英美概況復(fù)習(xí)

/19BritainGeography?Size:242,514squarekilometers?Population:about60,000,000TheIrishSeaseparatesEnglandfromIreland.Britain'soilrig油井設(shè)備）isintheNorthSea.ThreecountriesmakeupGreatBritain.（England,Wales,Scotland）WhatnationalityarethepeopleofNorthernIreland?BritishInwhichcountryistheLakeDistrict?InthewestofEnglandWherearetheBritishskiresorts（滑雪勝地）？InScotlandWhatistheBritishNationalAnthem? GodSavetheKing/QueenWhatistheBritishnationalflaglike? TheUnionJack/FlagDoesBritainhaveaNationalDay?1March,St.David'sDayWales17March,St.Patrick'sDayNorthernIrelandandRepublicofIreland23April,St.George'--sDagland30November,St.Andrew'sDay—ScotlandEngland:ThePennies（奔寧山脈）aretheprincipalmountainchain.（backboneofEngland”ThehighestpeakofEngland,Scafell（斯科菲爾峰） （978m）,isintheLakeDistrict.Rivers,Lakes&CoastlineinUK:?theSevern（塞汶河）（338km）:thelongestriver?theThamesRiver:secondlargest,mostimportant?LoughNeagh（內(nèi)伊湖） inNorthernIrelandisthelargestlakeintheUnitedKingdom.?theLakeDistrict（湖泊地區(qū)）PeopleWhatdoyouknowabouttheStonehenge（巨石陣）？WhatdoesEnglandmean?EnglandthelandoftheAnglesWhatdoyouknowaboutJuliusCaesar?凱撒WhoisWilliamtheConqueror? （英國(guó)國(guó)王威廉一世， WilliamI）PoliticsWhatmakesagoodgovernment?Whatarethethreebranchesofgovernmentregardinglaws?WhatformofgovernmentdoesBritaintake?WhoisheadoftheUnitedKingdom?WhoisheadofBritishgovernment?Terms:ConstitutionalMonarchy（君主立憲制） ：Theheadofstateisakingoraqueen,whohasmainlyadvisoryandceremonialresponsibilities.Devolution（相傳，轉(zhuǎn)移）：*thestatutory（法定的）grantingofpowersfromthecentralgovernmentofasovereignstatetogovernmentatalowerlevel,suchasaregional,local,orstatelevel.Constituency/Constituent（選區(qū)）：Aconstituencyisusuallyageographicalareathatsendsone（ormore）memberstothenationalparliament.TheBuckinghamPalace（白金漢宮）："Queen'sHouse"ItisusednotonlyasthehomeofTheQueenandherhusband,theDuke（公爵）ofEdinburgh,butalsofortheadministrativeworkforthemonarch.ItishereinthestateapartmentsthatHerMajesty（王權(quán)）receivesandentertainsguestsinvitedtothePalace.TheWhitehall:WhitehallisaroadinWestminsterinLondon.Itisthemainartery（干道）runningnorthfromParliamentSquare,towardsthesouthernendofTrafalgarSquareandmarkedbythestatueofCharlesI,whichisoftenregardedastheheartofLondon.ThePalaceofWestminster:（HousesofParliament/WestminsterPalace）ItisthemeetingplaceofthetwohousesoftheParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom—theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.Parliament&theStateOpeningofParliament:Anannualeventthatmarksthecommencement（開(kāi)始）ofasession（會(huì)議）oftheParliamentofUK.ItisheldintheHouseofLords,usuallyinNovemberorDecember,orinageneralelectionyear,whenthenewParliamentfirstassembles.Generalelection/by-electionCabinet/Shadowcabinet:collectiveresponsibility.TheLawLords:Highlyqualified,full-timejudgeswhocarryoutthejudicialworkoftheHouseofLords.WhatarethetwohousesofParliament?TheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthetwohouses?Whichhouseismorepowerful?ThemainfunctionsofParliament:TopasslawsToprovide,byvotingfortaxation,themeansofcarryingontheworkofgovernment.Toscrutinize(纟田閱) governmentpolicyandadministration,includingproposalsforexpenditure(支出).Todebatethemajorissuesoftheday.WhocanstandasanMP(MemberofParliament)?PeoplewishingtostandasanMPmustbeover21yearsofage,andaBritishcitizen,orcitizenofaCommonwealthcountryortheRepublicofIreland.WhenanMPgetsthemostvotesforhisconstituency(localarea)hegainsaseat.HowAreMPsElected?Generalelection,by-election,constituencies&constituentsWhoPresidesOvertheHouseofCommons?theSpeakerHowLawsAreMadeinBritain? 3readings+3readings+RoyalAssent注：MoneyBillsraiseorspendpublicmoney(suchastheFinanceBill),andstartonlyintheHouseofCommons.WhoIsPM(primeminister)inBritain?Theleaderofthepartythatwonthegeneralelection;TheHeadofHerMajesty'sGovernment;ThefunctionofPM:PMisresponsiblefornominatingallothermembersofthegovernment,chairing(擔(dān)任主席，使就任要職)CabinetmeetingsanddecidingwhentocallanewgeneralelectionfortheHouseofCommons.ThePrimeMinistercanalsomakenominationstoseniorpositionsintheChurchofEngland,nominatejudgesandproposethecreationofnewlifepeers.WhichBritishministerrepresentsBritainataninternationalmeeting?ForeignSecretary(外務(wù)大臣)Whichdecideshowmuchtaxpeopleshouldpayontheirincome?ChancelloroftheExchequer(財(cái)務(wù)大臣)Whichministerannouncesreformsinthelegalsystem?HomeSecretary(內(nèi)務(wù)大臣)Conclusion:3powersinthecentralgovernmenttheExecutive:Monarch(head);PM;theCabinet;thePrivyCouncil (樞密院)theLegislature:Monarch(anintegralpart);ParliamenttheJudiciary“Firstpast-the-post”O(jiān)Ungisatermreferringtoanelectiondeterminedbythehighestpolling(投票)candidate(s)(候選人).InUKitmeansthatwithineachconstituencyasinglevoteiscastforonecandidateandthecandidatewhowinsthehighestnumberofvotesbecomestheelectedMPJusticeandLawinBritainListsomefeaturesofBritishjudicialsystem.AlthoughUKisaunitedcountry,itdoesnothaveasingle,unifiedjudicialsystem—EnglandandWaleshaveonesystem,ScotlandanotherandNorthernIrelandathird.Nowrittenconstitution(成文憲法)inasingledocumentinUK.TheBritishlawandpoliticsarecloselyintertwined.NoMinistryofJusticeuntilMay9,2007WhataretheprimarysourcesofBritishlaw?unwrittenorcommonlaw習(xí)慣法(customsandprecedents)statutes成文法*FormalwrittenlawspassedbytheWestminsterorScottishParliaments;*theultimatesourceofBritishlaw*Supremeovermostotherformsoflaws.Equitylaw衡平法(Asupplementary補(bǔ)充)meanstodealwithcasesnotcoveredbycommonlaw.)EuropeanUnionLaw(TheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights)Howarecourtsdividedaccordingtothenatureofcases?Theprincipalcourtsystemisdividedintocriminalandcivilcourtsaccordingtothenatureofcrimes.?SupremeCourt:Octoberrevolution(FromOct.1st,2009,andforthefirsttimeinitshistory,theUnitedKingdomhasasupremecourt.)?Magistrates'(地方1法庭) ：Amagistrates ‘courtcettyosdsofcpis簡(jiǎn)易法庭,isthelowestlevelofcourtinEnglandandWales.Amagistrates'courtispresidedoverbyatribunal(法庭)consistingoftwoormore(mostcommonlythree)justicesofthepeace(alsoknownasmagistrates)orbyadistrictjudge(formerlyknownasastipendiarymagistrate),anddispensessummaryjustice,underpowersusuallydefinedbystatute(法規(guī))magistrate(JusticeofPeace)laymagistrate(協(xié)警)stipendiarymagistrate(paid,professional)minoroffences(calledsummaryoffences)即卩訣案件either-waycases可上訴可不上訴案件indictablecases上訴案件?CrownCourt:usu.ajudgeandajury（陪審團(tuán)），hearsappeals（上訴） fromthemagistrate'scourt.WhatistheroleoftheLordChancellor?TheLordChancellorisamemberoftheCabinetand,bylaw,isresponsiblefortheefficientfunctioningandindependenceofthecourts.（SecretaryofStateforJustice）TheLordChancellorusedtobethepresidingofficeroftheHouseofLords,andtheheadofthejudiciaryinEnglandandWales,buttheConstitutionalReformAct2005transferredtheserolestotheLordSpeakerandtheLordChiefJusticerespectively.Solicitor（律師）Barrister（專門(mén)律師）oradvocate（Scotland）TheCriminalProceedingsRightsofadetainedperson:“Apersonisinnocentuntilprovenguilty. ”"Ifyouareaskedquestionsaboutasuspect（（有嫌疑的） ofense,youdon'thavetosayanythinguniessyouwishtodoso,butwhatyousaymaybegiveninevidenee.TorFAdetainedpersonmustalwaysanswerapoliceofficer 'squestion.Adetainedpersonmaymakeonefreephonecall.Apoliceofficermustbepresentifadetainedpersonspeakstoasolicitor.Adetainedpersonisnotallowedtoseewhatthepolicehavewrittenabouthim/her.Thepoliceshouldnotdetainanyoneformorethan24hourswithoutactuallychargingthem.Tribunal:Amoreinformalandlessexpensivealternativetocivilandcriminalcourtsisatribunal,whichhandlesminorcasesoutsidetheofficialcourtsystem.Tribunalsaremadeupoflaypeople（外行人）andareregulatedbythelaw.Theysettledisputesbetweenprivatecitizens,grievances抱怨，不平）betweenemployersandemployees.TheJudiciary:TherewasnoMinistryofJusticeinUKuntilMay,2007.CentralresponsibilitylieswiththeLordChancellor,theHomeSecretaryandtheAttorney（律師，代理人） General.Police:Beat/patrol（巡邏）/CID（英國(guó)刑事調(diào)查局， CriminalInvestigationDepartment）Bobby（警察） ScotlandYard（TheheadquartersofMetropolitan（大都市的，大主教轄區(qū)的）PoliceForcewhichisunderthedirectcontroloftheHomeSecretary（內(nèi)務(wù)大臣））TreatmentofOffendersWhatarethechiefaimsofpenalsystem?Todeter（制止）thepotentiallaw-breakersandtoreformtheconvictedoffenders（罪犯）.Canyousuggestdifferentwaystopunishoffenders?communityservicefinebail（保釋）probation（緩刑） orsuspendedsentencelifeimprisonment（終生監(jiān)禁）（onlyapplicabletodefendantsaged21orover）capitalpunishmentPS:Thereisnodeathpenalty（死刑）inBritaintodayalthoughitwasonlyabolishedin1965.TheRuleofLaw:Everyoneisbound（約束）bythelaw.Allpersonsareequalbeforethelaw.Lawandordermustbemaintainedthroughtheofficialsandinstitutionsofthestate.Legalredress（賠償） （orcompensation）isprovidedforcitizenswithcomplaints.Thelawandlegalprocessandpersonnelshouldbeindependentofpoliticalinterference.BritishWayofLifeMainTypesofHousesinEngland?Detached分離的?Semi-detached?Terraced（有階地的） house?Flats（apartments）DOSandDON'TS（Taboos）inEngland?Standinline.?Takeyourhatoffwhenyougoindoors（menonly）.?CoveryourMouthwhenyoucough.?ShakeHandsWhenyouarefirstintroducedtosomeone.?Driveontheleftsideoftheroad.TableManners?Neverlickorputyourknifeinyourmouth.?Itisimpolitetostarteatingbeforeeveryonehasbeenservedunlessyourhostsaysthatyoudon'tneedtowait.?Neverchewwithyourmouthopen.?Itisimpolitetohaveyourelbowsonthetablewhileyouareeating.?Don'treachoversomeone'splateforsomething,askfortheitemtobepassed.?Nevertalkwithfoodinyourmouth.?Neverblowyournoseonanapkin.Napkinsarefordabbingyourlipsandonlyforthat.?Nevertakefoodfromyourneighbors'plate.?Neverpickfoodoutofyourteethwithyourfingernails.?Itisimpolitetoputtoomuchfoodinyourmouth.?Neveruseyourfingerstopushfoodontoyourspoonorfork.?Itisimpolitetoslurp（出聲地吃）yourfoodoreatnoisily.Superstitions（迷信） inBritainGoodLuck:Luckytomeetablackcat.Luckytotouchwood.Wetouch/knockonwoodtomakesomethingcometrue.Luckytofindaclover（三葉草）plantwithfourleaves.Horseshoesaregenerallyasignofgoodluckandfeatureonmanygoodluckcards.CatchfallingleavesinAutumnandyouwillhavegoodluck.Everyleafmeansaluckymonthnextyear.?Cutyourhairwhenthemooniswaxingandyouwillhavegoodluck.BadLuck:Unluckytowalkunderneathaladder.Sevenyearsbadlucktobreakamirror.Unluckytospill（溢）salt.Ifyoudo,youmustthrowitoveryourshouldertocounteract（抵消）thebadluck.Unluckytoopenanumbrellaindoors.Thenumber13isunlucky.Fridaythethirteenthisaveryunluckyday.Unluckytoputnewshoesonthetable.Onemustremembernottogiveanumbrellaasagiftorplaceitonthetopofatableorontopofabed.Oneshouldalsotrytoavoiddroppingitonthefloorallthiswouldbringbadluck.FestivalsandPublicHolidaysinBritainChristmasDay（NotChristmasEve）EasterSundayGoodFridaytheCrucifixion（刑罰，苦難） ofJesusWhitSundaythedescent（下降）oftheHolyspirittoChrist 's信postlesthe7thSundayafterEasterLaborDay（1stMondayinMay）theSpringBankHoliday（lastMondayinMay）theSummerBankHoliday（lastMondayinAug.）GuyFawkesNight（November5）Queen'sOfficialBirthday（2ndThursdayinJune）TroopingtheColorReligioninBritainWhatisthedominantreligioninBritain?ThemainreligioninBritainisChristianity.MostChristiansbelongtotheChurchofEnglandortheChurchofScotland.TheseareProtestantChurches.TherearealsomanyRomanCatholics.Whatreligiousgroupisthelargestnon-ChristiangroupinBritain?Muslimsarethelargestnon-Christianreligiousgroup—1.6million—andtheirprofileshowsayoung,tightlyclustered,butoftendisadvantaged,community.TheChurchofEnglandChristianitywithEnglishCharacteristic?TheSovereignmustbeamemberoftheChurchofEngland,SupremeGovernorand“DefenderoftheFaith”.Archbishops（大主教），bishops（主教）oftheChurchofEnglandanddeans（主持牧師）ofcathedralsareappointedbytheMonarchontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.TheChurchofEnglandislinkedwiththeStatethroughtheHouseofLordsinwhichthetwoarchbishopsofCanterburyandYork,thebishopsofLondon,DurhamandWinchester,and21otherseniorbishopshaveseats.TheUnitedStatesGeographyWhereisU.S.located?LiesbetweentheAtlantic（大西洋）andPacificOcean,CanadaandMexico.What'stheU.S.nationalflaglike?TheStar-spangledBanner/theStars&Stripes:whitepurityandinnocencered—hardiness&valorblue—vigilance,perseverance&justiceWhereisthehighestpointandthelowestpointinUS?Elevation（海拔）extremes:highestpoint:MountMcKinley,Alaska,20,320feetabovesealevel（+6,194m）lowestpoint:DeathValley,California,282feetbelowsealevel（-86m）TheUnitedStatesisacountryinthe 1（NorthAmerica）__.Itconsistsof__2（48）__contiguousstatesinNorthAmerica,__3__,apeninsula（半島）whichformsthenorthwesternpartofNorthAmerica,and__4__,anarchipelago （群島） inthePacificOcean.TheUnitedStatesshareslandborderswith5Canada_（tothenorth）and 6_Mexico_（tothesouth）,andaterritorial（領(lǐng)土的）waterborderwith7__inthenorthwest.Thecontiguousforty-eightstatesareboundedbythe__8Pacific_Oceanonthewest,the__9Atlantic Oceanontheeast,andthe__10 tothesoutheast.Alaskabordersthe__11Pacific Oceantothesouth,the__12__Straittothewest,andthe__13Arctic Oceantothenorth,while__14 liesfartothesouthwestofthemainlandinthePacificOcean.U.S.population:312,677,490;the3rdlargestinpopulation;Area:9,363,123sqkm;the4thlargestnationinsize.Thecapitalcity,Washington,DistrictofColumbia,isafederaldistrictlocatedonlanddonatedbythestateofMaryland（馬里蘭）.TheUnitedStatesalsohasoverseasterritorieswithvaryinglevelsofindependenceandorganization.MississippiRiver:thechiefriverofNorthAmericaandoneofthelargestintheworld.Itslengthis2,348miles（3,779km）.ItisoftencalledOldManRiverandtheFatherofWaters.OnthePacificsidethereare2greatrivers:theColorado（科羅拉多河） inthesouthandtheColumbia,whichrisesinCanada.（vitalsourceoflife）TheColoradoRiverrisesinthesnow-capped（覆蓋的）RockyMountains.Itflows2,330kmthroughmountains,plateaus（高原）anddeepcanyons（峽谷）andemptiesintotheGulf（海灣）ofCalifornia.TheRioGrandeRiver:*anaturalboundarybetweenUSandMexico.Rivers:TheHudson（哈得孫河）meetstheAtlanticOceanatNewYorkCityandthePotomac（波托馬可河）bordersthenationalcapitalofWashington,DC（哥倫比亞特區(qū)）.Terrain（地形）：hillsandlowmountainsineast;vastcentralplain;mountainsinwest;rugged（崎嶇的）mountainsandbroadrivervalleysinAlaska;rugged,volcanic（火山的）topographyinHawaiiGeographicalRegions:NewEngland:thebirthplaceofAmericatheMid-AtlanticStates:ShippingandtradehavebeenimportanttotheMid-Atlanticeconomysincethebeginningofthecolonialera.theSouth:13states:Virginia,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,Georgia,Florida,Alabama,Mississippi,Kentucky,Tennessee,Arkansas,Louisiana,OklahomaandTexastheMidwest:Ohio,Indiana,Michigan,Illinois,Wisconsin,Missouri,Iowa,Minnesota,Kansas,Nebraska,NorthandSouthDakotatheRockyMountainregionortheAmericanWest:Montana,Wyoming,Colorado,NewMexico,Arizona,Utah,Nevada,Idaho,partsofWashington,Oregon,andCaliforniathePacificCoasttheNewStates:AlaskaandHawaiiChicago:thelargestandbusiestportintheGreatLakesDetroit(底特律)：theautomobile(汽車(chē))capitalPeopleWhat'sthepoplationofUS?312,677,490;World7,000,000,000WhyisUScalled“anationofimmigrants”？LearningObjective:GetageneralknowledgeofthediverseculturesofUS.LearntheimpactofimmigrationontheAmericanculture.BefamiliarwiththemajoreventsoftheCivilRightsMovement.UnderstandthebasicvaluesandbeliefsoftheAmericanpeople?Chinatown?LittleItaly?LosAngeles(whichisSpanishfortheangels)?SanFrancisco(alsoSpanishwhichmeansSt.Francis)?Harlem,ablackresidentialareainNewYork(namedafteraDutch(荷蘭) villagecalledHaarlem)?NewYork(YorkisatowninEnglandandwhentheimmigrantssettledtheretheycalledit“NeWYork)Demographics:USisaveryurbanized(城市化的)nation,with81%ofthepopulationresidingincitiesandsuburbs(theworldwideurbanratewas49%).ThepopulationcenterofUShasconsistentlyshiftedwestwardandsouthward,withCalifornia(37,416,994in2011)andTexas(24,326,974in2011)currentlythemostpopulousstates.WASP:WhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestantsThemostpowerfulandinfluentialraceintheUnitedStatesPeopleofEnglishdescent（血統(tǒng)）whobelieveinProtestantismAlthoughtherearemanydenominationswithinProtestantism,allofthemshareacommonheritage（遺產(chǎn)）thathasbeenapowerfulforceinshapingthevaluesandbeliefsofAmericans.TheIndianCitizenshipActof1924grantedU.S.citizenshiptoallNativeAmericans.TheProclamationofEmancipation（1862）.CivilRightsMovementsinthe佃50s.ChineseImmigrantsinUS:theChineseExclusionActTheNaturalization（移入，移植） Actof1870America'sAppealforImmigrats:individualfreedom;materialwealth;equalityofopportunityPoliticalInstitutionsFocus:Federalism:Itisthedivisionofpowerbetweenacentralgovernmentandstategovernment.Eachlayer（層）ofgovernmenthasseparateanddistinctpowerslaiddownintheConstitution.SeparationofPowers（三權(quán)分立） ：Itmeanseachbranchofgovernmentscrutinizes（纟田閱，仔細(xì)檢查）andrestrains（抑制，約束）theotherbranchessoastopreventtheotherbranchesfromignoringoroverpoweringtheothers.ChecksandBalance制約與平衡ElectoralCollege:isaprocessthatbeganaspartoftheoriginaldesignoftheU.S.Constitution.TheElectoralCollegewasestablishedbythefoundingfathersasacompromisebetweenelectionofthepresidentbyCongressandelectionbypopularvote.ThepeopleoftheUnitedStatesvotefortheelectorswhothenvoteforthePresident.GeneralelectiontheCongresstheSenatetheHouseofRepresentativesANewWayofLifeintheNewWorld:*arepresentative（代議制的）formofgovernment*theruleoflaw*arespectofindividualrights*areligioustolerance*astrongspiritofindividualismTheFirstContinentalCongress:InSeptember1774,theFirstContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphiawhichencouragedAmericanstorefusetobuyBritishgoods.Colonialmilitiaunitswereorganized.TheRevolutionofIndependenceStarted（1775.4.19）theWarofIndependence/TheAmericanRevolutionaryWar（1775 —783）Treaty（條約，談判）ofParis（1783）theSecondContinentalCongress:InMay,1775,theSecondContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphia（費(fèi)城）.TheCongressfoundedaContinentalArmy（陸軍）andNavyunderthecommandofGeorgeWashington,aVirginianmilitia（民兵組織，義勇軍）commander（指揮官）.Italsoappointedacommitteetodraftaformaldeclaration.theDeclarationofIndependence（July4,1776）:“Weholdthesetruthstobese-lefvident:Thatallmenarecreatedequal;thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights;thatamongthesearelife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness;thattosecuretheserights,governmentsareinstitutedamongmen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned;thatwheneveranyformofgovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends,itistherightofthepeopletoalterortoabolishitSocialContractTheory（社會(huì)契約論）JohnLocke&Jean-JacquesRousseauThenotionofthesocialcontractimpliesthatthepeoplegiveupsovereigntytoagovernmentorotherauthorityinordertoreceiveormaintainsocialorderthroughtheruleoflaw.Thetheoryprovidedtheoreticalgroundwork（理論基礎(chǔ)）ofconstitutionalmonarchy,liberaldemocracyandrepublicanism.TheSocialContractwasusedintheUnitedStatesDeclarationofIndependenceasasignofenforcingDemocracy.ANewFormofGovernment:theArticlesofConfederation（邦聯(lián)條例）:Aconfederationisalooseassociationofindependentstatesthatcooperateonspecifiedmatters.TheArticlesofConfederationgrantedtheConfederationCongressexclusive（獨(dú)有的，排外的）authorityoverforeignpolicy,includingsendingandreceivingforeignambassadors,negotiatingtreatiesandalliances,andmakingdecisionsofwarandpeace.Ithadnopowertotax,couldn'ctontroltradebetweenthestatesandhadnowayofenforcingitslaw.Itlackedanindependentexecutivebranch,orlaw-makingbranch.Neitherwasthereanationalcourtsystem.TheArticlesformedanewnation theUnitedStatesofAmerica.Republicanism:Arepublicgovernmentisoneinwhichpeopleelectrepresentativestogovern.InthecaseofUS,thepeoplevoteformemberstotheHouseofRepresentativesandformembersoftheSenate.NationalSupremacy:Federalismcreatesaworkingpartnershipbetweenthe2levelsofgovernment.However,whenadisputearisesbetweenthem,thereisnodoubtwherethefinalauthoritylies.TheConstitutionisthe“supremelawoftheland”.Onlynationalcourtscansethedispute.ProvisionsforAmendments：ThedraftersoftheConstitutiondeviseda2-wayprocessbywhichtheConstitutioncouldbechanged.TheCongress,bya2/3voteineachhouse,mayinitiateanamendment.Orthelegislaturesof2/3ofthestatesmayaskCongresstocallanationalconventiontodiscussanddraftamendments.Ineithercase,amendmentsmusthavetheapprovalof3/4ofthestatesbeforetheygointoforce.theExecutiveBranch:PresidenttheExecutiveOfficeofPresident15executivedepartments60IndependentAgencies（中介）andCommissions（委員會(huì)）theExecutiveOfficeofthePresident（EOP）EntitiesinEOP:?CouncilofEconomicAdvisers?CouncilonEnvironmentalQuality?NationalSecurityStaff?OfficeofAdministration?OfficeofManagementandBudget?OfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicy?OfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy?OfficeoftheUnitedStatesTradeRepresentative?OfficeoftheVicePresident?WhiteHouseOfficetheCabinet:TheCabinetincludestheVicePresidentandtheheadsof15executivedepartments—theSecretariesofAgriculture,Commerce,Defense,Education,Energy,HealthandHumanServices,HomelandSecurity,HousingandUrbanDevelopment,Interior,Labor,State,Transportation,Treasury,andVeteransAffairs,aswellastheAttorneyGeneral.theIndependentAgencies:Responsibleforkeepingthegovernmentandtheeconomyworkingsmoothly.CIA;FederalReserveSystem;theOfficeofPersonnelManagementthePresidency:WhocanbePresidentoftheU.S.?Anatural-borncitizenoftheUS;Atleast35years;HasresidedintheUSfor14years.Howlongisthepresidentialterm?afour-yearpresidentialterm;HowisAmericanpresidentelected?constituenciestheElectoralCollege（535+3）GeneralElection（every4yearsthatcanbeevenlydividedby4;onthe1stTuesdayafterthefirstMondayofNovember）the“winn-etarke-all”systemInauguration（Jan.20ofthenextyear）.WhatpowersdoesAmericanpresidenthave?executivepowers:Presidentisresponsiblefortakingcarethatthelawsarefaithfullyexecuted.Hecanissuerules,regulationsandinstructions,calledexecutiveorder（s決議）,whichhavethebindingforceoflaw（法律約束力）uponfederalagencies.Pitarypowers:theCommander-in-ChiefofthearmedforcesoftheUnitedStateslegislativepowers:ThePresidentcanveto（否決）anybillpassedbyCongressandunless2/3ineachhousevotetooverride（推翻） theveto,thebilldoesnotbecomelaw.economicauthority（權(quán)力）：Thepresidentexerts（運(yùn)用，發(fā)揮）substantialinfluenceontheeconomiclifeofthenationsinceheismandated（委托統(tǒng)治的）bythelawstopreparethegovernment'sannualbudget（年度預(yù)算）.powersinforeignaffairs:Heappointsambassadors,ministersandconsuls（領(lǐng)事）--theymustbeapprovedbytheSenateandreceiveforeignambassadorsandotherpublicofficials.judicialpowers:givereprieves緩刑andpardons（赦免，原諒）infederalcriminalcases:appointfederaljudges,subject（受制于，服從）totheapprovaloftheSenate.ChecksonPresidentialPowers:ChecksfromtheConstitution:the4-yearterm;qualificationsofthepowerofthevetoInstitutionalChecksCongresscaninvestigatepresidentialactionsandcanimpeachandremovethepresidentfromoffice.Congresscanoverrideapresidentialvetobyatwo-thirdsvoteofbothhouses.Thepressmayrepresentanotherimportantcheckonthepowerofthepresident.theElectoralCollegeHowdoestheElectoralCollegework?Whywasthesystemchosen?WhathappensifnocandidategetsamajorityofElectoralCollegevotes?theLegislativeBranchWhatbodyisresponsibleforthelaw-makinginUS?HowarelawsmadeinUS?A2-chamber/BicameralCongress:theSenate:Thesenatorial（參議院的）electionisheldstate-wideineacheven-numberedyear.Thesenatorialtermis6years.theHouseofRepresentatives:MembersoftheHousemustbeatleast25yearsold;Americancitizensfor7yearsandresidentsofthestatesfromwhichtheyareelected.2-yeartermforaCongressmanWhocanbeaSenatorinUS?U.S.Senatorsmustbeatleast30yearsold;citizensoftheU.S.foratleast9yearsandresidentsofthestatesfromwhichtheyareelected.WhopresidesovertheSenate?PowersoftheCongress:ALaw-makingBodyConstitutionalPowersofCongressCongresshastheauthoritytoconfirmpresidentialappointmentofhighofficialsofthefederalgovernmentaswellasratify（批準(zhǔn)，認(rèn)可）alltreatiesbya2/3vote.TheHousehasthepowertoimpeach（byamajorityvote）,andtheSenatehasthepowertotryanycivilofficerincludingPresidentoftheUS.CongressisgrantedbytheConstitutiontocreatelowerfederalcourts,toprintandcoinmoney,raiseandsupportarmedforces,declarewarandregulate （調(diào)節(jié)，校準(zhǔn)） foreignandinterstatecommerce（洲際貿(mào)易