《新編跨文化交際英語教程》復(fù)習(xí)資料U5

《新編跨文化交際英語教程》復(fù)習(xí)資料U5《新編跨文化交際英語教程》復(fù)習(xí)資料U5《新編跨文化交際英語教程》復(fù)習(xí)資料U5資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月《新編跨文化交際英語教程》復(fù)習(xí)資料U5版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：Unit5CultureandVerbalCommunicationSomeIdeasRelatedtoverbalcommunicationandculture1.DifferentorientationstocommunicationpatternsEastAcessorientation—communicationisperceivedasaprocessofinfiniteinterpretation2.differentiatedlinguisticcodes—differentlinguisticscodesareuseddependinguponpersonsinvolvedandsituations3.indirectcommunicationemphasis—theuseofindirectcommunicationisprevalentandacceptedasnormative4.receivercentered—meaningisintheinterpretation,Emphasisisonlistening,sensitivity,andremovalofpreconception.NorthAmunicationisperceivedasthetransferenceofmessages2.Lessdifferentiatedlinguisticcodes—linguisticcodesarenotasextensivelydifferentiatedasEastAsia3.Directcommunicationemphasis—directcommunicationisnormdespitetheextensiveuseofindirectcommunication4.sendercentered—meaningisinthemessagecreatedbythesender.Emphasisisonhowtoformulatethebestmessage,howtoimprovesourcecredibilityanddeliveryskills2.DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStylesThetoneofvoice,thespeaker’sintention,andtheverbalcontentreflectourwayofspeaking,ourverbalstyle,whichinturnreflectsourculturalandpersonalvaluesandsentiments.Verbalstyleframes“how”amessageshouldbeinterpreted.Thedirect-indirectverbalinteractiondimensioncanbethoughtofasstraddlingacontinuum.Individualsinallculturesusethegradationsofalltheseverbalstyles,dependingonroleidentities,interactiongoals,andsituations.However,inindividualisticcultures,peopletendtoencountermoresituationsthatemphasizethepreferentialuseofdirecttalk,person-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-enhancement,andtalkativeness.Incontrast,incollectivisticcultures,peopletendtoencountermoresituationsthatemphasizethepreferentialuseofindirecttalk,status-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-effacement,andsilence.Thedirectandindirectstylesdifferintheextenttowhichcommunicatorsrevealtheirintentionsthroughtheirtoneofvoiceandthestraightforwardnessoftheircontentmessage.Inthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeaker’sintentionsandareenunciatedinaforthrighttoneofvoice.Intheindirectverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,verbalstatementstendtocamouflagethespeaker’sactualintentionsandarecarriedoutwithmorenuancedtoneofvoice.Forexample,theoverallU.S.Americanverbalstyleoftencallsforclearanddirectcommunication.Phrasessuchas“saywhatyoumean,”“don’tbeataroundthebush,”and“gettothepoint”aresomeexamples.ThedirectverbalstyleofthelargerU.S.cultureisreflectiveofitslow-contextcommunicationcharacter.3.Person-OrientedandStatus-OrientedVerbalStylesTheperson-orientedverbalstyleisindividual-centeredverbalmodethatemphasizestheimportanceofinformalityandrolesuspension.Thestatus-orientedverbalstyleisarole-centeredverbalmodethatemphasizesformalityandlargepowerdistance.Theformeremphasizestheimportanceofsymmetricalinteraction,whereasthelatterstressesasymmetricalinteraction.Theperson-orientedverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofrespectingunique,personalidentitiesintheinteraction.Thestatus-orientedverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofhonoringprescribedpower-basedmembershipidentities.Thosewhoengageinstatus-orientedverbalinteractionusespecificvocabulariesandparalinguisticfeaturestoaccentuatethestatusdistanceoftherolerelationships(e.g.,inparent-childinteraction,superior-subordinaterelations,andmale-femaleinteractioninmanyLatinAmericancultures).Whilelow-contextculturestendtoemphasizetheuseoftheperson-orientedverbalstyle,high-contextculturestendtovaluethestatus-orientedverbalmode.4.Self-EnhancementandSelf-EffacementVerbalStylesTheself-enhancementverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofboastingaboutone’saccomplishmentsandabilities.Theself-effacementverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,emphasizestheimportanceofhumblingoneselfviaverbalrestraints,hesitations,modesttalk,andtheuseofself-deprecationconcerningone’seffortorperformance.Forexample,inmanyAsiancultures,self-effacementtalkisexpectedtosignalmodestyorhumility.InJapan,whenoneofferssomethingtoanotherpersonsuchasagiftoramealthatonehasprepared,verbalself-deprecationisexpected.Therearesetexpressionsforverbalhumilitysuchas“It’snotverytasty”and“It’snothingspecial.”Thehostesswhoapologizestohergueststhat“Thereisnothingspecialtoofferyou”hasprobablysentthebetterpartoftwodaysplanningandpreparingthemeal.Ofcoursetheguestshouldprotestsuchadisclaimerandreemphasizeherorhisgratitude.Self-effacementisanecessarypartofJapanesepolitenessrituals.IntheU.S.culture,individualsareencouragedtosellandboastaboutthemselves,forexample,inperformancerevieworjobinterviewsessions,orelsenoonewouldnoticetheiraccomplishments.However,thenotionofmerchandizingoneselfdoesnotsetwellwiththeJapanese.InJapan,onedoesnotliketostandoutorbesingledout,evenbyothers;itisfarworsetopromoteoneself.InmanyAsiancultures,individualsbelievethatiftheirperformanceisgood,theirbehaviorwillbenoticed,forexample,bytheirsupervisorsduringpromotionreviewsituations.However,fromtheWesternculturalstandpoint,ifmyperformanceisgood,Ishoulddocumentorboastaboutitsothatmysupervisorwillbesuretotakenotice.Thisdifferenceisprobablyduetotheobserver-sensitivevalueoftheAsian,high-contextcommunicationpattern,asopposedtothesender-responsiblevalueoftheWestern,low-contextinteractionpattern.Weshouldnotethatthepatternofverbalself-effacementcannotbegeneralizedtomanyAraborAfricancultures.InEgypt,forexample,apopularsayingis“Makeyourharvestlookbig,lestyourenemiesrejoice”.Effusiveverbalself-enhancementiscriticaltotheenhancementofone’sfaceorhonorinsomelargepowerdistanceArabcultures.ReadingIUnderstandingtheCultureofConversationComprehensionquestions1.WhatmadetheauthorfeellearningtoconverseinMexicoCitywaseasierforhim/herinoneway,moredifficultinanother?

It'seasierbecauseMexicansservicetherelationshipandtheycareabouteveryoneintheconversation.Buttheirconversationdoesn‘tmoveinastraightline,driftingaroundbothinthetopicandinthewaytheyusewords.2.WhydidtheMexicancustomerslideintothetopicofthefulleclipseofthesun?FortheMexican,theconversationstartswithonetopic,butifanotherinterestingtopicseepsinheorshewillrideitaroundforawhile.Stickingtothefirsttopicislessimportantthanhavinganinterestingconversation.3.WhatdidtheAmericanbusinessmanfeelabouttheMexican?swayofconversation?

FortheAmerican,aconversationshouldhaveatopic,andhewantstotakeastraightlinethroughitfrombeginningtoend.SohefeltveryimpatientabouttheMexican‘swayofconversation.4.What“conversationalideal”wasrepresentedbytheexampleofachampionshipskierwhowasinterviewedonTV?

TheSwedishconversationalidealistoresponseinaconcisemannerwithoutelaboratingspecificdetails,especiallythoseforself-promotion..5.WhatproblemsarelikelytooccurifanAmericantalkswithaSwede?TheAmericanmayfeeltotallylostintheconversationsinceheorshewouldnotgetasmuchinformationfromtheSwedeasheorshehasexpected.6.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenAnglosandAthabaskansinconversation?Therearealotdifferencesbetweenthem.Forinstance,atthebeginningofaconversation,Anglosalmostalwaysspeakfirst.Athabaskansthinkitisimportanttoknowwhatthesocialrelationshipisbeforetheytalkwithsomeone.Thereisanotherdifferenceinhowlongoneshouldtalk.Athabaskanstendtohavelongerturnswhentheytalkwitheachother,butAnglosexpectshorterturns.7.IsitenoughjusttolearntospeakingrammaticallycorrectmannerswhenonelearnsaforeignlanguageWhatelsedoesheorshealsoneedtoknow

Itisfarfromenoughjusttolearntospeakingrammaticallycorrectmannerswhenonelearnsaforeignlanguage.Onealsohastoknowaboutthecultureofusingthelanguageinsociallife,thingslikewhotalksfirst,whotalksnext,whoopensandclosesconversationsandhowtheydoit,inordertobeabletousethelanguageinculturallyappropriatemanners.8.InwhatwaysareChinesesimilartoordifferentfromtheAmericans,MexicansandSwedesItseemsthatweChinesearesomewhatsimilartoMexicansinthewaywearehavingaconversation.UnlikeAmericans,wedonotusuallymoveinastraightlineinaconversationandmayalsocaremuchabouttheother‘sfeeling.ReadingIITheWayPeopleSpeakComprehensionquestions1.Whydidn?ttheAmericanopenlydisagreewiththeItalian?

Ingeneral,theAmericandidnotenjoyverbalconflictsoverpoliticsoranythingelse.2.Whatarethedifferencesbetween“highinvolvement”styleand“highconsiderateness”style?Manypeoplefromculturesthatprefer―highinvolvementstylestendto:(1)talkmore;(2)interruptmore;(3)expecttobeinterrupted;(4)talkmoreloudlyattimes;and(5)talkmorequicklythanthosefromculturesfavoring―highconsideratenessstyles.Ontheotherhand,peoplefromculturesthatfavor―highconsideratenessstylestendto:(1)speakoneatatime;(2)usepolitelisteningsounds;(3)refrainfrominterrupting;and(4)giveplentyofpositiveandrespectfulresponsestotheirconversationpartners.3.HowdoNewYorkersandCaliforniansperceiveeachotherbecauseoftheirdifferencesinconversationalstyle?

TosomeNewYorkers,Californiansseemslower,lessintelligent,andnotasresponsive.TosomeCalifornians,NewYorkersseempushyanddomineering.4.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisthereasonablewaytoreacttoculturaldifferences?Weshouldknowthatthewaytheotherspeaksmaybedifferentfromourwayofspeakingbecauseheorshemusthavehadadifferentculturalupbringing.Weshouldn‘tjudgetheotheraccordingtoourownstandardsofwhatisanacceptablecommunicationstyle.5.Howtodeterminewhetheraculturefavorsadirectorindirectstyleincommunication?Onewaytodeterminewhetheraculturefavorsadirectorindirectstyleincommunicationistofindouthowthepeopleinthatcultureexpressdisagreementorhowtheysay,―No.6.OnwhatoccasionsdoAmericanwomentendtobemoredirectthanmen?Whentalkingaboutemotionalissuesandfeelings,Americanwomentendtobemoredirectthanmen.7.Whatarethegoalsofindirectcommunication?Indirectcommunicationaimsnottobeangering,embarrassing,orshaminganotherperson.Instead,itaimstobesavingfaceandmaintainingharmonyingeneral.8.Howis“Ping-Pong”conversationalstyledifferentfrom“Bowling”style?InanAmerican―Ping-Pong‖conversation,onepersonhastheballandthenhitsittotheothersideofthetable.Theotherplayerhitstheballbackandthegamecontinues.Eachpartoftheconversationfollowsthispattern:thegreetingandtheopening,thediscussionofatopic,andtheclosingandfarewell.However,inaJapanese―Bowling‖conversation,eachparticipantwaitspolitelyforaturnandknowsexactlywhenthetimeisrighttospeak.Thatis,theyknowtheirplaceinline.InJapaneseconversation,longsilencesaretolerated.ForAmericans,eventwoorthreesecondsofsilencecanbecomeuncomfortable.CaseStudyCase17Whenthesetwomenseparate,theymayleaveeachotherwithverydifferentimpressions.MrRichardsonisverypleasedtohavemadetheacquaintanceofMrChuandfeelstheyhavegottenofftoaverygoodstart.Theyhaveestablishedtheirrelationshiponafirst-namebasisandMrChu‘ssmileseemedtoindicatethathewillbefriendlyandeasytodobusinesswith.MrRichardsonisparticularlypleasedthathehadtreatedMrChuwithrespectforhisChinesebackgroundbycallinghimHon-fairatherthanusingthewesternname,David,whichseemedtohimanunnecessaryimpositionofwesternculture.Incontrast,MrChufeelsquiteuncomfortablewithMrRichardson.Hefeelsitwillbedifficulttoworkwithhim,andthatMrRichardsonmightberatherinsensitivetoculturaldifferences.Heisparticularlybotheredthat,insteadofcallinghimDavidorMrChu,MrRichardsonusedhisgivenname,Hon-fai,thenamerarelyusedbyanyone,infact.Itwasthisembarrassmentwhichcausedhimtosmile.HewouldfeelmorecomfortableiftheycalledeachotherMrChuandMrRichardson.Nevertheless,whenhewasawayatschoolinNorthAmericahelearnedthatAmericansfeeluncomfortablecallingpeopleMrforanyextendedperiodoftime.Hissolutionwastoadoptawesternname.HechoseDavidforuseinsuchsituations.Case18EveniftheAmericanknewUrdu,thelanguagespokeninPakistan,hewouldalsohavetounderstandthecultureofcommunicationinthatcountrytorespondappropriately.Inthiscase,hehadtosay―Noatleastthreetimes.Insomecountries,forinstance,theUkraine,itmayhappenthataguestispressedasmanyassevenoreighttimestotakemorefood,whereasintheUKitwouldbeunusualtodosomorethantwice.ForaUkrainian,todoittheBritishwaywouldsuggestthepersonisnotactuallygenerous.Indeed,Britishrecipientsofsuchhospitalitysometimesfeelthattheirhostisbehavingimpolitelybyforcingthemintoabind,sincetheyrunoutofpoliterefusalstrategieslongbeforetheUkrainianhosthasexhaustedhis/herrepertoireofpoliteinsistencestrategies.Case19Talkingaboutwhat‘swrongisnoteasyforpeopleinanyculture,butpeopleinhigh-contextcountrieslikeChinaputhighpriorityonkeepingharmony,preventinganyonefromlosingface,andnurturingtherelationship.ItseemsthatRonKellyhadtolearnadifferentwayofsendingmessagewhenhewasinChina.AthomeinCanadahewouldhavegonedirectlytothepoint.ButinChina,goingdirectlytotheproblemwithsomeonemaysuggestthatheorshehasfailedtoliveuptohisorherresponsibilityandthehonorofhisorherorganizationisinquestion.Inhigh-contextcultureslikeChina,suchamessageisseriousanddamaging.Inlow-contextcultures,however,thetendencyisjustto―spititout,togetitintowordsandworryabouttheresultlater.Sendersofunwelcomemessagesuseobjectivefacts,assuming,aswithpersuasion,thatfactsareneutral,instrumental,andimpersonal.Indirectnessisoftenthewaymembersofhigh-contextcultureschoosetocommunicateaboutaproblem.Case20ItseemsthatthelettersofrequestwritteninEnglishaswellasinChinesebyChinesepeoplearelikelytoprefacetherequestwithextendedface-work.ToChinesepeople,thenormalandpolitewaytoformarequestrequiresprovidingreasonsthatareusuallyplacedbeforetherequests.Ofcourse,t