterrelaxesandcontractstomovefoodfromtheesophagusintothestomach,whereasthepy-loricsphincterallowsfoodtoleavethestomachwhenithassufficientlydigested.賁門括約肌的舒張與收縮使食物由食管入胃,而幽門括約肌卻使食物在充分消化後出胃.Thesesubstanceshelptransformfoodpresentinthestomachintoasemifluidsubstancecalledchime.Thepyloricsphincterallowsfoodtopassintothesmallintestineonlyafterithasbeentransformedintochime.這些物質(zhì)(鹽酸)協(xié)助將胃內(nèi)現(xiàn)存的食物轉(zhuǎn)變成為稱為食糜的半流質(zhì)物質(zhì).幽門括約肌只有在食物完全變?yōu)槭趁俞岵艑⑵渑湃胄∧c.【Chapter6】Airentersthebodythroughthenoseandpassesthroughthenasalcavity,whichislinedwithamucousmembraneandfinehairs(cilia)tohelpfilteroutforeignbodies,aswellastowarmandmoistentheair.空氣通過鼻進(jìn)入人體內(nèi).在通過鼻腔時(shí),其內(nèi)排列的黏膜和纖毛過濾了異物,同時(shí)使進(jìn)入的空氣溫暖而溼潤(rùn)Paranasalsinusesarehollow,air-containingspaceswithintheskullthatcommuni-catewiththenasalcavity.副鼻竇位於頭顱骨內(nèi),中空含氣,並與鼻腔相通.They,too,haveamucousmembraneliningandfunctiontoprovidethelubricatingfluidmucus,aswellastolightenthebonesoftheskullandhelpproducesound.副鼻竇也有黏膜襯裡,其功能是提供潤(rùn)滑黏液,減輕頭顱骨負(fù)荷,以及協(xié)同發(fā)聲.Itisinthehypopharyngealregionthatthepharynx,servingasacommonpassagewayforfoodfromthemouthandairfromthenose,dividesintotwobranches,thelarynx(voicebox)andtheesopha-gus.下咽部是來自於嘴的食物和來自鼻的空氣之共同通道,他在這裡又分為兩支,喉(聲音盒)和食管.Aspecialdeterrenttothiseventisprovidedforbyaflapofcartilageattachedtherootofthetonguethatactslikealidoverthelarynx.這一起著特殊阻滯作用的物體是一層連著舌根的軟骨結(jié)構(gòu),它像塊蓋子蓋過喉.Themeasureofhoweasilythelungsexpandunderpressureiscompliance.肺器之所以能在壓力下輕鬆自如地展開,其方法就是因勢(shì)利導(dǎo),順其自然.Breathingisregulatedunconsciouslybycenterinthebrainstem.Thesecentersadjusttherateandrhythmofbreathingaccordingochangesinthecompositionoftheblood,especiallytheconcen-trationofcarbondioxide.腦幹裡呼吸中心在不知不覺中控制和調(diào)節(jié)了呼吸.這些中心根據(jù)血液裡的成分,特別是二氧化碳的濃度來調(diào)節(jié)呼吸的速率和節(jié)奏.Iftoomuchcarbondioxideisexhaledbyhyper-ventilation,bodyfluidstendtobecomemorealkaline,aconditiontermedalkalosis.Iftoolittlecar-bondioxideisexhaledasaresultofhypoventilation,bodyfluidstendtobecomemoreacid,acondi-tiontermedacidosis.如果因?yàn)閾Q氣過度而二氧化碳呼出過多,身體體液就容易變的偏鹼性,一種被稱為鹼中毒的狀態(tài).然而,如果由於換氣不足,二氧化碳呼出過少,身體體液就容易變的偏酸性,一種被稱為酸中毒的狀態(tài).Liningthetracheaandbronchialtreearecellsthatsecretemucus,whichtrapspollutantsandbacteria.Alsointhebronchiarecellscontainingtinycilia,thatprojectintotheblanketofmucusandwithconstantwavelikemotionspushthemucusupoutoftheairways.第一,氣管和支氣管樹鋪滿能分泌黏液的細(xì)胞,它們能捕捉污染物質(zhì)和細(xì)菌.第二,支氣管裡還有長(zhǎng)有細(xì)小纖毛的細(xì)胞,它們深入遍布的黏液層,不停地通過波浪般的動(dòng)作把黏液向上清掃出呼吸道.【Chapter7】Therearethreemajortypesofbloodvessels,i.e.,veins,andcapillaries.血管分為三大類,即動(dòng)脈、靜脈、毛細(xì)血管Thelargestartery,theaorta,isabout1inchindiameterandhasthethickestwall.主動(dòng)脈是最大的動(dòng)脈,管腔直徑約為1英吋,血管壁最厚Thecapillaryboundariesarethemostimportantcenterofactivityoftheentirecirculatorysystem.毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng)是整各循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的最重要活動(dòng)中心Mostveinsareequippedwithone-wayvalvesthatpermitthebloodtoflowinonlyonedirection.Theyaremostnumerousintheveinsoftheextremities.大多數(shù)靜脈具有單向瓣膜,使血液朝著一個(gè)方向流動(dòng).在四肢的靜脈中,這樣的瓣膜最多Thepulmonaryarteriescarrybloodlowinoxygenfromtherightventricle,whilethepulmonaryveinscarrybloodhighinoxygenfromthelungsintotheleftatrium.肺動(dòng)脈攜帶右心室出來的、含