專外 藥劑部分

IntroductiontoDrugsandPharmacyAdrugisdefinedasanagent藥劑intendedforuseinthediagnosis診斷,mitigation緩解,treatment治療,cure治愈,orprevention預(yù)防ofdiseaseinhumansorinotheranimals.Oneofthemostastoundingqualitiesofdrugsisthediversity多樣性oftheiractionsandeffectsonthebody.Thisqualityenablestheirselectiveuseinthetreatmentofarangeofcommonandrareconditionsinvolvingvirtuallyeverybodyorgan,tissue.Andcell.藥學(xué)藥物研究藥物是一種用于對(duì)人或動(dòng)物有診斷、緩解、治療、治療或預(yù)防疾病的藥劑。藥物最驚人的特性之一是有作用多樣性和效果多樣性，這種優(yōu)點(diǎn)使藥物可以選擇性的應(yīng)用于正常情況下的或異常情況下的身體器官、組織和細(xì)胞。Somedrugsselectivelytimulate刺激thecardiacmuscle心肌,thecentralnervoussystem中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng).orthegastrointestinaltract胃腸道,whereasotherdrugshavetheoppositeeffect副作用.Mydriaticdrugs擴(kuò)瞳藥dilatethepupiloftheeye,andmioticsconstrict縮瞳藥ordiminishpupillarysize.Drugscanrenderbloodmorecoagulable易凝orlesscoagulable不易凝;theycanincreasethehemoglobin血紅素contentoftheerythrocies紅細(xì)胞,reduceserum血漿cholesterol膽固醇，orexpandbloodvolume血量.一些藥物選擇性的刺激心肌、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、胃腸道，而其他的藥物則會(huì)有相反的作用，擴(kuò)瞳劑能夠擴(kuò)大瞳孔的尺寸，縮瞳劑能夠縮小瞳孔的尺寸。藥物能夠使血液易凝成或不易凝，能夠增加紅細(xì)胞中的血紅素和血紅蛋白，能夠降低膽固醇，擴(kuò)大血容量。Drugstermedemetics催吐藥inducevomiting嘔吐,whereasantiemetic止痛藥drugspreventvomiting.Diureticdrugs利尿藥increasetheflowofurine增加尿量;expectorantdrugs祛痰藥increaserespiratorytractfluid呼吸道分泌物；andcathartics瀉藥orlaxatives輕瀉藥evacuatethebowel大腸.Otherdrugsdecreasetheflowofurine,diminishbodysecretions分泌，orinduceconstipation便秘.藥物被稱作催吐藥的會(huì)導(dǎo)致嘔吐，然而止吐藥會(huì)阻止嘔吐，利尿藥會(huì)增加尿量；祛痰藥能夠增加呼吸道粘液；瀉藥與輕瀉藥能夠排空大腸，其他的可以減少尿量，減少機(jī)體的分泌或者導(dǎo)致便秘。TOC\o"1-5"\h\zDrugsmaybeusedtoreducepain,fever,thyroidactivity甲狀腺活性,rhinitis鼻炎,insomnia失眠,gastricacidity胃酸分泌,motionsickness運(yùn)動(dòng)癥,bloodpressure,andmentaldepression抑郁癥.Otherdrugscanelevatemood,bloodpressure,oractivityoftheendocrinegIands內(nèi)分泌.Drugscancombatinfectiousdisease,destroyintestinalworms殺死腸道細(xì)菌,oractasantidotesagainstthepoisoningeffectsofotherdrugs.Drugscanassistinsmoking戒煙cessationoralcoholwithdrawalorcanmodifyobsessivecompulsivedisorders治療強(qiáng)迫癥.藥物可以用來緩解疼痛、發(fā)熱、甲亢、鼻炎、失眠、胃酸的分泌、運(yùn)動(dòng)癥、血壓和抑郁癥。其他的藥物可以提高情緒，身高血壓，或增加腺體的分泌。藥物可以用來對(duì)抗感染性疾病，驅(qū)蟲，或者可以作為其他藥物毒性的對(duì)抗劑。藥物可以幫助戒煙、戒酒或修正強(qiáng)迫癥。Drugsareusedtotreatcommoninfections,AIDbSen,ignprostatichyperplasia,cancer，cardiovasculardisease，asthma,glaucoma,Alzheimer'sdisease,andmaleimpotence.Theycanprotectagainsttherejectionoftransplantedtissuesandorgansandreducetheincidenceofmeaslesandmumps.Antineoplasticdrugsprovideonemeansofattackingthecancerousprocess;radioactivepharmaceuticalsprovideanother.藥物可以用來治療普通的感染，艾滋病，良性的前列腺增生，癌癥，心血管疾病，哮喘，青光眼，阿爾茲海默癥，男性陽痿。藥物可以保護(hù)對(duì)抗移植的組織和器官的排異，并且可降低麻疹和腮腺炎的患病幾率?？拱┧幪峁┝斯舭┌Y進(jìn)程的一種方法，放射性的藥物提供了另外一種對(duì)抗癌癥的方法。Drugsmaybeusedtodiagnosdeiabetes,livermalfunction,tuberculosis,orpregnancy.Theycanreplenishabodydeficientinantibodies,vitamins,hormones,electrolytes,protein.enzymes,orblood.Drugscanpreventpregnancy,assistfertility,andsustainlifeitself.藥物可以用來診斷糖尿病，肝功能異常，結(jié)核，妊娠，它們可以提供給機(jī)體抗體，維生素，荷爾蒙，電解質(zhì)，蛋白質(zhì)，酶，血液。藥物可以阻止妊娠，提供營養(yǎng)，延長生命。Certainlythevastarrayofeffectivemedicinalagentsavailabletodayisoneofourgreatestscientificaccomplishments.Itisdifficulttoconceiveourcivilizationdevoidoftheseremarkableandbeneficialagents.Throughtheiruse,manyofthediseasesthathaveplaguedhumansthroughouthistory,suchassmallpoxandpoliomyelitis,arenowvirtuallyextinct.lIlnessessuchasdiabetes,hypertension,andmentaldepressionareeffectivelycontrolledwithmodemdrugs.Today'ssurgicalprocedureswouldbevirtuallyimpossiblewithoutthebenefitofanesthetics,analgesics,antibiotics,bloodtransfusions,andintravenousfluids.如今我們最偉大的科學(xué)成就之一是獲得了大量的可起作用的藥物。很難想象我們的社會(huì)文明缺乏這些卓越和有利的藥劑。通過他們使用這些藥物，許多在歷史上長期困擾人類的疾病，如天花和小兒麻痹，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)絕跡了。疾病如糖尿病，高血壓，抑郁癥能被現(xiàn)代藥物有效的控制。現(xiàn)如今如果沒有麻醉劑，止痛劑，抗菌劑，輸血，靜脈輸液的幫助，手術(shù)是不可能成功的。Newdrugsmaybederivedfromplantoranimalsoubyproductsofmicrobialgrowth,orcthhermoiucaglhsynthesis,molecuIarmodification,orbiotechnology.Computerlibrariesanddatabanksofchemicalcompoundsandsophisticatedmethodsofscreeningforpotentialbiologicactivityassistdrugdiscovery.新藥可以從植物或動(dòng)物資源中得到，如微生物的代謝物，或者通過化學(xué)合成，分子修飾，以及生物學(xué)方法，計(jì)算機(jī)的數(shù)據(jù)庫,化合物和篩選有潛在生物活性的物質(zhì)等復(fù)雜的方法都可以幫助藥物的開發(fā)。Theprocessofdrugdiscoveryanddevelopmentiscomplex.Itentailsthecollectivecontributionsofmanyscientificspecialists,includingorganic,physical,andanalyticalchemists;biochemistsmolecularbiologists;bacteriologists;physiologists;pharmacologists;toxicologists;hematologists;immunologists;endocrinologists;pathologists;biostatisIicians;pharmaceuticalscientists;clinicalpharmacists;physicians;andmanyothers.新藥的發(fā)現(xiàn)與發(fā)展的過程是復(fù)雜的，它需要許多科學(xué)家專家的機(jī)體貢獻(xiàn)，包括組織學(xué)，物理學(xué)，分析化學(xué)，生物化學(xué)，分子生物學(xué)，微生物學(xué)，生理學(xué)，藥理學(xué)，毒理學(xué)，血液學(xué)，免疫學(xué)，內(nèi)分泌學(xué)，病理學(xué)，生物統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)，藥劑學(xué)，臨床醫(yī)學(xué)，醫(yī)生和其他。Afterapotentialnewdrugsubstanceisdiscoveredaunnddergoesdefinitivechemicalandphysicalcharacterization,agreatdealofbiologicinformationmustbegathered.Thebasicpharmacology,orthenatureandmechanismofactionofthedrugonthebiologicsystem,mustbedeterminedincludingtoxicologicfeatures.Thedrug'ssiteandrateofabsorption,itspatternofdistributionandconcentrationwithinthebody,itsdurationofaction,andthemethodandrateofitseliminationorexcretionmustbestudied.Informationonthedrug'smetabolicdegradationandtheactivityofanyofitsmetabolitesmustbeobtained.Acomprehensivestudyoftheshort-termandlong-termeffectsofthedrugonvariousbodycells,tissues,andorgansmustbemade.Highlyspecificinformation,suchastheeffectofthedrugonthefetusofapregnantanimaloritsabilitytopasstoanursingbabythroughthebreastmilkofitsmother,maybeobtained.Manyapromisingnewdrughasbeenabandonedbecauseofitspotentialtocauseexcessiveorhazardousadverseeffects.當(dāng)一個(gè)候選的新藥被發(fā)現(xiàn)在經(jīng)歷確證化學(xué)的物理的特性大量的生物學(xué)信息也要被收集的過程基礎(chǔ)藥理學(xué)在生物體內(nèi)的作用和反應(yīng)機(jī)制必須被研究包括毒理的特征也要被研究藥物吸收的位置和速率分布模式在體內(nèi)的存留持續(xù)作用和消■ces,as除方式和排泄速率都應(yīng)該被研究藥物代謝降解的信息以及任何一個(gè)代謝產(chǎn)物的活性都該被獲得藥物對(duì)于血管細(xì)胞組織器官長效或短效的作用都應(yīng)該有一個(gè)詳細(xì)的研究特異性信息例如藥物對(duì)于懷孕動(dòng)物胎兒的影響或者藥物通過乳汁傳遞給嬰兒的能力由于潛在的能夠造成過分危險(xiǎn)副作用的一些新藥最終都被放棄Themosteffectiveroutesofadministration(e.g.,oral,rectal,parenteral,topical)mustbedetermined,andguidelines指導(dǎo)原貝Uforthedosagesrecommended抗原forpersonsofvaryingages(e.g.,neonates,children,adults,geriatrics),weights體重,andstatesofillness疾病狀態(tài)havetobeestablished.Ithasbeensaidthattheonlydifferencebetweenadrugandapoisonisthedose.Tofacilitate促進(jìn)幫助administrationofthedrugbytheselectedroutes選擇途徑，appropriatedosageforms適宜的齊U型,suchastablets,capsules,injections,suppositories,ointments,aerosols,andothers,areformulated設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施andprepared.Eachofthesedosageunitsisdesignedtocontainaspecifiedquantity特定容量ofmedicationforeaseandaccuracyofdosageadministration.Thesedosageformsarehighlysophisticated復(fù)雜的精致的delivery傳送systems.Theirdesign,development,production,andusearetheproductofapplicationofthepharmaceutical藥齊Usciencestheblending混合ofthebasic,applied,andclinicalscienceswithpharmaceuticaltechnology.最有效的給藥途徑比如說口服直腸給藥注射外用必須被確定各種不同年齡新生兒小孩成年人老年人體重疾病狀況的人群的用藥劑量必須要建立起來藥物和毒藥之間的不同就是劑量不同為了使我們選擇的這種途徑能夠有效的給藥一個(gè)合適的劑型比如說片劑膠囊劑注射劑栓劑軟膏劑浸劑和其他劑型必須被設(shè)計(jì)成處方并被準(zhǔn)備為了方便并準(zhǔn)確的服藥每一個(gè)劑量單元都被設(shè)計(jì)成包含一個(gè)特定的量的藥物這些劑型都有非常復(fù)雜而且精確的給藥方式這些藥物的設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)研究都需要借助混有基礎(chǔ)性應(yīng)用性臨床等方面技術(shù)的藥劑學(xué)才能被完成缺兩段141formulation處方activetherapeuticingredients火星治療成分filler填充劑thickeners增稠劑solvents^齊Ususpendingagents助懸劑Utabletcoating片劑包衣disintegrants崩解劑Upenetrationenhancers滲透促進(jìn)劑Ustablizingagents穩(wěn)定齊Uantimicrobialpreservatives抑菌劑Uflavor矯味劑Ucolorants防腐劑Usweeteners甜味齊UThrought貫穿usualshelflife有效期microbiology微生物學(xué)compatible相溶decomposition降解microbialcontamination微生物污染destructiveinfluence破壞性影響excessive過分的moisture濕度0nset作用odor氣味texture質(zhì)地labeled貼標(biāo)簽CapsulesWhenmedications藥物aretobeadministeredorallytoadults,capsulesandtabletsusuallyarepreferredbecausetheyareconvenientlycarried,readilyidentified,andeasilytaken.膠囊劑當(dāng)我們要對(duì)成人給藥時(shí)通常選擇片劑和膠囊因?yàn)橐子跀y帶易于識(shí)別易于服用Considertheconvenienceofapatientcarryingaday'sweeks,ormonth'ssupplyofcapsulesortabletscomparedwithquivalentdosesofaliquidmedication.Withcapsulesandtablets,thereisnoneedforspoonsorothermeasuringdevices,whichmaybeinconvenientandmayresultinlessthanaccuratedosing.Also,mostcapsulesandtabletsaretastelesswhenswallowed,whichisnotthecasewithoralliquidmedication.考慮到方便性患者攜帶一個(gè)星期一個(gè)月的膠囊或片劑相比于攜帶相同劑量的液體制劑要更方便我們?cè)诜媚z囊時(shí)不需要用勺子或其他稱量容器自然也就不會(huì)導(dǎo)致不方便也不會(huì)引起用藥量的不準(zhǔn)確而且大多數(shù)的片劑和膠囊在服用時(shí)是沒有味道的對(duì)于液體制劑就不是這種情況了Thecharacteristicshapesandcolorsofcapsulesandtabletsandthemanufacturer'snameandproductcodenumbercommonlyembossedorimprintedontheirsurfacemakethemreadilyidentified.Thisenhancescommunicationbetweenthepatientandhealthcareproviders.assistspatientcompliance,andfosterssafeandeffectivemedicationuse.片劑和膠囊劑有特色的形狀和顏色生產(chǎn)者的名稱以及生產(chǎn)代碼通常會(huì)印在或刻在片劑和膠囊劑的表面，這兩個(gè)方法都使片劑和膠囊劑更易被識(shí)別。這樣做提高了患者和藥品生產(chǎn)者之間的交流，增加患者的適應(yīng)性，并且促進(jìn)患者安全有效的用藥。Capsulesandtabletsareavailableformanymedicationsinavarietyofdosagestrengths,providingflexibilitytotheprescriberandaccurateindividualizeddosageforthepatient.片劑和膠囊的很多藥物都可以以不同的劑量強(qiáng)度制成，這樣可以為開處方的人提供一個(gè)多樣性選擇，而且可以為病人提供一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的用藥劑量。Fromapharmaceuticalstandpoint,soliddosageformsareefficientlyandproductivelymanufactured;theyarepackagedandshippedbymanufacturersatlowercostandwithlessbreakagethancomparableliquidforms;andaremorestableandhavealongershelflifethantheirliquidcounterparts.從藥劑學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)，與同樣的液體制型相比，固體劑型能夠高效的生產(chǎn)，那么它們被生產(chǎn)者以一個(gè)更低的價(jià)格來包裝和運(yùn)輸，并且損耗也更少。固體劑型與液體劑型相比有更長的有效期，而且它們更加穩(wěn)定。TabletsTabletsaresoliddosageformsusuallypreparedwiththeaidofsuitablepharmaceuticalexcipients.Theymayvaryinsize,shape,weight,hardness,thickness,disintegration,anddissolutioncharacteristicsandinotheraspects,dependingontheirintendeduseandmethodofmanufacture.Mosttabletsareusedintheoraladministrationofdrugs.Manyofthesearepreparedwithcolorantsandcoatingsofvarioustypes.Othertablets,suchasthoseadministeredsublingually,buccally,orvaginally,arepreparedtohavefeaturesmostapplicabletotheirparticularrouteofadministration.Advantagesoftabletsfororaladministrationarepresentedinanearlierchapter.片劑片劑是固體劑型添加藥用輔料來制備的，它們?cè)诔叽纭⑿螤?、重量、硬度、厚度、崩解度、溶出度特性都有不同，這些都取決于用藥目的和生產(chǎn)方法。大多數(shù)片劑都是口服給藥。這些片劑制備時(shí)添加著色劑和包衣材料。其他片劑，例如：舌下給藥、頰粘膜給藥、陰道給藥，特征給藥途徑有一些特征?？诜o藥片劑的優(yōu)點(diǎn)前幾章都呈現(xiàn)了。缺兩段146molding模制法manufactured生產(chǎn)制備tabletmachine壓片機(jī)capable可能exerting施力口powdered粉末狀granulated顆粒狀dinmension尺寸moldedtablet模制片large-scale大量制備formedtablet成型片劑ejected推出來Scored劃痕grooved凹陷brokeninto破碎成prescribed開處方divideddosage分割劑量intendto用于coating包衣drug-release藥物釋放feature特征TypesofTabletsThevarioustypesoftabletsaredescribedasfollows,withtheircommonabbreviationsinparentheses.片劑的種類各種不同類型的片劑都在后面被講述它們的縮寫都被寫在括號(hào)里CompressedTablets..Inadditiontothemedicinalagentoragents,compressedtabletsusuallycontainanumberofpharmaceuticaladjuncts,includingthefollowing:壓制片出藥用有效成分之外壓片經(jīng)常會(huì)包含一定數(shù)量的藥用輔料如下所述Diluentsorfillers,whichaddthenecessarybulktoaformulationtopreparetabletsoftheaesireasize稀釋劑或填充劑增加了一個(gè)處方必要的量來準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)適宜尺寸的片劑Bindersoradhesives,whichpromoteadhesionoftheparticlesoftheformulation,allowingagranulationtobepreparedandmaintainingtheintegrityofthefinaltablet黏合劑它增加了處方中粗粒子的黏性是之能被制成大的顆粒并且保持最終片劑的完整性Disintegrantsordisintegratingagerlls,whichpromotebreakupofthetabletsafteradministrationtosmallerparticlesforreadydrugavailability崩解劑在服用后它提高了片劑的崩解崩解成小的顆粒以便于藥物的吸收Antiadherents,glidants,lubricants,orlubricatingagents,whichenhancetheflowofthematerialintothetabletdies,minimizewearofthepunchesanddies,preventfillmaterialfromstickingtothepunchesanddies,andproducetabletswithasheen抗黏劑助流劑潤滑劑能夠增加物料進(jìn)入沖模的流動(dòng)性減小沖頭和沖模的摩擦力阻止填充的物料粘著在沖頭和沖模上來制備一個(gè)光潔的片劑Aftercompression,tabletsmaybecoatedwithvariousmaterialsasdescribedlater.Tabletsfooral,buccal,sublingual?rvaginaIadministrationmaybepreparedbycompression壓制之后片劑可能會(huì)被各種不同的材料包裹這些將在之后被敘述。用來口服、頰粘膜給藥、舌下給藥、陰道給藥都可以用壓制來制備。5MultiplyCompressedTablets多層片Multiplycompressedtabletsarepreparedbysubjecting壓制thefillmaterial填充物料tomorethanasinglecompression.Theresultmaybeamultiplelayertabletoratabletwithinatablet,theinnertabletbeingthecoreandtheouterportionbeingtheshell外殼.Layeredtabletsarepreparedbyinitialcompaction初次壓制ofaportionoffillmaterialinadiefollowedbyadditionalfiIImaterialandcompressiontoformtwo-orthree-layeredtablets,dependingonthenumberofseparatefills.Eachlayermaycontainadifferentmedicinalagent,separatedforreasonsofchemicalorphysicalincompatibility,stageddrugrelease,orsimplyfortheuniqueappearanceofthelayeredtablet.Usually,eachponionoffillisadifferentcolortoproduceadistinctive-lookingtablet.Inpreparationoftabletswithintablets,specialmachinesarerequiredtoplacetheprefonnedcoretabletpreciselywithinthedieforapplicationofsurroundingfillmaterial.多重片多重片是不止一次地壓制填充物料來制備的，結(jié)果是制成一個(gè)多層片或片中片，內(nèi)部的片劑是一個(gè)核心，外面的是一個(gè)外殼。多層片通過對(duì)沖頭中一部分的填充物料經(jīng)過最初的壓制，再對(duì)剩下的填充物料進(jìn)行壓制，形成兩層或三層的片劑，這取決于單獨(dú)填充的次數(shù)。每一層可能包含不同的有效成分，分離的原因是物理和化學(xué)的不相容性，或逐級(jí)的藥物釋放，或者僅僅是為了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的多層片外殼。為制成一個(gè)有特殊外觀的片劑，每一部分填充的物料是不同的顏色。制備片中片的時(shí)候需要一個(gè)特殊的儀器，使已形成的核心片精確的放置在沖模中間，以便于向周圍填料。SugarcoatedTablets糖衣片Compressedtabletsmaybecoatedwithacoloredoranuncoloredsugarlayer糖衣層.Thecoating衣層iswatersoluble水溶性andquickiydissolvesafterswallowing吞咽.Thesugarcoat糖衣protectstheenclosed被包裹drugfromtheenvironmentandprovidesabarriertoobjectionabletasteorodor隔離不良臭味.Thesugarcoatalsoenhancestheappearance外觀ofthecompressed壓制tabletandpermiitmsprinting印上ofidenrifying易于識(shí)別的manufacturer'sinformation.Amongthedisadvantagestosugarcoatingtabletsarethetimeandexpertise專門技術(shù)requiredinthecoatingprocessandtheincreasemsize,weight,andshippingcosts運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用.Sugarcoatingmayadd50％totheweightandbulk體積oftheuncoatedtablet.壓制片可以被包上一層無色或有色的糖衣層。這個(gè)包衣是水溶性的，在吞咽之后會(huì)快速的溶解。糖衣能夠保護(hù)被包封的藥物與環(huán)境隔絕，并且能夠隔離不良嗅味。同樣地也能使片劑的外觀更加美觀，并且允許印上生產(chǎn)商的識(shí)別信息。糖衣片的缺點(diǎn)是包衣過程中需要的時(shí)間和專門的技術(shù)，以及在尺寸、重量、運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用上的增加，糖衣片與未包衣的片劑相比重量會(huì)增加50%。Film-CoatedTablets薄膜衣片F(xiàn)ilm-coatedtabletsarecompressedtabletscoatedwith包上athinlayer薄層ofapolymer聚合物capable能夠offorming形成askinlikefilm.Thefilmisusucaollloyred著色的andhastheadvantageoversugarcoatings糖衣片inthatitismoredurable持久,lessbulky體積小,andlesstimeconsuming耗時(shí)少toapply.Byitscomposition組成,thecoatingisdesignedtorupture裂解andexposethecoretablet片心atthedesiredtocation想要的位置inthegastrointestinaltract薄膜衣片薄膜衣片是壓制片包上了一薄層的聚合物，那么這個(gè)聚合物能夠形成像皮膚一樣薄的薄膜，這種薄膜是染色的，與糖衣相比是有優(yōu)點(diǎn)的，持久耐用，體積較小，使用起來耗時(shí)較少，我們可以適當(dāng)調(diào)節(jié)薄膜衣的組成，它可以被設(shè)計(jì)成在胃腸道中我們想要的位置裂解暴露裂片心。Enteric-CoatedTablets腸溶片Enteric-coatedtabletshavedelayed-release延緩釋放features.Theyaredesignedtopassunchangedthroughthestomachtotheintestines腸道,wheretabletsdisintegrate崩解andallowdrugdissolution溶出andabsorption吸收and/oreffect起效.Entericcoatingsareemployed使用whenthedrugsubstanceisdestroyedbygastricacid胃酸orisparticularlyirritating刺激tothegastricmucosa胃黏膜orwhenbypass繞過ofthestomachsubstantiallyenhances提高drugabsorption.腸溶片腸溶片有延遲釋放的特征。它們被設(shè)計(jì)成通過胃是無變化的，直接到達(dá)小腸后，在小腸內(nèi)片劑崩解，并且允許藥物溶出，吸收，起效。當(dāng)這個(gè)藥物成分被胃酸破壞時(shí)，或者嚴(yán)重刺激胃黏膜時(shí)，或者沒有變化地通過胃增強(qiáng)藥物的吸收時(shí)腸溶衣可被使用。ChewableTabletsChewabletablets,whichhaveasmooth順滑,rapiddisintegration順利快速的崩解whenchewedorallowedtodissolveinthemouth,haveacreamybase奶油樣機(jī)制（爽滑的口感），usuallyofspeciallyflavored矯味齊Uandcoloredmannitol著色的甘露醇Chewabletabletsareespeciallyusefulforadministrationoflargetablets大U量給藥tochildrenandadultswhohavedifficultyswallowingsoliddosageforms固體劑型.咀嚼片咀嚼片能夠在咀嚼時(shí)順利的、快速的崩解，并且可以在口中溶解，它擁有比較爽滑的口感，這是通過添加特殊輔料和著色的甘露醇來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。咀嚼片通常在給兒童服用大的劑量或給有吞咽困難的成人服用時(shí)是比較適用的。泡騰片148compress壓制granulareffervescentsalts顆粒狀泡騰崩解劑contactwith接觸generally通常medicalsubstances有效物質(zhì)軟膏劑、栓劑和凝膠劑152ointment軟膏劑creams霜?jiǎng)ゞels凝膠劑semisoliddosage半固體制劑topicalapplication局部應(yīng)用placeon涂抹nasally鼻腔vaginally陰道rectally直腸preparations半固體effect療效therapeuticagents有效成分unmedicatedones不含藥物成分的半固體制劑protectants保護(hù)lubricants潤滑劑Topicalpreparations局部用制劑Ulocalandsystemiceffects局部和全身治療absorptior吸附nursing哺乳期fetal胎兒breast乳汁transferredto傳遞給fetus胎兒nursinginfant哺乳期胎兒Overviewofcapsulescapsulesaresoliddosageformsinwhichmedicinalagentsand/orinertsubstancesareenclosedinasmallshellofgelatin.Gelatincapsuleshellsmaybehardorsoft,dependingontheircomposition.膠囊劑在膠囊劑中，有效成分或者內(nèi)部成分被包封在一個(gè)小的明膠殼中，明膠膠囊殼可以是硬膠囊也可以是軟膠囊，這取決于它們的成分。缺一段Softgelatincapsulesaremadeofgelatintowhichglycerinorapolyhydricalcoholsuchassorbitol山梨醇elasticandplasticlike.Softgelatincapsulesareusedtohermeticallysealandencapsulateliquids,suspensions,pastymaterials,drypoedersandevenpreformedtablets.軟膠囊是用明膠，甘油和多元醇就像是塑料制品。軟膠囊用于密封和封裝液體，懸浮液，膏狀物料，干粒甚至預(yù)制片。Consideredinthischapterareimportantdosageformsthatthecommoncharacteristicofbeingpreparedtobesterile:thatis,freefromcontaminatingmicroorganisms.Amongthesesteriledosageformsarethevarioussmallandlargevolumeinjectablepreparations,irrigationfluidsintendedtobathebodywoundsorsurgicalopenings,anddialasissolutions.本章認(rèn)為，準(zhǔn)備無菌的共同特點(diǎn)重要?jiǎng)┬停耗鞘牵瑳]有微生物污染。這些無菌制劑中的各種大、小容量注射劑，用于洗澡時(shí)身上的傷口或手術(shù)開口沖洗液，和透析解液。Injectionsaresterile:pyrogen-freepreparationsintendedtobeadministeredparenterally.Thetermparenteralreferstotheinjectableroutesofadministration.ThetermhasitsderivationformtheGreekwordsparaandenteron,meaningoutsideofth