實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)會(huì)平等應(yīng)有期

看法認(rèn)為，我國(guó)貧富差別擴(kuò)大的根源在市場(chǎng)化持這種觀點(diǎn)的人常常其實(shí)這種論調(diào)對(duì)于效率與關(guān)系的解釋是不確切的收入不可以由不同的原因造成：它可以是由機(jī)會(huì)不或者起點(diǎn)不造成，也可以是結(jié)果不的直接表現(xiàn)。奧肯所說(shuō)的效率與間的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系，存在于后一種情況下。至于機(jī)會(huì)的程度，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，卻是與效率的高低正相關(guān)的。例如過(guò)去高考和就業(yè)中存在的“學(xué)好數(shù)理化，不一個(gè)好”的情況，就是發(fā)揮專(zhuān)業(yè)積極性和提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效率的極大。，經(jīng)濟(jì)系。曾師從著名派阿·。1983年赴耶魯大學(xué)做研究員?，F(xiàn)任發(fā)展研究員政治協(xié)商會(huì)議常務(wù)委員、經(jīng)濟(jì)，副，中國(guó)院教授、中國(guó)國(guó)際金融首席②活動(dòng)：70年代以來(lái)，一些西方學(xué)者在分析社會(huì)現(xiàn)象時(shí)，提出了“”理論。以為代表的發(fā)現(xiàn)的根本原因在于運(yùn)用行力對(duì)企業(yè)和個(gè)人的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的干預(yù)權(quán)力，那么這種干預(yù)和便可能妨礙市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，同時(shí)也為創(chuàng)造了憑借個(gè)力取得超額收入的機(jī)會(huì)。（A·Krueger）在《社會(huì)的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)（ThePoliticalEconomyoftheRent-SeekingSociety）中，把這種超額收入稱(chēng)為“（rent（rent-seeking的現(xiàn)代化過(guò)程中，都出現(xiàn)了活動(dòng)泛濫的情況。③奧肯(ArthurOkun1926-1980)：,1962年提出了經(jīng)驗(yàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律。奧肯在對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率與失業(yè)率之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行研究之后揭示出如下規(guī)律：△u=-0.5(y-2.25)。公式中的△u表示失業(yè)率的變化，y2.25%時(shí)，當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率低于2.25%law“準(zhǔn)的理論，我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)界就有人文章，探討中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)奧肯定律偏離的問(wèn)題。獲獎(jiǎng)譯 中譯JinglianWu:“EqualityofOpportunity”CanBeTheestablishmentofalaw-ernedmarketeconomyhelpstocurbtherent-seekingactivitiesandrealizeequalityofopportunity,whichwillbebeneficialtotheimprovementofefficiencyandrealizationofequal easwell. eandtheexcessivegapbetweentherichandthepoorisaseriousproblemfacingoursocietyforthetimebeing.Thenewernmenthaslaidgreatemphasisonprotectionoftheinterestsofthedisadvantagedgroups,takingaseriesofmeasures,suchasagriculturaltaxreform,raisingfarmers’ e,andassistanceforpeopletocollecttheirduewages.Thechallengeinthecomingyearfortheernmentwillbehowtomakemoreeffectiveeffortstonarrowdownthegapbetweentherichandthepoor.Firstandforemost,therootcauseofthecontinualenlargementofthegapbetweentherichandthepoorshouldbemadeclearinordertoseekappropriateremedytosolvetheproblem.Someattributethecausetothemarketreforminourcountry.OftenquotingthetheoryofAmericaneconomistArthurOkunon“themutualswitchoverbetweenefficiencyandequality(negativecorrelation)”,theycriticizedthatthedistributionprincipleof“givingprioritytoefficiencywhiletakingfairnessintoconsideration”inrelationtoChina’smarketorientationreformisself-contradictory,andevencanbeconsideredas“hangingupasheep’sheadsellingasdogmeat(abehaviorofdeception)”.However,thisinterpretationoftherelationshipbetweenefficiencyandequalityisnotexact. emaybecausedbyvariousreasons:itmaybetheconsequenceofunequalopportunityorstartingpoint,orthedirectreflectionofunequalresult.ThenegativecorrelationbetweenefficiencyandequalityaccordingtoOkunliesinthelatter.Withregardtotheextentofequalityofopportunity,generallyspeaking,itpositivelycorrelateswithefficiency.Forinstance,inthecollegeentranceexaminationandjobseekinginthepast,agoodacademicperformancewasoflesshelpthanhavingafatherofhighsocialstatus,whichwasagreatobstaclefortheenthusiasmrousingofprofessionalsandtheimprovementofeconomicefficiency.參考譯文中譯英“EqualOpportunity”MustBeAchievedSoonerRatherThan“EqualOpportunity”MustBeAchievedSoonerRatherThanLaterByWuJinglianTheestablishmentofalaw-ernedmarketeconomywillhelpcurbrent-seekingactivitiesandcontributetotheprovisionofequalopportunityforall.Therefore,itwillencouragethepromotionofefficiencyandequaldistributionof einoursociety.Oneofthemostseriousproblemsoursocietyiscurrentlyfacedwithisinequalityin distributionandtheexistenceoftoobigagapbetweenrichandpoor.Thenewlyelectedernmentisverymuchconcernedwiththeinterestsofthedisadvantaged,andhastodatetakenaseriesofmeasures----reformsonagriculturetax,increasingfarmers’ eanddemandingpaymentdueforoff-farmworkers,tomentionjustafew.Now,thequestionarisesastohowernmentwillmoreeffectivelybridgethatgapinthenewFirstofall,wehavetoidentifythedeeply-rootedcausesforthecurrentlygrowinggapbetweenrichandpoorbeforeweareabletosecurethemosteffectiveprescriptionfortheproblem.SomepeoplebelievethatitisChina’smarket-orientedreformthathasresultedinthewideninggap,andtheyoftenquoteOkun’slaw,atheorydevelopedbyAmericaneconomistArthurOkun,ontheexistenceofatrade-offbetweenefficiencyandequality(negativecorrelation)blamingourdistributionprinciple----“Efficiencycomesfirstwithreasonableconsiderationtoequality"asbeingself-contradictoryorevenas“cryingupwineandsellingTherealityisthattheirinterpretationofOkun’sefficiency-equalityrelationshipisfarfrombeingaccurate.Therearevariousreasonsfortheexistenceof einequality.Foronething,itmayarisefrominequalityofopportunityorfromdifferentstartingpositionsontheladdersofopportunity.Foranother,itmayjustbearepresentationofunequalconsequences.Okun’sargumentonnegativecorrelationbetweenefficiencyandequalityonlyappliestothelatter.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatthereisapositivecorrelationbetweenthedegreeofequalopportunityandthatofequalefficiency.Forexample,thereusedtobeapopularsayinginChinaconcerninguniversityadmittanceandjob-hunting,whichgoeslike“Anacademicallyexcellentstudentpalesbycomparisontosomeonewithafatherofgoodbackground.”That,ofcourse,tookawaytheincentivesofprofessionalsandverymuchreducedeconomicefficiencyinoursociety.點(diǎn) 中譯本文選自于2005年2月在《財(cái)經(jīng)》雜志上的題為《實(shí)現(xiàn)“機(jī)會(huì)”應(yīng)有期》Generalspeaking,(GenerallyIngenerallyspeaking,(GenerallyItisaseriousproblemfacingbyourcountry(……facedby……)4.promotionthe eofpeasants,(topromotethe eoffarmers)The ernmentgivesprioritytoprotecttheinterestsofthepoor,（介詞用法Newernmenthaspaidseriousattentiontoprotectinterestsoftheweak,（冠詞、介詞用法Theestablishmentoflawmarketeconomycontributestorestraintheactivityofrent-seeking（介8.（something）iswhatsayonethinganddoanother.（賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)問(wèn)題Sothe ernmentwithanewlevelareattachinggreatimportancetoprotecttheinterestoftheminoritycommunity(介詞、單復(fù)數(shù)等問(wèn)題)Theproblems，suchastheimbalanceofthe e，theever-enlarginggapbetweenthepoorandtherichwhichresultinmanyprominentimpactsinourcountry（句子結(jié)構(gòu)不成立）Thereisakindofattitudeattributestherootofrich-and-poorgaptothemarketizationInfactthisviewaboutrelationshipbetweenefficiencyandequalityisnotproperly.（形容詞和Asaresult,thisactivityisbenefitforproductivityaswellasthefairnessof e.（動(dòng)詞和First,weshouldfigureoutthebasiccauseforthecontinuousexpandofgapbetweentherichandthepoor,inngso,canwefindouttherightsolutionandrollouttheproblem.Oneoftheviewsisthatthereformofmarketizaionrootsinwideningthisgap.（動(dòng)詞和名詞之間的區(qū)別，搭Therefore,itnotonlycanhelptoincreasetheefficiency,butalsoto plishtheidealthateveryonehasthesame ItTakesTimetoRealizeEqualOpportunity（最好將realize改為achieve，但整個(gè)句子與原上面這個(gè)可以很長(zhǎng)很長(zhǎng)，我們先就此打住。下面我來(lái)談一下如何處理具有“回譯”性質(zhì)“奧肯定律”的英文表達(dá)有所了解，不然的話十有會(huì)說(shuō)出外行話。本次擂臺(tái)賽在給出原andequalityareinter-repalceable等說(shuō)法都是自創(chuàng)出來(lái)的，很可能別人不懂你的意思，即使明最后談一談幾個(gè)具有詞語(yǔ)的翻譯“法制的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)”可譯為alaw-regulatedmarketeconomy，alaw-basedmarketeconomy或amarketeconomybasedon(under)theruleoflaw,alaw-ernedmarketeconomy等。thedisadvantaged比較合適，YOPwasonlyintendedtohelptheunemployedandthosewhohaddifficultyinfindingjobs----thedisadvantaged.Whatarethebenefitsforthepoor,thehomeless,thedisadvantagedintheeducationworldheraldedbythenewlegislation?Thelastfourteenyearshavebeenacatalogueofdisasterafterdisasterforallsectionsofthesociety,andespeciallythedisadvantaged----theyoung,theelderly,thedisabledandthethedisadvantaged指那些窮人、無(wú)家可歸者、失業(yè)者、市場(chǎng)人民大學(xué)2002-2003社會(huì)發(fā)展《更加公正的社會(huì)》中對(duì)“弱勢(shì)群體”有如下定socialvulnerablegroups。它主要是一個(gè)用來(lái)分析現(xiàn)代社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益和社會(huì)權(quán)力分配社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)不協(xié)調(diào)、不合理的概念。在社會(huì)學(xué)、政治會(huì)政策研究等領(lǐng)域中，它是一個(gè)概念”筆者沒(méi)有采用socialvulnerablegroups的譯法，原因是該譯法學(xué)術(shù)味兒過(guò)濃、不夠通俗，而文章中所socialvulnerablegroupssociallyvulnerablegroups?！稗r(nóng)民工”的英譯可謂五花八門(mén)，僅筆者見(jiàn)過(guò)的就有peasantworkers，migrantworkers，ruralworkers，farmers-turnedconstructionworkers等。筆者認(rèn)為，上述譯法均有不足。早在上個(gè)世紀(jì)七十年代許多英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)就將漢語(yǔ)“農(nóng)民譯為peasant不妥應(yīng)該用farmer一詞。當(dāng)時(shí)的中中就有thepoorandlower-middlepeasants（貧下中農(nóng)）的說(shuō)法。而ruralworkers的意思則不夠明確，很容易產(chǎn)生歧義，人們很容易將其理解為rurallabours；至于farmers-turnedconstructionworkers的譯法，其主要問(wèn)題是界定范圍太窄，不能涵蓋“農(nóng)民工”的所指范圍。migrantworkers這一譯法國(guó)內(nèi)英文常采用，但九十年代末的一份文件（FactSheetNo.24,TheRightsofMigrantWorkers）卻給出了如下定義：Theterm"migrantworker"referstoa whoistobeengaged,isengagedorhasbeenengagedinaremuneratedactivityinaStateofwhichheorsheisnotanational.顯然migrantworkers此處是其實(shí)英語(yǔ)中就有off-farm eoff-work是指農(nóng)民離開(kāi)土地到城里所從事的工作，如果這類(lèi)工作是季節(jié)性的，可以說(shuō)seasonaloff-farmwork，如果是長(zhǎng)期工則說(shuō)permanentoff-farmwork。請(qǐng)看下面的例句：1）However,inalmostallcasestheoff-farmworkwasofaseasonalnature,lastingnomorethan6to8weeks.Factorywor