學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作總結(jié)

專業(yè)英語寫作考點(diǎn)總結(jié)part?academicenglishwriting （專業(yè)英語寫作） chapter1sixconsiderationsinacademicwriting、academicwritingisaproductofmanyconsideration:audience,purpose,organization,style,flowandpresentation.（學(xué)術(shù)寫作六要素：寫作對象，目的，組織結(jié)構(gòu)，文體特征，表達(dá)連貫和宣講 或宣、organizationusuallyhasthefollowingfourparts: 問題-解決方法包括四個(gè)部分descriptionofasituation （描述情況）identificationofaproblem （甄別問題）descriptionofasolution （描述解決方法）evaluationofthesolution （評估解決方法）3、formalgrammarstyle：（正規(guī)的語法風(fēng)格）generallyavoidcontractions （一般來講避免使用略縮詞）例： won’t 改為willnotusethemoreappropriateformalnegativeforms （使用更為適宜的正規(guī)的否定 形式）例：not...any改為 nonot...much 改為littlenot...many 改為fewlimittheuseof“run-on”expressions,suchasandsoforthandetc.（限制使用 多個(gè)詞連用的表達(dá)法）例：句子內(nèi)不能出現(xiàn) andsoforth和etc.出現(xiàn)時(shí)應(yīng)將省略的部分?jǐn)U展出來。avoidaddressingthereaderasyou（except,ofcourse,ifyouarewritingatextbookorotherinstructionalmaterials）. （避免向讀者說 “你”）例：youcanseetheresultsintable1.改為： theresultscanbeseenintable1.改為： itisnecessarytoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.或者wenowneedtoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.placeadverbwithintheverb. （將副詞放于動(dòng)詞詞組內(nèi)） 例：thismodelwasdevelopedbykrugmanoriginally.改為：thismodelwasoriginallydevelopedbykrugman.considerwhetheryoushouldsplitinfinitives. （考慮是否該使用割裂不定式） 例：weneedtoadequatelymeettheneedsofthoseenrolledintheprogram.aimforanefficientuseofwords. （目的是為了有效地使用詞匯）例：therearesomeinorganicmaterialsthatcanbeusedbybioengineersintheprocessoftissueengineeringthathavebeenshowntobeverypromising. 改為：someinorganicmaterialsusedintissueengineeringhaveshowngreatpromise.習(xí)題：1）youcanusethismodeltoanalyzetheeffectsofseveralparameterchanges.錯(cuò)誤：使用了 you。改為：thismodelcanbeusedtoanalyzetheeffectsofseveralparameterchanges.2）ok,whatarethereasonsthatcoffeepriceshavefallen?there’realotofpossibilitie s.錯(cuò)誤：使用了口語 ok；直接引語的使用；使用了縮略詞 there’re。改為：coffeepriceshavefallenformanyreasons.3）youcanseethedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningundergroundsubwaystationsclearly.錯(cuò)誤：使用了 you；將副詞 clearly放在了句尾。改為：thedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningundergroundsubwaystationcanclearlybeseen.錯(cuò)誤：使用了 sofar；使用了 therebe結(jié)構(gòu)；使用了 not...any 結(jié)構(gòu)；使用了非正式的lookinginto。therearesomestudiesthathaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbeusedbybuildersmorewidelythanitisnowasaconstructionmaterial.錯(cuò)誤：使用了 therebe結(jié)構(gòu)；副詞 widely位置放錯(cuò)。改為：somestudieshaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbemorewidelyusedthanitisnowasaconstructionmaterial.thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixstates:illinois,iowa,ohio,etc. 錯(cuò)誤：使用了 etc。改為：thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixmidwesternstates:illinois,iowa,indiana,ohio,michigan,andminnesota.thereisn’tverymuchresearchontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregateintheproductionofconcrete.錯(cuò)誤：使用了 therebe結(jié)構(gòu)；使用了 not...verymuch 。改為：littleresearchhasbeendoneontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregateintheproductionofconcrete.chapter2twounderlyingstructuresinacademicwriting（專業(yè)寫作的兩個(gè)基本結(jié)構(gòu)）1、twounderlyingstructuresinacademicwriting ：（專業(yè)寫作的兩個(gè)基本結(jié)構(gòu)）general-specificstructure （泛論-特指（gs）結(jié)構(gòu)）problem-process-solutionstructure （問題-過程-解決方法）2、gstextsusuallybeginwithoneofthefollowing:（gs文本通常以下列一種形式開始）ashortorextendeddefinition （簡短或拓展定義）ageneralizationorpurposestatement （一般化或目標(biāo)性陳述）astatementoffact. （事實(shí)陳述）、superordinate-categoryword ：technique,method,process,device,andsystem. （超級坐標(biāo)詞）deletions（刪除）：在下列情況下，你可以減少限制性關(guān)系代詞定語從句僅有關(guān)系代詞、 be動(dòng)詞、一個(gè)或多個(gè)介詞短語定語從句由被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞加上一些額外的信息定語從句含有關(guān)系代詞、以 -ble結(jié)尾的形容詞和額外的信息 例題：p23.metalthatisoftenused —>metaloftenused.devicethatiscapableof —>devicecapableof.roofwhichisontopof —>roofontopof.precipitationwhichresultsfrom —>precipitationresultingfrom.thissentencecannotbereduced..flutethatispitchedanoctavehigher--->flutepitchedanoctavehigher

—>a—>.—>a—>involvingtheselectivetransport.acelestialbodywhichhasapproximatelythesamemasscelestialbodywithapproximatelythesamemass5、考題類型：句子排序 例題：p27（1）比較定義基本上有兩類：呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)概念是如何隨著時(shí)間的流逝而變化 的這樣一種史實(shí)陳述。呈現(xiàn)對當(dāng)代各位專家是怎樣不同地看待此概 念所做的一個(gè)全面性的評述。 7、participle（分詞）例題：p39（1）theoilisskimmedfromthesurfacebyusingaboomandthenpumpedintoatankforrecycling.afterbeingharvested,thegrapesarecrushedtoreleasethepulpandseedandthenfermentedforthreeweeks.first,theglassiscuttosizeandinspectedtodetermineifithasanyimperfections.itisthenheatedtoover600ocandcooledinastepknownasquenching.8、詞和詞型的變換 p23-p251、inmanydisciplinesthedataisdisplayedinatable,graph,figure,orsomeotherkindofnon-verbalillustration. （在許多學(xué)科中，數(shù)據(jù)信息都是以圖表、圖形、 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)圖或非口頭圖示的方式展示出來。）a、locationelementsand/orsummarystatements. （定位要素和 /或總結(jié)陳述）b、highlightingstatements. （強(qiáng)調(diào)陳述內(nèi)容）3、locationelementsandsummaries. （定位要素和總結(jié)）c、verbsinindicativeandinformativessummaries. （用在陳述性和信息性總結(jié) 中的動(dòng)詞）as引出的從句)(總結(jié)與摘要寫作)(一份良好的任務(wù)總結(jié)具備四as引出的從句)(總結(jié)與摘要寫作)(一份良好的任務(wù)總結(jié)具備四chapter4summaryandabstractwriting、principlerequirementsforagoodsummary個(gè)主 要需求）itshouldpresentthesourcematerialinanaccurateandobjectivefashion. （它應(yīng)以 精確、客觀的形式呈現(xiàn)來源材料）itshouldcondensethesourcematerialandbepresentedinthesummarywriter’sownwordsandavoidterminology. （它應(yīng)凝縮來源材料并以總結(jié)寫作者自己的 文字呈現(xiàn)出來 ,而且要避免用專業(yè)術(shù)語）provideanindependentlyreferentialsummary,andkeepthelengthincontrol. (提 供完全獨(dú)立的參閱性總結(jié)，并能控制其文章長度)2、寫作總結(jié)的基本步驟快速略讀文本，腦中注意小標(biāo)題。若無小標(biāo)考慮清楚為什么給了你這個(gè)文本。確定你在類型快速略讀文本，腦中注意小標(biāo)題。若無小標(biāo)考慮清楚為什么給了你這個(gè)文本。確定你在類型讀文本，標(biāo)示重要的信息或者作筆記用你自己的詞匯寫下每一部分的要點(diǎn)。每一對每一個(gè)主要題目，寫下關(guān)鍵的佐證點(diǎn)，但再次仔細(xì)檢查這個(gè)過程，做些適當(dāng)?shù)淖儎?dòng)。處理哪種類型的文本 ,即:來源文本部分盡量寫出一個(gè)一句話 的總結(jié)。必要時(shí)也要包括小的細(xì)節(jié)。

3、basicstructureofabstractwriting（1）topicsentence（主題句）（2）supportingsentences（佐證句）（3）concludingsentence3、basicstructureofabstractwriting（1）topicsentence（主題句）（2）supportingsentences（佐證句）（3）concludingsentence（結(jié)論句）（摘要寫作的基本結(jié)構(gòu)）p70-p72的例句，寫作時(shí)會(huì)用得上。summaryandabstract 兩個(gè)詞要會(huì)寫，以及知道兩者的區(qū)別，其中 summary要分三段來寫， abstract不分段。 partiibasalenglishwriting （基礎(chǔ)英語寫作）chapter1punctuation （標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號）、theperiod（句號）、thesemicolon（分號）、thecolon（冒號）、thequestionmark、thequotationmark、theexclamationmark、thedash（破折號）、italicsandunderlining10、練習(xí)題： p96-97（問號）（引號）（感嘆號）（斜體字和下劃線）11、本節(jié)所有的例句都要仔細(xì)看 ※chapter2vocabulary、levelsofdiction:formalandinformal,abstractconcrete（具體） ,andgeneral （籠統(tǒng)） andspecificincludeshowtoappreciatetheconnotative （引申含義）denotative（字面含義，本義） meaningsofwords.（詞匯）（抽象） and（特指） .italsoaswellas2、englishwordscanbecategorizedasformal,informalandcolloquial（口 語的）.3、練習(xí)題： 1/p1024、練習(xí)題： p109-p113chapter3englishsentencewriting作）（英語句子寫1、typesofsentences（1）accordingtostructure①simplesentencesaccordingtousedeclarativesentencesinterrogativesentencesimperativesentencesexclamatorysentencesaccordingtorhetoricloosesentencesperiodicsentencesbalancedsentences④longandshortsentences（句子的類型） p114（根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)）（簡單句）（根據(jù)功能）（陳述句）（疑問句）（祈使句）（感嘆句）（根據(jù)修辭）（松散句，主體部分放在前面）（掉尾句，主體部分放在最后） ※（平行句）（長、短句）2、練習(xí)題 （p121）改為：hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalue,soheletme改為：haveitforonlytenpounds. （或者h(yuǎn)ethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalueandheletmehaveitforonlytenpounds. ）（2）ialwaystakemyraincoatwheneverigooutthesedays.（periodic）改為： wheneverigooutthesedays,ialwaystakemyraincoat.改為： whentheywereonholiday,theirhousewasbrokenintoandsomevaluablepaintingswerestolen.改為：afterthefiremenfoughtforthreehours,theyfinallymanagedtoputoutthefire.（6）thetrainisgoingtodalian.thetrainleavesat20:15.（simple）改為：thetraintodalianleavesat20:15.（7）inspiteoftheinterruption,hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbeforetheclasswasover.（loose）改為：hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbeforetheclasswasoverinspiteoftheinterruption.（8）manypeoplechoosetravelbyair.itisfast.itoffersconvenience.itisnotveryexpensive.（parallelstructure）改為：manypeoplechoosetravelbyair,becauseitisfast,convenientandnotveryexpensive.3、練習(xí)題 p121（1）履歷通常包括個(gè)人信息、教育背景、工作經(jīng)歷和過去的成就。譯：aresumegenerallyconsistsofpersonalinformation,educationalbackground,employmenthistoryandpastachievements.（2）戴安娜在南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)主修中醫(yī)學(xué)。譯：dianaismajoringinchinesetraditionalmedicineinnanjingmedicaluniversity.（3）請代我向你父母致以問候。譯：pleasesendmybestregardstoyourparents.（4）現(xiàn)代高等教育應(yīng)該具有前瞻性，超越眼前的社會(huì)需求。譯：moderncollegeeducationshouldbefar-sightedandabletoseebeyondtheimmediateneedsofthesociety.（5）這種細(xì)菌是引起現(xiàn)在流行病的原因嗎？譯：isthisbacteriumresponsibleforthecurrentepidemic?（6）經(jīng)?；仡欁蛱?，你就會(huì)珍惜今天，向往明天。譯：takeafrequentandbackwardlookatyouryesterday,andyouwillvalueyourtodayandlookforwardtoyourtomorrow.（7）中國傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)分子認(rèn)為：窮則獨(dú)善其身，達(dá)則兼濟(jì)天下。譯：traditionalchineseintellectualsholdthatoneshouldrefinehispersonalvirtuewheninpoverty,andhelpsavetheworldwheninsuccess.（8）就算我追求愛情，我也肯定不會(huì)只顧沉浸在愛河里而荒廢學(xué)業(yè)。譯：ifididhuntforlove,icertainlywouldn ’tbathemyselfintheriverofloveallthetime,neglectingmystudies. （9）學(xué)校倡導(dǎo)大學(xué)生改變就業(yè)觀念，并鼓勵(lì)他們把自己的才華和天賦投入到西部大開發(fā)中去。譯：universitiespromoteachangeintheconceptofemploymentamongthegraduates,encouragethemtogivetheirtalentsandgeniustothewesternexploration.4、sentenceexpansion （句子拓展） （各個(gè)位置的例句都要看） ※句子拓展的三種方法： addition（增添法）， coordination（并列法），subordination（從屬法）。 重點(diǎn)題型，要會(huì)判斷句子正誤（1）增添法：常見的修飾詞有形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、名詞性詞組、代詞等（ adjectives,adverbs,numerals,nouns,nounphrasesandpronouns）。修飾詞通常在句中作定語或狀語。添加形容詞 （addiongadjectives）單個(gè)形容詞做定語一般放在被修飾詞之前，但修飾由 any,every,nosomebody,one或thing構(gòu)成的不定代詞時(shí)，放在其后。添加副詞（ addingadverbs）如果句子里同時(shí)帶有幾個(gè)副詞做修飾語時(shí)，其位置應(yīng)按一下順序排列： 程度副詞 方式副詞 地點(diǎn)副詞 時(shí)間副詞。添加短語（ addingphrases）短語有8種：名詞短語、動(dòng)詞短語、介詞短語、非限定性短語（分詞短 語、動(dòng)名詞短語、不定式短語）、同位短語、限定性短語。（ noun,verb,prepositional;threekindsofverbalphrase（participial,gerundandinfinitive）,appositiveandabsolute ）2）并列法：包含三種方法coordinatingpronouns （并列連詞）conjunctiveadverbs （使用連接副詞）semicolon（運(yùn)用分號連接）（3）從屬法：從句主要包括名詞性從句（ nounclause），狀語從句（ adverbialclause）和定語從句（attributiveclause ）。名詞性從句又分為主語從句（ subjectclause）、表語從句（ predicativeclause）、賓語從句（ objectclause）和同位語從句（ appositiveclause）。①常見的狀語從句有時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、比較、讓步等。、幾種短語拓展法：TOC\o"1-5"\h\z1）介詞短語進(jìn)行拓展（ expandingwithprepositionalphrases ）介詞短語在句中可做表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。作定語時(shí)置于所修飾詞之后，做狀語時(shí)位置比較靈活，可位于句首，也可位于句中或句尾，有時(shí)用逗號將其與句子的主體部分隔開。2）不定式短語進(jìn)行拓展（ expandingwithinfinitivephrases ）不定式短語做名詞時(shí)，可做主語、表語、賓語；做形容詞時(shí)，在句中作定語； 做副詞時(shí)，可以表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、狀語等。3）動(dòng)名詞短語進(jìn)行拓展（ expandingwithgerundphrases ）動(dòng)名詞為動(dòng)詞 -ing形式，名詞性可做主語、表語、賓語、定語和補(bǔ)足語。動(dòng) 詞性可以帶賓語和狀語。4）分詞短語進(jìn)行拓展（ expandingwithparticipialphrases ）分詞短語有現(xiàn)在分詞短語和過去分詞短語兩種形式。、effectivesentences （有效句）（1）effectivesentenceshavesomeorallofthefollowingqualities:unity （一致性） ,coherence（連貫性） ,conciseness（簡潔性） ,emphasis（強(qiáng)調(diào)性） ,andvariety （多樣性） .（2）此節(jié)中的每個(gè)例子都要認(rèn)真看。 ※、練習(xí)題： p142theyoungmanishonestandhardworking,andisaveryreliableworker.改為：theyoungmanisanhonest,hardworkingandreliableworder.（theyoungworkerishonest,hardworkingandreliable. ）dufuwasoneofthebest-knownpoets.改為：dufuwasoneofthebest-knownpoetsintangdynasty.amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.改為：amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.（amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.）wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.改為：wethoughtshewascharming,intelligentandcapable.togetreadyforthetrip,allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase. 改為：togetreadyforthetrip,sheputallthethingsheneededintoasuitcase. （7）thosewhowishtotakelinguisticsareexpectedtosignhisnameonthissheetofpaper.改為：thosewhowishtotakelinguisticsareexpectedtosigntheirnameonthissheetofpaper.whenonethieshardenough,youcandoalmostanything.改為：whenonethieshardenough,hecandoalmostanything.foryearsihavebeenattendingsummercampandenjoyedeveryminuteofit. 改為：foryearsihavebeenattendingsummercampandenjoyingeveryminuteofit.）whenisawthegradeonmyreportcard,iwasterriblydisappointed,becauseistudiedveryhard.改為：whenisawthegradeonmyreportcard,iwasterriblydisappointed,becauseihadstudiedveryhard.）ifiwererichandshewassingle,iwouldmarryher.改為：ifiwererichandshewrersingle,iwouldmarryher.）theyinsistedthatthemoneybecollectedandthatareceiptbegiveninteturn. 此句正確。8、練習(xí)題 p142）tomandhissweetheartmarriedintheearlypartofthemonthofoctober. 改為：tomandhissweetheartmarriedinearlyoctober.in1979,therewasastrikeparticipatedinbyfivethousandunionworkers.改為：in1979,fivethousandunionsparticipatedinthestrike.thecauseofthefloodwasduetoheavyraininlatespring.改為：thefloodwasduetoheavyraininlatespring.thereareanumberofstudentsfromourinstitutewhoareplanningtojointheexpedition.改為：anumberofstudentsareplanningtojointheexpedition.whatiamtryingtosayisthatinmyopinionheisaveryhonestman.改為：inmyopinionheisaveryhonestman.icametothisinstitutebecauseofmanyfactors,butmostofallofthefactthatiwanttobeaninterpreter.改為：icametothisinstitutebecauseiwanttobeaninterpreter.thesewatermelonsarelargeinsizeandsweetintaste.改為：thesewatermelonsarelargeandsweet.atthepresenttimeiamtakingthecourseofworldhistoryandinadditionacourseingeographytoo. 改為：atpresentiamtakingworldhistoryandgeography.weplannedtomeetjustbeforesunriseveryearlyinthemorning.改為：weplannedtomeetbeforesunrise.）hisattitudewasofapuzzlingnature.改為：hisattitudewaspuzzling.9、練習(xí)題： p143）hewasselfless,hardwordingandmodest;that’swhyhebecameagreatscientest.改為：hebecameagreatscientistbecausehewasmodest,selfless,andhardworking.asaclerk,johnwashonest,efficientandwell-dressed.改為：johnwasawell-dressed,honest,andefficientclerk.janewalkedoutofhislife,burstingintotearsasshelefttheroom.改為：asshelefttheroom,jane,burstingintotears,walkedoutofhislife.chinahaschangedagreatdealasaresultofreformandtheopenpolicydutingthepast14years.改為：asaresultofthereformandtheopenpolicyduringthepast14years,chinahaschangedagreatdeal.huang,thefamouswriter,wasamonghisneighbors.改為：huang,whowasamonghisneighbors,wasafamouswriter.socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitself,andfriends,werenolongerinterestingtohimafterhewentbankrupt.改為：afterhewentbankrupt,friends,socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitselfwerenolongerinterestingtohim.10、常見的語法錯(cuò)誤： p143書中每個(gè)正確的句子都要看 ※）misusedpartsofspeech （用錯(cuò)詞性）；sentencefragments（殘缺句）；）run-onsentences（流水句）；misplacedmodifiers&danglingmodifiers （誤置修飾與懸虛結(jié)構(gòu)）；probleminagreementandreference （一致與指代問題）。11、練習(xí)題 p146 修改殘缺句）afterreturningfromthebeach.thechildrenwereexhausted.改為：afterreturningfromthebeach,thechildrenwereexhausted.johnneglectinghisdutiesandspendingtimeonindependentresearch.改為：johnneglectedhisdutiesandspenttimeonindependentresearch.（3）karendroppedcalculus.whichshehaddroppedseveralltimesbefore.改為：karendroppedcalculus,whichshehaddroppedseveralltimesbefore.workingtogethertosaveourenvironment.wecanleavetheworldabetterplacethanwofoundit.改為：workingtogethertosaveourenvironment,vingthatsheisanhonestperson. 改為：ellenreturnedthelostwallettotheman,whichprovedthatsheisanhonestperson.someerrorsinwritingareserious.forexample,sentencefragments,andrun-onsentences.改為：someerrorsinwritingareserious,forexample,sentencefragments,andrun-onsentences.12、練習(xí)題 p147修改流水句（1）somepeoplesaytheycarefortheenvironmentwhiletheylittercigarettebutsorfruitskinsjustaboutanywheretheyhappentobe.改為：somepeoplesaytheycarefortheenvironment,yettheylittercigarettebutsorfruitskinsjustaboutanywheretheyhappentobe.liliisnotworriedaboutpayingforhercollegeeducation,shehasjustreceivedafullscholarship.改為：liliisnotworriedaboutpayingforhercollegeeducationbecauseshehasjustreceivedafullscholarship.wefinishedtheworkbynineo’clockintheeveningthenwewenthome.改為：wefinishedtheworkbynineo’clockintheeveningandthenwewenthome.athighnoonabigandnoisypartywasgoingonnextdoor,icouldnottakemyusualnap.改為：athighnoonabigandnoisypartywasgoingonnextdoor;icouldnottakemyusualnap.13、練習(xí)題 p147改正句子（1）therobberwasasix-foot-manwithamustacheweighing150pounds.改為：therobberweighing150poundswasasix-foot-manwithamustache.（2）hesoldtheoldcartothemanwithleatherseats.改為：hesoldtheoldcarwithleatherseatstotheman.tomboughtanoldcarfromacrookeddealerwithafaultytransmission.改為：tomboughtanoldcarwithafaultytransmissionfromacrookeddealer.unconcernedabouthisownlife,thelittlegirldrowningintheicyriverwassavedbyapasser-by.改為：unconcernedabouthisownlife,apasser-bysavedthelittlegirldrowningintheicyriver.thepuppythatmary’sdadpickedupinthewoodswasreturnedtoherowner.改為：thepuppythatmary’sdadpickedupinthewoodswasreturnedtohisowner.iwasshockedtoseeat-shirtinthatfancydressstorewhichhadapricetagof$2000.改為：iwasshockedtoseeinthatfancydressstoreat-shirtwhichhadapricetagof$2000.）theapplicant’slistofcredentialsareratherlong.

改為：theapplicant’slistofcredentialsisratherlong.chapter4englishparagraphwriting （英語段落寫作）、paragraphstructure （段落結(jié)構(gòu)）（1）主題句（ thetopicsentence）具有三個(gè)重要功能： p149通過明確陳述討論中的一個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)一步證明全文中心思想。顯示段落內(nèi)容?？刂圃摱温鋬?nèi)容。某一段中全部討論 —— 舉例、細(xì)節(jié)列舉以及解釋都必須與主題句直接相關(guān)并能進(jìn)一步證明主題句。（2）練習(xí)題： 1/p151精彩的正文段落應(yīng)該圍繞一個(gè)主題句展開：段落應(yīng)該展開充分、前后統(tǒng)一而且銜接自然。具體地講，一個(gè)很有說服力的正文段落必須滿足四個(gè)要求。首先，該段落必須只討論一個(gè)主體，即段中陳述和說明只能表現(xiàn)一個(gè)主題或內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一，主題思想通常用一