moral人類與動(dòng)物的道德觀比較課件

Morals,ApesandUsHowmuchdoweknowaboutusandothercreatures?Morals,ApesandUsHowmuchdomoral人類與動(dòng)物的道德觀比較課件Primates靈長(zhǎng)類Primates靈長(zhǎng)類Moraladj.[onlybeforenoun]RelatingtorightandwrongandthewaypeopleshouldbehaveMoralstandards/principles/values/behaviourMoraldilemmaMoralobligation/dutyAmoralperson(apersonalwaystriestobehaveintherightway)Synonym:ethicalAboutMoralMoraladj.[onlybeforenoun]AMoralnounMorals:principlesofrightorwrongbehaviorthataregenerallyacceptedbyasocietyHavemoralsSomethingthatyoucanlearnfromastoryorexperiencemoralofAboutMoralMoralnounAboutMoral“Thefactthatmanknowsrightfromwrongproveshisintellectualsuperioritytotheothercreatures;butthefactthathecandowrongproveshismoralinferioritytoanycreaturethatcannot”(MarkTwain).AboutMoral“ThefactthatmanknowsrightBasedonwhatyouhaveresearchedandyourexperiencewithanimals,doyouthinkBinti,thegorillasavedthethree-year-oldboyoutofempathy(pity)orinstinct?Giveyourreasons.Pre-readingDiscussionBasedonwhatyouhaveresearcReadingTasks

Whatisthewriter’spurposeofwritingthisarticle?Doesthewriterbasedhisargumentsonfirst-handmaterial?Howmanyexperimentshavebeenconductedinthearticle,drawatableabouteachexperimentwithinformationabouttheexperimenter,objective,procedureandfindingsorconclusions?ReadingTasksWhatisthewritexperiments12345experimenterUniversityofZurichEthologistEduardStammbachwriterobjectiveTesttheirabilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperativelyprocedureFirst,once,then,during,ResultsorfindingsDominantonesInhibittheiraggressionexperiments12345experimenterUnDiscussionquestionsFindoutthetrainofthoughtofthewriter?WorkouttheoutlineofthewritingDoyouthinkthewriters’argumentsareconvincing?Howdoyouunderstand“butusinganexpressiontopredictaresponseisnotthesameasseeingtheexpressionasanindicationofanother’semotionsatthetime.(para.15)”?Howdoyouthinkof“wecanconsciouslyevaluatewhetherbehaviorisrightorwrong…entwinedwiththeself-interestshownbyotheranimals.”?(Para.20)DiscussionquestionsFindoutt(1-4)

Putforwardthethesis:canothercreaturesshare,cooperate,punishcheaters,showempathy,andactaltruistically?(5-19)Experimentsshowanimalsarebynomeansrobotsdrivensolelybyinstinctualresponsesbutnoexperimenttodatehasprovidedevidencethatanimalsareawareofothers’beliefsorintentions,sotherecanbenoethicaljudgment.

(20)conclusion:Askingwhatitmeanstobemoralchallengesustothinkabouthowourowncapacityformoralagencycameabout.StructureAnalysis(1-4)Putforwardthethesis:(1-4)

Putforwardthethesis:canothercreaturesshare,cooperate,punishcheaters,showempathy,andactaltruistically?(1)Aneventcapturepeople’sattention:afemalegorillarescuedanunconscious3-year-oldboy(2)Peoplewonderaboutwhygorilladidthis(3)Sofar,theanswerisnotclear.(4)Thewriter’swayoftacklingthebroadlyconcernedquestionofwhatmentaltraitscauseustobehavemorallyandtowhatextentotheranimalspossessthosetools.StructureAnalysis(1-4)Putforwardthethesis:(5-6)Anexperimenttestsmacaquemonkeys’abilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively.

(5)introducetheproceduresoftheexperiment(6)Theresultoftheexperiment:althoughthemonkeyswouldcontroltheiraggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively,theirpositioninthecommunitywouldnotchange.Atfirst,threaten…tokeepthemawayThen,learn…followandwaitedtograbBeforelong,approachedpeacefullyandallowed…Further…grooming…evenduring…StructureAnalysis(5-6)Anexperimenttestsmaca(7-8)Inhibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialconventionsamongthem.(7)monkeyshavearudimentarysenseofownershipandrespectforproperty.(8)Bydefendingandrespectingtheownershipandproperty,themonkeysintheexperimentshowshowinhibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialconventionsamongthem.StructureAnalysis(7-8)Inhibitionplaysacruci(9-10)Experimentstestedthepossibilitythatrule-breakersinacommunitywouldbepunished.(9)Throughthefirstexperiment,itseemsthatindividualswerebeingpunishedforbeinginappropriatelysilent,fordeceptivelywithholdinginformationaboutarichfoodsource.(10)outsiderswon’tbeattackedthusindicates:membersofanestablishedrhesuscommunityabidebyarulethatsays:attackmembersthatfindfoodanddon’tshareit.StructureAnalysis(9-10)Experimentstestedthe(5-10)Researchindicatesthatanimalscaninhibittheirimpulsesandpunishthosewhoviolatecommunityrules.(5-6)

Anexperimenttestsmacaquemonkeys’abilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively(7-8)Inhibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialconventionsamongthem.(9-10)Experimentstestedthepossibilitythatrule-breakersinacommunitywouldbepunished.StructureAnalysis(5-10)Researchindicatesthat(11)ToproveBinti’sbehavioroutofempathy,scientistshavetoprovethatanimalsunderstandthethoughtsandfeelingsofothers.(transition)StructureAnalysis(11)ToproveBinti’sbehavior(12-16)ManyExperimentsdonebeforehaveprovidedawindowonanimalemotionthathasyettobeopenedbymorerecentscientificobservations.(13)oneexperimentwasdesignedtoseeifamonkeycouldinterpretanothermonkey’sfacialexpression.(14)theassumptionundertheexperimentanditsresult(15)usinganexpressiontopredictaresponseisnotthesameasseeingtheexpressionasindicationofanother’semotions.(16)wecouldnotprovemonkey’sresponseismotivatedbyempathy.StructureAnalysis(12-16)ManyExperimentsdoneb(17-18)Theexperimentshowsanimalstendedtoshowaltruisticbehaviortoeachother.Buttherearemorepossibilityfortheiraltruism.(19)Analysisandconclusionoftheexperiments:sincenoexperimenttodatehasprovidedevidencethatanimalsareawareofothers’beliefsorintentions,therecanbenoethicaljudgment.

(20)conclusion:Askingwhatismeanstobemoralchallengesustothinkabouthowourowncapacityformoralagencycameabout.StructureAnalysis(17-18)TheexperimentshowsaReadingScholarlywriting

Subject:someaspectofhistory,sociology,politicalphilosophy,literarycriticism,ormanyotherfields.Afairlyhighdegreeofformality

avoidcolloquialismUseofformalwordsandtermsHighlyvariedandlongandcomplexsentencestructuresAconcernforclearpresentationofmaterialandargument,resultingincarefullogicallinkingofparagraphsandsentences.ReadingScholarlywritingSubjAndtodate,nostudyofapeintelligencecomesclosetoshowingthatorangutans,gorillas,orchimpanzeeshavethementalsophisticationofa10-year-oldhuman.(Para.3)LanguagePointsnearlyshow

ComplexintellectualabilityAndtodate,nostudyofapeiAndoneincidentisnotenoughtowarrantconclusions.(Para.3)LanguagePointsVt.Provideadequategroundsfor/justifyAndoneincidentisnotenoughButBinti’sactionsdoraisethepublicandscientificinterestinthebroadquestionofwhatmentaltraitscauseustobehavemorallyandtowhatextentotheranimalpossessthosetools.(Para.4)LanguagePointsDistinctivefeaturesofthemindProvoke/bringaboutthepublic’saswellasthescientists’interestinActintherightwayButBinti’sactionsdoraisetAsapsychologist,I’minterestedinthetechniquesweusetogetatthesequestions:Canothercreaturesshare,cooperate,punishcheaters,showempathy,andactaltruistically.(Para.4)LanguagePointsInawaythatshowsyoucareaboutotherpeopleandtheirinterestsmorethanyoucareaboutyourselfunderstandpityAsapsychologist,I’minteresIna1988study,UniversityofZurichethologistEduardStammbachsetupanexperimentwithlong-tailedmacaquemonkeystotesttheirabilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively.(Para.5)LanguagePointsReinin/reinback:tolimitorcontrolsomethingthathasdevelopedtoomuchorcontinuedfortoolongDesignedanexperimentIna1988study,UniversityofRatherthan

chasingspecialistsawayoreatingalltheirpopcorn,theybegantoinhibittheiraggression.LanguagePointsInsteadofDrivingthespecialistawayRestraintheirwarlikebehaviorRatherthanchasingspecialistSpecialistkepttheirlowrankbutwereallowedamomentatthehightablewhentheirskillswereofusetotheroyalty.LanguagePointsHightableBrE:atableataformalmealwherethemostimportantpeopleeat,forexampleatatraditionaluniversitySpecialistkepttheirlowrankAlthoughthesemightseemtobestrictlyhumanconcerns,territorialanimalssuchassunfish,lizards,sparrows,andgibbonsareinvestedintheseissues..LanguagePointsbecaredaboutonlybythehumanbeingsaredevotedto/committedtoAlthoughthesemightseemtobStayingclosetothetubeandlookingatitwerenotsufficientcuesofownershipfromthedominant’sperspective.Adominantmacaquewouldappeartoinhibititsimpulsetograbthetubeifasubordinatehelditclosetoitsbody.LanguagePointsInthedominant’spointofviewHoldbackitsmotivatingforceStayingclosetothetubeandButinanysocialsituationwithconventions,individualsoftenfindthatitpaystobreaktherules.LanguagePointsItpaystodo:itisworthwhile(profitable)todoItpaystodo:itneedstopayapricetodoButinanysocialsituationwiItwasasifindividualswerebeingpunishedforbeinginappropriatelysilent,fordeceptivelywithholdinginformationaboutarichfoodsource.LanguagePointsrefusingtoofferinginformationinamisleadingwayItwasasifindividualswereTheybeelinedtothefoodandeitherconsumeditonthespotorgobbledafewpiecesandthenmovedtoanewlocationwithastash.LanguagePointsateitwithoutdelayWalkedtothefoodinthestraightcourseGulpedafewpiecesoutofsightTheybeelinedtothefoodandItseemslikelythattheactorspickeduponachangeintheactivityofthereceivers,onethatwasconsistentenoughtopredicttheshock.LanguagePointsBecamefamiliarwithItseemslikelythattheactorThisexperimentleftmanylooseends.Althoughitisclearthatrhesusmonkeyscanlearntoavoidshockbyattendingtoafacialexpression,wedon’tknowifthisresponseismotivatedbyempathy,andempathyisnecessaryforaltruism.LanguagePointsFinaldetailsthathavenotyetbeendealtwith(veryformal)topayattentiontoimpelledThisexperimentleftmanyloosThereisnoambiguityaboutwhatthegorilladid...Wouldshehaveactedinthesamewaytowards…Itpaystobreaktherules.Thereisnowaytopredict…SentencestructureThereisnoambiguityaboutwCaptureaneventCaptureone’sattentionCaptureone’sheartFullygraspthedistinctionbetweenRaisethepublicandscientificinterestinSetupanexperimentReceiveapopcorntreatMaintainsocialconventionsExpressionsCaptureaneventExpressionsReininaggressivebehaviorRefrainfrompullingthechainInhibittheimpulseAbidebyarule/adheretoBreaktherules/violatecommunityrulesEmployrulelikestrategiesExpressionsReininaggressivebehaviorExp

Darwin’sTheoryofRevolutionEvolutionisthetheorythatmodernorganismshavedescendedfromancientorganisms.DarwinisthemanwhocameupwiththeTheoryofEvolution.In1831hewenttodifferentremoteislands.Thetriplastedfor5years.30yearslaterheactuallypublishedabookonhistheoryofNaturalSelection. Darwin’sTheoryofRevolutionSurvivalofTheFittestIndividualswhosecharacteristicsarewellsuitedtotheirenvironmentsurvive.Individualswhosecharacteristicsarenotwellsuitedtotheirenvironmenteitherdieorleavefeweroffspring.RattlesnakeswithnorattlesSurvivalofTheFittestIndividEvolutionbynaturalselectionWildanimalsshowsimilartendencieslikewhatdomesticanimalshave.Deer-competitionamongstmalestobeasuitor.Tallerplantswillreceivesunshine.Plantsthatrootdeeplywillgetwater.Animalscompetitionforfood-birdnestsEvolutionbynaturalselectioCreationism(創(chuàng)造宇宙說(shuō))ThepositionthattheaccountofthecreationoftheuniversegivenatthebeginningoftheBibleisliterallytrue.TheprimalstorytoexplainallofhumanexistenceandtheworldBeingHumanistobeGodlikeanddifferentfromtherestofcreationCommunicable(shared)attributesofGodMind–AttributesofIntellectHeart–MoralAttributesWill–AttributesofPurposeCreationism(創(chuàng)造宇宙說(shuō))ThepositioMorals,ApesandUsHowmuchdoweknowaboutusandothercreatures?Morals,ApesandUsHowmuchdomoral人類與動(dòng)物的道德觀比較課件Primates靈長(zhǎng)類Primates靈長(zhǎng)類Moraladj.[onlybeforenoun]RelatingtorightandwrongandthewaypeopleshouldbehaveMoralstandards/principles/values/behaviourMoraldilemmaMoralobligation/dutyAmoralperson(apersonalwaystriestobehaveintherightway)Synonym:ethicalAboutMoralMoraladj.[onlybeforenoun]AMoralnounMorals:principlesofrightorwrongbehaviorthataregenerallyacceptedbyasocietyHavemoralsSomethingthatyoucanlearnfromastoryorexperiencemoralofAboutMoralMoralnounAboutMoral“Thefactthatmanknowsrightfromwrongproveshisintellectualsuperioritytotheothercreatures;butthefactthathecandowrongproveshismoralinferioritytoanycreaturethatcannot”(MarkTwain).AboutMoral“ThefactthatmanknowsrightBasedonwhatyouhaveresearchedandyourexperiencewithanimals,doyouthinkBinti,thegorillasavedthethree-year-oldboyoutofempathy(pity)orinstinct?Giveyourreasons.Pre-readingDiscussionBasedonwhatyouhaveresearcReadingTasks

Whatisthewriter’spurposeofwritingthisarticle?Doesthewriterbasedhisargumentsonfirst-handmaterial?Howmanyexperimentshavebeenconductedinthearticle,drawatableabouteachexperimentwithinformationabouttheexperimenter,objective,procedureandfindingsorconclusions?ReadingTasksWhatisthewritexperiments12345experimenterUniversityofZurichEthologistEduardStammbachwriterobjectiveTesttheirabilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperativelyprocedureFirst,once,then,during,ResultsorfindingsDominantonesInhibittheiraggressionexperiments12345experimenterUnDiscussionquestionsFindoutthetrainofthoughtofthewriter?WorkouttheoutlineofthewritingDoyouthinkthewriters’argumentsareconvincing?Howdoyouunderstand“butusinganexpressiontopredictaresponseisnotthesameasseeingtheexpressionasanindicationofanother’semotionsatthetime.(para.15)”?Howdoyouthinkof“wecanconsciouslyevaluatewhetherbehaviorisrightorwrong…entwinedwiththeself-interestshownbyotheranimals.”?(Para.20)DiscussionquestionsFindoutt(1-4)

Putforwardthethesis:canothercreaturesshare,cooperate,punishcheaters,showempathy,andactaltruistically?(5-19)Experimentsshowanimalsarebynomeansrobotsdrivensolelybyinstinctualresponsesbutnoexperimenttodatehasprovidedevidencethatanimalsareawareofothers’beliefsorintentions,sotherecanbenoethicaljudgment.

(20)conclusion:Askingwhatitmeanstobemoralchallengesustothinkabouthowourowncapacityformoralagencycameabout.StructureAnalysis(1-4)Putforwardthethesis:(1-4)

Putforwardthethesis:canothercreaturesshare,cooperate,punishcheaters,showempathy,andactaltruistically?(1)Aneventcapturepeople’sattention:afemalegorillarescuedanunconscious3-year-oldboy(2)Peoplewonderaboutwhygorilladidthis(3)Sofar,theanswerisnotclear.(4)Thewriter’swayoftacklingthebroadlyconcernedquestionofwhatmentaltraitscauseustobehavemorallyandtowhatextentotheranimalspossessthosetools.StructureAnalysis(1-4)Putforwardthethesis:(5-6)Anexperimenttestsmacaquemonkeys’abilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively.

(5)introducetheproceduresoftheexperiment(6)Theresultoftheexperiment:althoughthemonkeyswouldcontroltheiraggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively,theirpositioninthecommunitywouldnotchange.Atfirst,threaten…tokeepthemawayThen,learn…followandwaitedtograbBeforelong,approachedpeacefullyandallowed…Further…grooming…evenduring…StructureAnalysis(5-6)Anexperimenttestsmaca(7-8)Inhibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialconventionsamongthem.(7)monkeyshavearudimentarysenseofownershipandrespectforproperty.(8)Bydefendingandrespectingtheownershipandproperty,themonkeysintheexperimentshowshowinhibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialconventionsamongthem.StructureAnalysis(7-8)Inhibitionplaysacruci(9-10)Experimentstestedthepossibilitythatrule-breakersinacommunitywouldbepunished.(9)Throughthefirstexperiment,itseemsthatindividualswerebeingpunishedforbeinginappropriatelysilent,fordeceptivelywithholdinginformationaboutarichfoodsource.(10)outsiderswon’tbeattackedthusindicates:membersofanestablishedrhesuscommunityabidebyarulethatsays:attackmembersthatfindfoodanddon’tshareit.StructureAnalysis(9-10)Experimentstestedthe(5-10)Researchindicatesthatanimalscaninhibittheirimpulsesandpunishthosewhoviolatecommunityrules.(5-6)

Anexperimenttestsmacaquemonkeys’abilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively(7-8)Inhibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialconventionsamongthem.(9-10)Experimentstestedthepossibilitythatrule-breakersinacommunitywouldbepunished.StructureAnalysis(5-10)Researchindicatesthat(11)ToproveBinti’sbehavioroutofempathy,scientistshavetoprovethatanimalsunderstandthethoughtsandfeelingsofothers.(transition)StructureAnalysis(11)ToproveBinti’sbehavior(12-16)ManyExperimentsdonebeforehaveprovidedawindowonanimalemotionthathasyettobeopenedbymorerecentscientificobservations.(13)oneexperimentwasdesignedtoseeifamonkeycouldinterpretanothermonkey’sfacialexpression.(14)theassumptionundertheexperimentanditsresult(15)usinganexpressiontopredictaresponseisnotthesameasseeingtheexpressionasindicationofanother’semotions.(16)wecouldnotprovemonkey’sresponseismotivatedbyempathy.StructureAnalysis(12-16)ManyExperimentsdoneb(17-18)Theexperimentshowsanimalstendedtoshowaltruisticbehaviortoeachother.Buttherearemorepossibilityfortheiraltruism.(19)Analysisandconclusionoftheexperiments:sincenoexperimenttodatehasprovidedevidencethatanimalsareawareofothers’beliefsorintentions,therecanbenoethicaljudgment.

(20)conclusion:Askingwhatismeanstobemoralchallengesustothinkabouthowourowncapacityformoralagencycameabout.StructureAnalysis(17-18)TheexperimentshowsaReadingScholarlywriting

Subject:someaspectofhistory,sociology,politicalphilosophy,literarycriticism,ormanyotherfields.Afairlyhighdegreeofformality

avoidcolloquialismUseofformalwordsandtermsHighlyvariedandlongandcomplexsentencestructuresAconcernforclearpresentationofmaterialandargument,resultingincarefullogicallinkingofparagraphsandsentences.ReadingScholarlywritingSubjAndtodate,nostudyofapeintelligencecomesclosetoshowingthatorangutans,gorillas,orchimpanzeeshavethementalsophisticationofa10-year-oldhuman.(Para.3)LanguagePointsnearlyshow

ComplexintellectualabilityAndtodate,nostudyofapeiAndoneincidentisnotenoughtowarrantconclusions.(Para.3)LanguagePointsVt.Provideadequategroundsfor/justifyAndoneincidentisnotenoughButBinti’sactionsdoraisethepublicandscientificinterestinthebroadquestionofwhatmentaltraitscauseustobehavemorallyandtowhatextentotheranimalpossessthosetools.(Para.4)LanguagePointsDistinctivefeaturesofthemindProvoke/bringaboutthepublic’saswellasthescientists’interestinActintherightwayButBinti’sactionsdoraisetAsapsychologist,I’minterestedinthetechniquesweusetogetatthesequestions:Canothercreaturesshare,cooperate,punishcheaters,showempathy,andactaltruistically.(Para.4)LanguagePointsInawaythatshowsyoucareaboutotherpeopleandtheirinterestsmorethanyoucareaboutyourselfunderstandpityAsapsychologist,I’minteresIna1988study,UniversityofZurichethologistEduardStammbachsetupanexperimentwithlong-tailedmacaquemonkeystotesttheirabilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively.(Para.5)LanguagePointsReinin/reinback:tolimitorcontrolsomethingthathasdevelopedtoomuchorcontinuedfortoolongDesignedanexperimentIna1988study,UniversityofRatherthan

chasingspecialistsawayoreatingalltheirpopcorn,theybegantoinhibittheiraggression.LanguagePointsInsteadofDrivingthespecialistawayRestraintheirwarlikebehaviorRatherthanchasingspecialistSpecialistkepttheirlowrankbutwereallowedamomentatthehightablewhentheirskillswereofusetotheroyalty.LanguagePointsHightableBrE:atableataformalmealwherethemostimportantpeopleeat,forexampleatatraditionaluniversitySpecialistkepttheirlowrankAlthoughthesemightseemtobestrictlyhumanconcerns,territorialanimalssuchassunfish,lizards,sparrows,andgibbonsareinvestedintheseissues..LanguagePointsbecaredaboutonlybythehumanbeingsaredevotedto/committedtoAlthoughthesemightseemtobStayingclosetothetubeandlookingatitwerenotsufficientcuesofownershipfromthedominant’sperspective.Adominantmacaquewouldappeartoinhibititsimpulsetograbthetubeifasubordinatehelditclosetoitsbody.LanguagePointsInthedominant’spointofviewHoldbackitsmotivatingforceStayingclosetothetubeandButinanysocialsituationwithconventions,individualsoftenfindthatitpaystobreaktherules.LanguagePointsItpaystodo:itisworthwhile(profitable)todoItpaystodo:itneedstopayapricetodoButinanysocialsituationwiItwasasifindividualswerebeingpunishedforbeinginappropriatelysilent,fordeceptivelywithholdinginformationaboutarichfoodsource.LanguagePointsrefusingtoofferinginformationinamisleadingwayItwasasifindividualswereTheybeelinedtothefoodandeitherconsumeditonthespotorgobbledafewpiecesandthenmovedtoanewlocationwithastash.LanguagePointsateitwithoutdelayWalkedtothefoodinthestraightcourseGulpedafewpiecesoutofsightTheybeelinedtothefoodandItseemslikelythattheactors