2016職稱英語-答題技巧補(bǔ)全短文第2講

學(xué)派網(wǎng)英語答題技巧主講人：提示3：相鄰語句會(huì)通過詞語銜 ,語法銜 形成意義上的銜接和連 相 詞之間的呼e.g.e.g.choice–option-e.g.beneficial-正反義詞之間的e.g.increase–詞之間的呼e.g.efficiency–

rise–fall,up–語篇銜接詞回指上文(e.gshe,hetheproblemthismane.g.Agirlissinginginthenextroom.SheissaidtobeTheBilingualWhenKarlKimimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromKoreasateenager,hehadahardtimelearningEnglish.Nowhespeaksitfluently,andhehadauniqueopportunitytoseehowourbrainsadapttoasecondlanguage.Asagraduatestudent,KimworkedinthelabofJoyHirsch,aneuroscientistinNewYork.1Theyfoundevidencethatchildrenandadultsdon'tusethesamepartsofthebrainwhentheylearnasecondlanguage.TheresearchersusedaninstrumentcalledanMRI(magneticresonanceimaging)scannertostudythebrainsoftwogroupsofbilingualpeople.2.Theotherconsistedofpeoplewho,likeKim,learnedtheirsecondlanguagelaterinlife.PeoplefrombothgroupswereplacedinsidetheMRIscanner.ThisallowedKimandHirschtoseewhichpartsofthebrainweregettingmorebloodandweremoreactive.Theyaskedpeoplefrombothgroupstothinkaboutwhattheyhaddonethedaybefore,firstinonelanguageandthentheother.Theycouldn'tspeakoutloudbecauseanymovementwoulddisruptthescanning.TheBilingualKimandHirschlookedspecificallyattwolanguagecentersinthebrain-Broca'sarea~,whichisbelievedtocontrolspeechproduction,andWernicke'sarea,whichisthoughttoprocessmeaning.KimandHirschfoundthatbothgroupsofpeopleusedthesamepartofWernicke'sareanomatterwhatlanguagetheywerespeaking.3PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguageaschildrenusedthesameregioninBroca'sareaforboththeirfirstandsecondlanguages.PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguagelaterinlifeusedadifferentpartofBroca'sareafortheirsecondlanguage.4Hirschbelievesthatwhenlanguageisfirstbeingprogrammedinyoungchildren,theirbrainsmaymixthesoundsandstructuresofalllanguagesinthesamearea.Oncethatprogrammingiscomplete,theprocessingofanewlanguagemustbetakenoverbyadifferentpartofthebrain.TheBilingualAsecondpossibilityissimplythatwemayacquirelanguagesdifferentlyaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Hirschthinksthatmothersteachababytospeakbyusingdifferentmethodsinvolvingtouch,sound,andsight.5.ButtheiruseofBroca'sareawasOnegroupconsistedofthosewhohadlearnedasecondlanguageaschildren.HowdoesHirschexplainthisWeusespecialpartsofthebrainforlanguageAndthatisverydifferentfromlearningalanguageinahighschoolorcollegeclass.TheirworkledtoanimportantTheBilingualAButtheiruseofBroca'sareawasBOnegroupconsistedofthosewhohadlearnedasecondlanguageasCHowdoesHirschexplainthisDWeusespecialpartsofthebrainforlanguageEAndthatisverydifferentfromlearningalanguageinahighschoolorcollege√FTheirworkledtoanimportantWhenKarlKimimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromKoreasateenager,hehadahardtimelearningEnglish.Nowhespeaksitfluently,andhehadauniqueopportunitytoseehowourbrainsadapttoasecondlanguage.Asagraduatestudent,KimworkedinthelabofJoyHirsch,aneuroscientistinNewYork. 1Theyfoundevidencethatchildrenandadultsdon'tusethesamepartsofthebrainwhentheylearnasecondlanguage.答題思路:識(shí)別詞語銜 +語法銜 (基調(diào)時(shí)態(tài)一致TheBilingualAButtheiruseofBroca'sareawas√BOnegroupconsistedofthosewhohadlearnedasecondlanguageasCHowdoesHirschexplainthisDWeusespecialpartsofthebrainforlanguageEAndthatisverydifferentfromlearningalanguageinahighschoolorcollegeTheresearchersusedaninstrumentcalledanMRI(magneticresonanceimaging)scannertostudythebrainsoftwogroupsofbilingualpeople. .Theotherconsistedofpeoplewho,likeKim,learnedtheirsecondlanguagelaterinlife.PeoplefrombothgroupswereplacedinsidetheMRIscanner.ThisallowedKimandHirschtoseewhichpartsofthebrainweregettingmorebloodandweremoreactive.Theyaskedpeoplefrombothgroupstothinkaboutwhattheyhaddonethedaybefore,firstinonelanguageandthentheother.Theycouldn'tspeakoutloudbecauseanymovementwoulddisruptthescanning.考點(diǎn):上下文之間的寫作邏輯:對(duì)比關(guān)答題思路:識(shí)別詞語銜 (基調(diào)時(shí)態(tài)一致TheBilingualAButtheiruseofBroca'sareawas×CHowdoesHirschexplainthis×DWeusespecialpartsofthebrainforlanguage×EAndthatisverydifferentfromlearningalanguageinahighschoolorKimandHirschlookedspecificallyattwolanguagecentersinthebrain-Broca'sarea,whichisbelievedtocontrolspeechproduction,andWernicke'sarea,whichisthoughttoprocessmeaning.KimandHirschfoundthatbothgroupsofpeopleusedthesamepartWernicke'sareanomatterwhatlanguagetheywerespeaking. 考點(diǎn):上下文之間的寫作邏輯:轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)答題思路:識(shí)別詞語銜 (their--they)+語法銜 (基調(diào)時(shí)態(tài)一致TheBilingualCHowdoesHirschexplainthisDWeusespecialpartsofthebrainforlanguageEAndthatisverydifferentfromlearningalanguageinahighschoolorcollegePeoplewholearnedasecondlanguageaschildrenusedthesameregioninBroca'sareaforboththeirfirstandsecondlanguages.PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguagelaterinlifeusedadifferentpartofBroca'sareafortheirsecondlanguage.4Hirschbelievesthatwhenlanguageisfirstbeingprogrammedinyoungchildren,theirbrainsmaymixthesoundsandstructuresofalllanguagesinthesamearea.Oncethatprogrammingiscomplete,theprocessingofanewlanguagemustbetakenoverbyadifferentpartofthebrain.考點(diǎn)上下文之間的寫作邏輯解釋答題思路:識(shí)別詞語銜接AmemoryIt’sdifficulttoimaginemanythingsthatpeoplewould emorethanamemory-enhancingdrug.1Furthermore,suchadrugcouldhelppeoplerememberpastexperiencesmoreclearlyandhelpusacquirenewinformationmoreeasilyforschoolandatwork.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutmemory,weareclosinginonthistantalizinggoal.SomeofthemostexcitingevidencecomesfromresearchthathasbuiltonearlierfindingslinkingLTPandmemorytoidentifyagenethatimprovesmemoryinmice.2MicebredtohaveextracopiesofthisgeneshowedmoreactivityintheirNMDAreceptors，moreLTP，andimprovedperformanceonseveraldifferentmemorytasks—learningaspatiallayout,recognizingfamiliarobjects，andrecallingafear-inducingshock.AmemoryMemorydrugsmightalsohelptakethestingoutofdisturbingmemoriesthatwewishwecouldforgetbutcan’t.4The2004hitmovieEternalSunshineoftheSpotlessMindtoldthestoryofayoungmanseekingjustsuchfreedomfromthepainfulmemoriesofaromanticbreakup.Asyouwillseeinthesectiononpersistencelaterinthechapter,emotionallyarousingeventsoftencreateintrusivememories,andresearchershavealreadymutedemotionalmemorieswithdrugsthatblocktheactionofkeyhormones.Shouldemergencyworkerswhomustconfronthorrifyingaccidentscenesthatcanburdenthemwithpersistingmemoriesbeprovidedwithsuchdrugs?Shouldsuchdrugsbegiventorapevictimswhocan’tforgetthetrauma?Memorydrugsmightprovidesomerelieftosuchindividuals.Butcouldtheyalsointerferewithanindividual’sabilitytoassimilateandcometotermswithadifficultexperience?5詞匯hitn演出等)成功v打碰撞打擊AmemoryLikesteroidsforbulkingupthemuscles,thesedrugswouldbulkupAmemoryenhancercouldhelpeliminateforgettingassociatedwithagingandWhatarethepotentialimplicationsofmemory-enhancingdrugsforWemayfindourselvesstrugglingwiththesekindsofquestionsinthenot-too-distantfuture.Thereisapillthatyoucouldtakeeverydaytoallowyoutoremember√FThegenemakesaproteinthatassiststheNMDA2receptor，whichplaysimportantroleinlong-termmemoryby to 提示：被選項(xiàng)之間存在時(shí)態(tài)差異,因此“基調(diào)時(shí)態(tài)一致性”是一個(gè)重要的解題線AmemoryLikesteroidsforbulkingupthemuscles,thesedrugswouldbulkup AmemoryenhancercouldhelpeliminateforgettingassociatedwithagingandWhatarethepotentialimplicationsofmemory-enhancingdrugsforworkplace定義句結(jié)構(gòu)WhatareWemayfindourselvesstrugglingwiththesekindsofquestionsinthenot-too-distantfuture.ThereisapillthatyoucouldtakeeverydaytoallowyoutorememberThegenemakesaproteinthatassiststheNMDA2receptor，whichplaysimportantroleinlong-termmemoryby to 提示:疑問句常出現(xiàn)在段落的開頭部Amemory Whatarethepotentialimplicationsofmemory-enhancingdrugsfortheworkplace?(定義句結(jié)構(gòu):Whatare..?):4Imaginethatyouareapplyingforajobthatrequiresagood，suchasamanageratatechnologycompanyorasalespositionthatrequiresrememberingcustomers’namesaswellastheattributesofdifferentproductsandservices.Wouldyoutakeamemory-enhancingdrugtoincreaseyourchancesoflandingtheposition?Wouldpeoplewhofelt fortabletakingsuchadrugfindthemselvescutoutoflucrativecareeropportunities?Amemory ThegenemakesaproteinthatassiststheNMDA2receptor，whichplaysanimportantroleinlong-termmemorybyhel toinitia SomeofthemostexcitingevidencecomesfromresearchthathasbuiltonfindingslinkingLTPandmemorytoidentifyagenethatimprovesmemoryin2MicebredtohaveextracopiesofthisgeneshowedmoreactivityintheirNMDAreceptors，moreLTP，andimprovedperformanceonseveraldifferentmemorytasks—learningaspatiallayout,recognizingfamiliarobjects，andrecallingafear-inducingshock.Ifthesebasicinsightsaboutgenes,LTP,andthesynapticbasisofmemorycanbetranslatedtopeople—andthatremainstobeseen—theycouldpavethewayformemory-enhancingtreatments.3Asexcitingasthismaysound,italsoraisestroublingissues.Amemory Wemayfindourselvesstrugglingwiththesekindsofquestionsinthenot-too-distantfuture.….Asyouwillseeinthesectiononpersistencelaterinthechapter,emotionallyarousingeventsoftencreateintrusivememories,andresearchershavealreadymutedemotionalmemorieswithdrugsthatblocktheactionofkeyhormones.Shouldemergencyworkerswhomustconfronthorrifyingaccidentscenesthatcanburdenthemwithpersistingmemoriesbeprovidedwithsuchdrugs?Shouldsuchdrugsbegiventorapevictimswhocan’tforgetthetrauma?Memorydrugsmightprovidesomerelieftosuchindividuals.Butcouldtheyalsointerferewithanindividual’sabilitytoassimilateandcometotermswithadifficultexperience?5AmemoryLikesteroidsforbulkingupthemuscles,thesedrugswouldbulkupAmemoryenhancercouldhelpeliminateforgettingassociatedwithagingandWemayfindourselvesstrugglingwiththesekindsofquestionsinthenot-too-distantfuture.ThereisapillthatyoucouldtakeeverydaytoallowyoutorememberIt’sdifficulttoimaginemanythingsthatpeoplewould emorethanamemory-enhancingdrug.1Furthermore,suchadrugcouldhelppeoplerememberpastexperiencesmoreclearlyandhelpusacquirenewinformationmoreeasilyforschoolandatwork.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutmemory,weareclosinginonthistantalizinggoal.提示:空格后句中的前5個(gè)單詞里如果出現(xiàn)了語篇銜接詞(she,her,he,his,him,this/that/those/these+n.,the+n.,such(a)+n.,both+n.,either+n.,neither+ Amemory Likesteroidsforbulkingupthemuscles,thesedrugswouldbulkup Thereisapillthatyoucouldtakeeverydaytoallowyoutoremember提示如果剩下的選項(xiàng)中既沒有典型體現(xiàn)上下文之間特殊邏輯的邏輯詞,也沒有數(shù)字/數(shù)詞和專有名詞則哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)中包含了語篇銜接詞則該選項(xiàng)往往是2013年B級(jí)補(bǔ)全短文試TheToughGrassthatSweetensOurSugarcanewasonceawildgrassthatgrewinNewGuineaandwasusedbylocalpeopleforroofingtheirhousesandfencingtheirgardens.Graduallyadifferentvarietyevolvedwhichcontainedsucrose（蔗糖）andwaschewedonforitssweettaste.Overtime，sugarcanebecameahighlyvaluablecommercialplant，grownthroughouttheworld.（46）Sugarbecameavitalingredientinallkindsofthings，from（糖果點(diǎn)心）tomedicine，and，asthedemandforsugargrew，thebecamelargerandmoreprofitable. (47) Manycrops（枯萎）anddied，despitegrowersattemptstosavethem，andtherewerefearsthatthehealthoftheplantwouldcontinuetodeteriorate.TheToughGrassthatSweetensOurInthe1960s，scientistsworkinginBarbodoslookedforwaystomakethecommercialspeciesstrongerandmoreabletoresistdisease.Theyexperimentedwithbreedingprogrammes，mixinggenesfromthemoredelicate，commercialtype.（48）Thissugarcaneisnotyetreadytobesoldcommercially，butwhenthishappens，itisexpectedtobeincredibleprofitablefortheindustry.(49)Brazil，whichproducesonequarteroftheworld’ssugar，hascoordinatedaninternationalprojectunderProfessorPauloArrudooftheUniversidadeEstaudualdeCampinasinSaoPaulo.Teamsofexpertshaveworkedwithhimtodiscovermoreaboutwhichpartsofthegeneticstructureoftheplantareimportantfortheproductionofsugaranditsoverallhealth.2013年B級(jí)補(bǔ)全短文試TheToughGrassthatSweetensOurDespitealltheresearch，however，westilldonotfullyunderstandhowthegenesinsugarcane.（50）Thisgeneisparticularlyexcitingbecauseitmakestheplantresistanttorust,adiseasewhichprobably ,butisnowcapableofinfectingsugarcaneacrosstheworld.Scientistbelievetheywilleventuallybeabletogrowaplantwhichcannotbedestroyedbyrust.2013年B級(jí)補(bǔ)全短文試TheToughGrassthatSweetensOurASincethe1960s，scientistshave ysingthemysteriousofthecanesgeneticBUnfortuna y，however，theplantstartedto eweakerandmorepronetodisease.CThemajorityoftheworld’ssugarnowcomesfromthisparticularDOnemajorgenehasbeenidentifiedbyDr.AngelliqueD’HontandherteamEEventually，acommercialplantwasdevelopedwhichwas5percentthanbefore，butalsomuchstrongerandlesslikelytodiefromFSugarcaneisnowmu orevigorousandthesupplyofsugaristhereforemore2013年B級(jí)補(bǔ)全短文試TheToughGrassthatSweetensOur√B y，however，theplantstarted eweakerandmoreproneSugarcanewasonceawildgrassthatgrewinNewGuineaandwasusedbylocalpeopleforroofingtheirhousesandfencingtheirgardens.Graduallyadifferentvarietyevolvedwhichcontainedsucrose（蔗糖）andwaschewedonforitssweettaste.Overtime，sugarcanebecameahighlyvaluablecommercialplant，grownthroughouttheworld. Sugarbecameavitalingredientinallkindsofthings，fromconfectionery（糖果點(diǎn)心）tomedicine，and，asthedemandforsugargrew，theindustrybecamelargerandmoreprofitable. (47) Manycropswithered（枯萎）anddied，despitegrowers’attemptstosavethem，andtherewerefearsthatthehealthoftheplantwouldcontinueto 2013年B級(jí)補(bǔ)全短文試TheToughGrassthatSweetensOurDOnemajorgenehasbeenidentifiedbyDr.AngelliqueD’HontandherteamDespitealltheresearch，however，westilldonotfullyunderstandhowthegenesinsugarcane. Thisgeneisparticularlyexcitingbecauseitmakestheplantresistanttorust,adiseasewhichprobablyoriginated ,butisnowcapableofinfectingsugarcaneacrosstheworld.Scientistbelievetheywilleventuallybeabletogrowaplantwhichcannotbedestroyedbyrust. 2013年B級(jí)補(bǔ)全短文試TheToughGrassthatSweetensOurEEventually，acommercialplantwasdevelopedwhichwas5percentsweeterthanbefore，butalsomuchstrongerandlesslikelytodiefromInthe1960s，scientistsworkinginBarbodoslookedforwaystomakethecommercialspeciesstrongerandmoreabletoresistdisease.Theyexperimentedwithbreedingprogrammes，mixinggenesfromthemoredelicate，commercialtype. Thissugarcaneisnotyetreadytobesoldcommercially，butwhenthishappens，itisexpectedtobeincredibleprofitablefortheindustry. （基調(diào)時(shí)態(tài)一致性）+詞匯銜2013年B級(jí)補(bǔ)全短文試TheToughGrassthatSweetensOurASincethe1960s，scientistshavebeen ysingthemysteriousofthesugarcanesgeneticcode.CThemajorityoftheworld’ssugarnowcomesfromthisparticularcommercialFSugarcaneisnowmu orevigorousandthesupplyofsugaristhereforemore Brazil，whichproducesonequarteroftheworld’ssugar，hascoordinatedaninternationalprojectunderProfessorPauloArrudooftheUniversidadeEstaudualdeCampinasinSaoPaulo.Teamsofexpertshaveworkedwithhimtodiscovermoreaboutwhichpartsofthegeneticstructureoftheplantareimportantfortheproductionofsugaranditsoverallhealth.2013年A級(jí)補(bǔ)全短文試

ToadsareArthriticandinArthritisisanillnessthatcancausepainandswellinginyourbones.Toads,abigprobleminthenorthofAustralia,aresufferingfrompainfularthritisintheirlegsandbackbone,anewstudyhasshown.Thetoadsthatjumpthefastestaremorelikelytobelargerandtohavelongerlegs.46 Thelargeyellowtoads,nativetoSouthandCentralAmerica,wereintroducedintothenorth-easternAustralianstateofQueenslandin193Sinanattempttostopbeetlesandotherinsectsfromdestroyingsugarcanecrops.Nowupto200millionofthepoisonoustoadsexistinthecountry,andtheyarerapidlyspreadingthroughthestateofNorthernTerritoryatarateofupto60kmayear.Thetoadscannowbefoundacrossmorethanonemillionsquarekilometers. wastriedinthe1990sbuthadtoabandonedafteritwasfoundtoalsokill 2013年A級(jí)補(bǔ)全短文試

ToadsareArthriticandinThetoadshaveseverelyaffectedecosystemsinAustralia.Animals,andsometimespets,thateatthetoadsdieimmediayfromtheirpoison,andthetoadsthemselveseatanythingtheycanfitinsidetheirmouth.48 Aco-authorofthenewstudy,RickShine,aprofessorattheUniversityofSydney,saysthatlittleattentionhasbeengiventotheproblemsthattoadsface.Rickandhiscolleaguesstudiednearly500toadsfromQueenslandandtheNorthernTerritoryandfoundthatthoseinthelatterstatewereverydifferent.Theywereactive,sprintingdownroadsandbreedingAccordingtotheresultsofthestudy,thefastesttoadstravelnearlyonekilometreanight.49 .Butspeedandstrengthcomeataprice—arthritisofthelegsandbackboneduetoconstantpressureplacedonthem.Inlaboratorytests,theresearchersfoundthatafterabout15minutesofhop,arthritictoadswouldtravellessdistancewitheachhop.50 .Thesetoadsaresoprogrammedtomove,apparently,thatevenwheninpainthetoadstravelledasfastandasfarasthehealthyones,continuingtheirrelentlessmarchacrossthelandscape.2013年A級(jí)補(bǔ)全短文試

ToadsareArthriticandinToadswithlongerlegsmovefasterandtravellongerdistances,whiletheothersarebeingleftbehind.Butarthritisdidn’tslowdowntoadsoutsidethelaboratory,theresearchers Furthermore,theysoontakeoverthenaturalhabitatsofAustralia’snativeThetasknowfacingthecountryishowtoremovetheButthisadvantagealsohasabigdrawback—upto10%ofthetoadssufferfromToadsarenotbuilttoberoadrunners—theyarebuilttositaroundpondsandwetareas.提示：被選項(xiàng)之間存在時(shí)態(tài)差異，因此時(shí)態(tài)是可以幫助解題的一個(gè)重2013年A級(jí)補(bǔ)全短文試

ToadsareArthriticandinB.Butarthritisdidn’tslowdowntoadsoutsidethelaboratory,theresearchers….Nowupto200millionofthepoisonoustoadsexistinthec