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國際市場(chǎng)營銷Internationalmarketing國際市場(chǎng)營銷InternationalmarketingWhichinternationalizationphilosophybestdescribestheDisneyAbroad?EthnocentricorintationAmericancultureTokyoPairsHongkongWhichinternationalizationphiChapter2.TheInternationalMarketingEnvironment(Ⅰ)GovernmentBarriers:
Nationalgovernments,especiallygovernmentsindevelopingcountries,keepatightcontroloverforeigninvestment.TarrifBarriesNon-tarrifBarriesChapter2.TheInternationalMInternationalCompetition:.
--blockingchannelsofdistribution-bindingretailersintoexclusiveagreementsslashingpricestemporarilytopreventproductadopetionInternationalCompetition:.Ⅰ.Regionaleconomicintegration區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化19421950
referstoagreementsamonycountriesinageographicregiontoreduce,andultimatelyremove,tariffandnontariffbarrierstothefreeflowofgoods,services,andfactorsofproductionbetweeneachother.Ⅰ.Regionaleconomicintegrati一個(gè)地理區(qū)域內(nèi)各國一致同意減少并最終消除關(guān)稅和非關(guān)稅壁壘,以便做到相互之間商品,服務(wù)和生產(chǎn)要素的自由流動(dòng)。Severallevelsofeconomicintegration
>>FreeTradeArea(自由貿(mào)易區(qū))>>CustomsUnion(關(guān)稅同盟)>>CommonMarket(共同市場(chǎng))>>EconomicUnion(經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟)>>PoliticalUnion(政治聯(lián)盟)一個(gè)地理區(qū)域內(nèi)各國一致同意減少并最終消除關(guān)稅和非關(guān)稅壁壘,以1)FreeTradeArea(自由貿(mào)易區(qū))a)Nobarrierstotradeamongmembersb)Eachcountrymaintainsitsowntradebarriersfornonmembers.
Key:各個(gè)成員國之間商品和服務(wù)的所有壁壘都沒取消Ex:EFTA(TheEuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)(歐洲自由貿(mào)易區(qū))1)establishedin19602)8--4countries3)freetradeinindustrialgoods1)FreeTradeArea(自由貿(mào)易區(qū))NAFTA
北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)TheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)createdtheworld’slargestfreemarket.417millionU.S.,Canadian,andMexicanconsumersandatotaloutputof$11trillion.NAFTA
北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)TheNorthAmericaBackgroundJanpanandEU1980Reagan1983Canada1985-1988American&Canada1992American&Canada&Mexico1994BillClintonbecominglawinJanuary1,1994Background>>thecontentsofNAFTA:abolitionoftariffs:99%ofgoodsremovalofmostbarriersonserviceprotectionofintellectualpropertyrightsremovalofmostrestrictiononFDIapplicationofnationalenvironmentalstandardstwocommissions:forhealth,safety,wagesorchildlabor.>>thecontentsofNAFTA:Argument:AgricultureAmerican&Mexico
Argument:Agriculture2).CustomsUnion
a)Notradebarriersinsideb)withcommonexternaltradepolicy(P16)c)desiringgreaterintegrationEx.earlierEUAndeanPact(安第斯條約)*Peru,Bolivia,Ecuador,Colombia*developingcountries*resource2).CustomsUniona)Notradeba3).CommonMarketAreaP16a)Nobarrierstotradeb)Commonexternaltradepolicyc)Factorsofproduction(生產(chǎn)要素)movingfreely
Factorsofproduction(labor,capital,technology)d)Harmonyandcooperationonfiscal,monetaryandemploymentpolicies.Ex:EU3).CommonMarketAreaP16a)No南方共同市場(chǎng)(MERCOSUR)亞松森條約Argentina,Brazil,Paraguay,Uruguay1995南方共同市場(chǎng)(MERCOSUR)4).EconomicUnionP16a).Hasallthecharacteristicsofacommonmarket.
(freeflowofproductsandfactorsofproduction)b).Commonexternaltradepolicyc).Acommoncurrency,taxrates,monetaryandfiscalpolicyEx.EU4).EconomicUnionP16a).Hasal5)PoliticalUnion
P17a)Moreintegratedthananeconomicunionb)acoordinatingbureaucracy5)PoliticalUnionP17EU(EuropeanUnion)
歐洲聯(lián)盟歐盟盟歌:貝多芬第九交響曲《歡樂頌》銘言:多元一體歐洲日:5月9日EU(EuropeanUnion)
歐洲聯(lián)盟歐盟盟歌:貝多1951~19526國(法、德、意、荷、比、盧)
《巴黎條約》--煤鋼共同體1957~1958《羅馬條約》--歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體
--歐洲原子能共同體1965《布魯塞爾條約》--歐洲共同體1967(關(guān)稅同盟)-對(duì)外實(shí)行統(tǒng)一的關(guān)稅率1991《馬斯特里赫特條約》“馬約”
《歐洲聯(lián)盟條約》-歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)與貨幣聯(lián)盟
-政治聯(lián)盟條約1993歐洲聯(lián)盟成立
--(商品、人員、資本和勞務(wù)自由流通)
(共同市場(chǎng))1995~2002歐元從正名到正式流通
(經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟)
2004《歐盟憲法條約》2005~2006小分隊(duì)(政治聯(lián)盟)1951~19526國(法、德、意、荷、比、盧)Ⅱ.TransactionalInstitutionsandWorldTradeGeneralagreementontariffsandtrade(GATT)Worldtradeorganization(WTO)Internationalmonetaryfund(IMF)WorldbankRegionalinstitutionsBrettonWoodSystemⅡ.TransactionalInstitutionsaBrettonWoodSystem194444countriesInternationalMonetarySystem《國際貨幣基金組織》世界銀行WorldBank(中長(zhǎng)期)國際貨幣基金組織IMF(短期)國際貿(mào)易組織GATTexchangerate(Fixedvalue)–gold–dollarBrettonWoodSystemInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)DevelopedoutoftheBrettonWoodsagreementin1944.Offersgoldandconstituentcurrenciesavailabletomembersforcurrencystabilization.Itwasthegoaloriginallytoprovideforfixedexchangeratesbetweencountries.InternationalMonetaryFund(IWorldBankTheinternationalbankforreconstructionanddevelopmentFormedin1944,itprovideseconomicassistanceforthereconstructionofwar-tornand,morerecently,loanstodevelopingcountries.WorldBankTheinternationalbaRegionalInstitutionsEuropeanUnion(EU)NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)Mercosur-LatinAmericaGulfCooperationCouncil(GCC)RegionalInstitutionsEuropeanWTOHomepage
TradeTopicsThecreationoftheWTOhasgreatlybroadenedthescopeofinternationaltradeagreements.WTOHomepage
TradeTopicsThec國際市場(chǎng)營銷Internationalmarketing國際市場(chǎng)營銷InternationalmarketingWhichinternationalizationphilosophybestdescribestheDisneyAbroad?EthnocentricorintationAmericancultureTokyoPairsHongkongWhichinternationalizationphiChapter2.TheInternationalMarketingEnvironment(Ⅰ)GovernmentBarriers:
Nationalgovernments,especiallygovernmentsindevelopingcountries,keepatightcontroloverforeigninvestment.TarrifBarriesNon-tarrifBarriesChapter2.TheInternationalMInternationalCompetition:.
--blockingchannelsofdistribution-bindingretailersintoexclusiveagreementsslashingpricestemporarilytopreventproductadopetionInternationalCompetition:.Ⅰ.Regionaleconomicintegration區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化19421950
referstoagreementsamonycountriesinageographicregiontoreduce,andultimatelyremove,tariffandnontariffbarrierstothefreeflowofgoods,services,andfactorsofproductionbetweeneachother.Ⅰ.Regionaleconomicintegrati一個(gè)地理區(qū)域內(nèi)各國一致同意減少并最終消除關(guān)稅和非關(guān)稅壁壘,以便做到相互之間商品,服務(wù)和生產(chǎn)要素的自由流動(dòng)。Severallevelsofeconomicintegration
>>FreeTradeArea(自由貿(mào)易區(qū))>>CustomsUnion(關(guān)稅同盟)>>CommonMarket(共同市場(chǎng))>>EconomicUnion(經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟)>>PoliticalUnion(政治聯(lián)盟)一個(gè)地理區(qū)域內(nèi)各國一致同意減少并最終消除關(guān)稅和非關(guān)稅壁壘,以1)FreeTradeArea(自由貿(mào)易區(qū))a)Nobarrierstotradeamongmembersb)Eachcountrymaintainsitsowntradebarriersfornonmembers.
Key:各個(gè)成員國之間商品和服務(wù)的所有壁壘都沒取消Ex:EFTA(TheEuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)(歐洲自由貿(mào)易區(qū))1)establishedin19602)8--4countries3)freetradeinindustrialgoods1)FreeTradeArea(自由貿(mào)易區(qū))NAFTA
北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)TheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)createdtheworld’slargestfreemarket.417millionU.S.,Canadian,andMexicanconsumersandatotaloutputof$11trillion.NAFTA
北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)TheNorthAmericaBackgroundJanpanandEU1980Reagan1983Canada1985-1988American&Canada1992American&Canada&Mexico1994BillClintonbecominglawinJanuary1,1994Background>>thecontentsofNAFTA:abolitionoftariffs:99%ofgoodsremovalofmostbarriersonserviceprotectionofintellectualpropertyrightsremovalofmostrestrictiononFDIapplicationofnationalenvironmentalstandardstwocommissions:forhealth,safety,wagesorchildlabor.>>thecontentsofNAFTA:Argument:AgricultureAmerican&Mexico
Argument:Agriculture2).CustomsUnion
a)Notradebarriersinsideb)withcommonexternaltradepolicy(P16)c)desiringgreaterintegrationEx.earlierEUAndeanPact(安第斯條約)*Peru,Bolivia,Ecuador,Colombia*developingcountries*resource2).CustomsUniona)Notradeba3).CommonMarketAreaP16a)Nobarrierstotradeb)Commonexternaltradepolicyc)Factorsofproduction(生產(chǎn)要素)movingfreely
Factorsofproduction(labor,capital,technology)d)Harmonyandcooperationonfiscal,monetaryandemploymentpolicies.Ex:EU3).CommonMarketAreaP16a)No南方共同市場(chǎng)(MERCOSUR)亞松森條約Argentina,Brazil,Paraguay,Uruguay1995南方共同市場(chǎng)(MERCOSUR)4).EconomicUnionP16a).Hasallthecharacteristicsofacommonmarket.
(freeflowofproductsandfactorsofproduction)b).Commonexternaltradepolicyc).Acommoncurrency,taxrates,monetaryandfiscalpolicyEx.EU4).EconomicUnionP16a).Hasal5)PoliticalUnion
P17a)Moreintegratedthananeconomicunionb)acoordinatingbureaucracy5)PoliticalUnionP17EU(EuropeanUnion)
歐洲聯(lián)盟歐盟盟歌:貝多芬第九交響曲《歡樂頌》銘言:多元一體歐洲日:5月9日EU(EuropeanUnion)
歐洲聯(lián)盟歐盟盟歌:貝多1951~19526國(法、德、意、荷、比、盧)
《巴黎條約》--煤鋼共同體1957~1958《羅馬條約》--歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體
--歐洲原子能共同體1965《布魯塞爾條約》--歐洲共同體1967(關(guān)稅同盟)-對(duì)外實(shí)行統(tǒng)一的關(guān)稅率1991《馬斯特里赫特條約》“馬約”
《歐洲聯(lián)盟條約》-歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)與貨幣聯(lián)盟
-政治聯(lián)盟條約1993歐洲聯(lián)盟成立
--(商品、人員、資本和勞務(wù)自由流通)
(共同市場(chǎng))1995~2002歐元從正名到正式流通
(經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟)
2004《歐盟憲法條約》2005~2006小分隊(duì)(政治聯(lián)盟)1951~19526國(法、德、意、荷、比、盧)Ⅱ.TransactionalInstitutionsandWorldTradeGeneralagreementontariffsandtrade(GATT)Worldtradeorganization(WTO)Internationalmonetaryfund(IMF)WorldbankRegionalinstitutionsBrettonWoodS
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