宇宙的起源英語

宇宙的起源英語懸賞分：30-解決時(shí)間：2021-3-2915:40需要做一個(gè)課件幫助找一篇文章，關(guān)于宇宙的起源，“BigBang〞theory以及地球早期的形成不用很長(zhǎng)，大概600-1000詞即可謝謝問題補(bǔ)充：感謝1L的朋友但是不用這么詳細(xì)稍微范一點(diǎn)就好不用太多專業(yè)術(shù)語，扯點(diǎn)霍金之類的只是大致的介紹...最好能給幾個(gè)問題，就當(dāng)給出的文章是英語閱讀..再出幾個(gè)問題〔3-5個(gè)〕謝謝提問者：wuzihao94-高級(jí)魔法師五級(jí)最正確答案TheBigBangisthecosmologicalmodeloftheinitialconditionsandsubsequentdevelopmentoftheuniversesupportedbythemostcomprehensiveandaccurateexplanationsfromcurrentscientificevidenceandobservation.[1][2]Asusedbycosmologists,thetermBigBanggenerallyreferstotheideathattheuniversehasexpandedfromaprimordialhotanddenseinitialconditionatsomefinitetimeinthepast,andcontinuestoexpandtothisday.ThescientistandRomanCatholicpriestGeorgesLema?treproposedwhatbecameknownastheBigBangtheoryoftheoriginoftheUniverse,althoughhecalledithis"hypothesisoftheprimevalatom".TheframeworkforthemodelreliesonAlbertEinstein'sgeneralrelativityandonsimplifyingassumptions(suchashomogeneityandisotropyofspace).ThegoverningequationshadbeenformulatedbyAlexanderFriedmann.AfterEdwinHubblediscoveredin1929thatthedistancestofarawaygalaxiesweregenerallyproportionaltotheirredshifts,assuggestedbyLema?trein1927,thisobservationwastakentoindicatethatallverydistantgalaxiesandclustershaveanapparentvelocitydirectlyawayfromourvantagepoint:thefartheraway,thehighertheapparentvelocity.[3]Ifthedistancebetweengalaxyclustersisincreasingtoday,everythingmusthavebeenclosertogetherinthepast.Thisideahasbeenconsideredindetailbackintimetoextremedensitiesandtemperatures,andlargeparticleacceleratorshavebeenbuilttoexperimentonandtestsuchconditions,resultinginsignificantconfirmationofthetheory,buttheseacceleratorshavelimitedcapabilitiestoprobeintosuchhighenergyregimes.Withoutanyevidenceassociatedwiththeearliestinstantoftheexpansion,theBigBangtheorycannotanddoesnotprovideanyexplanationforsuchaninitialcondition;rather,itdescribesandexplainsthegeneralevolutionoftheuniversesincethatinstant.Theobservedabundancesofthelightelementsthroughoutthecosmoscloselymatchthecalculatedpredictionsfortheformationoftheseelementsfromnuclearprocessesintherapidlyexpandingandcoolingfirstminutesoftheuniverse,aslogicallyandquantitativelydetailedaccordingtoBigBangnucleosynthesis.FredHoyleiscreditedwithcoiningthephrase"BigBang"duringa1949radiobroadcast,asaderisivereferencetoatheoryhedidnotsubscribeto.[4]Hoylelaterhelpedconsiderablyintheefforttofigureoutthenuclearpathwayforbuildingcertainheavierelementsfromlighterones.Afterthediscoveryofthecosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiationin1964,andespeciallywhenitsspectrum(i.e.,theamountofradiationmeasuredateachwavelength)sketchedoutablackbodycurve,mostscientistswerefairlyconvincedbytheevidencethatsomeBigBangscenariomusthaveoccurred

4答復(fù)者：tiffancen-助理四級(jí)

2021-3-2821:16我來評(píng)論>>提問者對(duì)于答案的評(píng)價(jià)：謝謝相關(guān)內(nèi)容?宇宙的起源

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2021-10-23?基督上帝在創(chuàng)造萬物后,在第六天造人,但為什么宇宙的起源比人類早了不知道多少億年?

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2021-8-19?html?fr=qrl&cid=951&index=3&fr2=query"宇宙的起源是沒有粒子的，爆炸后才出現(xiàn)的粒子。

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2021-8-19?理論上人類通過儀器是否能看到宇宙的起源？

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2021-7-1?佛教如何解釋宇宙的起源和結(jié)構(gòu)？

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2021-3-12

更多關(guān)于英文宇宙的問題>>查看同主題問題：宇宙的起源A2%D3%EF&fr=rtag&cid=951&index=2&fr2=query"英語其他答復(fù)

共1條Theproblemoftheoriginoftheuniverse,isabitliketheoldquestion:Whichcamefirst,thechicken,ortheegg.Inotherwords,whatagencycreatedtheuniverse.Andwhatcreatedthatagency.Orperhaps,theuniverse,ortheagencythatcreatedit,existedforever,anddidn'tneedtobecreated.Uptorecently,scientistshavetendedtoshyawayfromsuchquestions,feelingthattheybelongedtometaphysicsorreligion,ratherthantoscience.However,inthelastfewyears,ithasemergedthattheLawsofSciencemayholdevenatthebeginningoftheuniverse.Inthatcase,theuniversecouldbeselfcontained,anddeterminedcompletelybytheLawsofScience.Thedebateaboutwhether,andhow,theuniversebegan,hasbeengoingonthroughoutrecordedhistory.Basically,thereweretwoschoolsofthought.Manyearlytraditions,andtheJewish,ChristianandIslamicreligions,heldthattheuniversewascreatedinthefairlyrecentpast.Forinstance,BishopUshercalculatedadateoffourthousandandfourBC,forthecreationoftheuniverse,byaddinguptheagesofpeopleintheOldTestament.Onefactthatwasusedtosupporttheideaofarecentorigin,wasthattheHumanraceisobviouslyevolvingincultureandtechnology.Werememberwhofirstperformedthatdeed,ordevelopedthistechnique.Thus,thearguementruns,wecannothavebeenaroundallthatlong.Otherwise,wewouldhavealreadyprogressedmorethanwehave.Infact,thebiblicaldateforthecreation,isnotthatfaroffthedateoftheendofthelastIceAge,whichiswhenmodernhumansseemfirsttohaveappeared.Ontheotherhand,somepeople,suchastheGreekphilosopher,Aristotle,didnotliketheideathattheuniversehadabeginning.TheyfeltthatwouldimplyDivineintervention.Theypreferedtobelievethattheuniverse,hadexisted,andwouldexist,forever.Somethingthatwaseternal,wasmoreperfectthansomethingthathadtobecreated.Theyhadananswertotheargumentabouthumanprogress,thatIdescribed.Itwas,thattherehadbeenperiodicfloods,orothernaturaldisasters,whichrepeatedlysetthehumanracerightbacktothebeginning.Bothschoolsofthoughtheldthattheuniversewasessentiallyunchangingintime.Eitherithadbeencreatedinitspresentform,orithadexistedforever,likeitistoday.Thiswasanaturalbeliefinthosetimes,becausehumanlife,and,indeedthewholeofrecordedhistory,aresoshortthattheuniversehasnotchangedsignificantlyduringthem.Inastatic,unchanginguniverse,thequestionofwhethertheuniversehasexistedforever,orwhetheritwascreatedatafinitetimeinthepast,isreallyamatterformetaphysicsorreligion:eithertheorycouldaccountforsuchauniverse.Indeed,in1781,thephilosopher,ImmanuelKant,wroteamonumental,andveryobscurework,TheCritiqueofPureReason.Init,heconcludedthattherewereequallyvalidarguements,bothforbelievingthattheuniversehadabeginning,andforbelievingthatitdidnot.Ashistitlesuggests,hisconclusionswerebasedsimplyonreason.Inotherwords,theydidnottakeanyaccountofobservationsabouttheuniverse.Afterall,inanunchanginguniverse,whatwastheretoobserve?Inthe19thcentury,however,evidencebegantoaccumulatethattheearth,andtherestoftheuniverse,wereinfactchangingwithtime.Ontheonehand,geologistsrealizedthattheformationoftherocks,andthefossilsinthem,wouldhavetakenhundredsorthousandsofmillionsofyears.ThiswasfarlongerthantheageoftheEarth,accordingtotheCreationists.Ontheotherhand,theGermanphysicist,Boltzmann,discoveredtheso-calledSecondLawofThermodynamics.Itstatesthatthetotalamountofdisorderintheuniverse(whichismeasuredbyaquantitycalledentropy),alwaysincreaseswithtime.This,liketheargumentabouthumanprogress,suggeststhattheuniversecanhavebeengoingonlyforafinitetime.Otherwise,theuniversewouldbynowhavedegeneratedintoastateofcompletedisorder,inwhicheverythingwouldbeatthesametemperature.Anotherdifficultywiththeideaofastaticuniverse,wasthataccordingtoNewton'sLawofGravity,eachstarintheuniverseoughttobeattractedtowardseveryotherstar.Sohowcouldtheystayataconstantdistancefromeachother.Wouldn'ttheyallfalltogether.Newtonwasawareofthisproblemaboutthestarsattractingeachother.InalettertoRichardBentley,aleadingphilosopherofthetime,heagreedthatafinitecollectionofstarscouldnotremainmotionless:theywouldallfalltogether,tosomecentralpoint.However,hearguedthataninfinitecollectionofstars,wouldnotfalltogether:fortherewouldnotbeanycentralpointforthemtofallto.Thisargumentisanexampleofthepitfallsthatonecanencounterwhenonetalksaboutinfinitesystems.Byusingdifferentwaystoadduptheforcesoneachstar,fromtheinfinitenumberofotherstarsintheuniverse,onecangetdifferentanswerstothequestion:cantheyremainatconstantdistancefromeachother.Wenowknowthatthecorrectproceedure,istoconsiderthecaseofafiniteregionofstars.Onethenaddsmorestars,distributedroughlyuniformlyoutsidetheregion.Afinitecollectionofstarswillfalltogether.AccordingtoNewton'sLawofGravity,addingmorestarsoutsidetheregion,willnotstopthecollapse.Thus,aninfinitecollectionofstars,cannotremaininamotionlessstate.Iftheyarenotmovingrelativetoeachotheratonetime,theattractionbetweenthem,willcausethemtostartfallingtowardseachother.Alternatively,theycanbemovingawayfromeachother,withgravityslowingdownthevelocityofrecession.Despitethesedifficultieswiththeideaofastaticandunchanginguniverse,nooneintheseventeenth,eighteenth,nineteenthorearlytwentiethcenturies,suggestedthattheuniversemightbeevolvingwithtime.NewtonandEinstein,bothmissedthechanceofpredicting,thattheuniverseshouldbeeithercontracting,orexpanding.OnecannotreallyholditagainstNewton,becausehewastwohundredandfiftyyearsbeforetheobservationaldiscoveryoftheexpansionoftheuniverse.ButEinsteinshouldhaveknownbetter.YetwhenheformulatedtheGeneralTheoryofRelativitytoreconcileNewton'stheorywithhisownSpecialTheoryofRelativity,headdedaso-called,``cosmologicalconstant''.Thishadarepulsivegravitationaleffect,whichcouldbalancetheattractiveeffectofthematterintheuniverse.Inthisway,itwaspossibletohaveastaticmodeloftheuniverse.Einsteinlatersaid:Thecosmologicalconstantwasthegreatestmistakeofmylife.Thatwasafterobservationsofdistantgalaxies,byEdwinHubbleinthe1920's,hadshownthattheyweremovingawayfromus,withvelocitiesthatwereroughlyproportionaltotheirdistancefromus.Inotherwords,theuniverseisnotstatic,ashadbeenpreviouslythought:itisexpanding.Thedistancebetweengalaxiesisincreasingwithtime.Thediscoveryoftheexpansionoftheuniverse,completelychangedthediscussionaboutitsorigin.Ifyoutakethepresentmotionofthegalaxies,andrunitbackintime,itseemsthattheyshouldallhavebeenontopofeachother,atsomemoment,betweentenandtwentythousandmillionyearsago.Atthistime,whichiscalledtheBigBang,thedensityoftheuniverse,andthecurvatureofspacetime,wouldhavebeeninfinite.Undersuchconditions,alltheknownlawsofsciencewouldbreakdown.Thisisadisasterforscience.Itwouldmeanthatsciencealone,couldnotpredicthowtheuniversebegan.Allthatsciencecouldsayisthat:Theuniverseisasitisnow,becauseitwasasitwasthen.ButSciencecouldnotexplainwhyitwas,asitwas,justaftertheBigBang.Notsurprisingly,manyscientistswereunhappywiththisconclusion.TherewerethusseveralattemptstoavoidtheBigBang.Onewastheso-calledSteadyStatetheory.Theideawasthat,asthegalaxiesmovedapartfromeachother,newgalaxieswouldforminthespacesinbetween,frommatterthatwascontinuallybeingcreated.Theuniversewouldhaveexisted,andwouldcontinuetoexist,forever,inmoreorlessthesamestateasitistoday.TheSteadyStatemodelrequiredamodificationofgeneralrelativity,inorderthattheuniverseshouldcontinuetoexpand,andnewmatterbecreated.Therateofcreationneededwasverylow:aboutoneparticlepercubickilometreperyear.Thus,thiswouldnotbeinconflictwithobservation.Thetheoryalsopredictedthattheaveragedensityofgalaxies,andsimilarobjects,shouldbeconstant,bothinspaceandtime.However,asurveyofextra-galacticsourcesofradiowaves,wascarriedoutbyMartinRyleandhisgroupatCambridge.Thisshowedthatthereweremanymorefaintsources,thanstrongones.Onaverage,onewouldexpectthatthefaintsourceswerethemoredistantones.Therewerethustwopossibilities:Either,wewereinaregionoftheuniverse,inwhichstrongsourceswerelessfrequentthantheaverage.Or,thedensityofsourceswashigherinthepast,whenthelightleftthemoredistantsources.NeitherofthesepossibilitieswascompatiblewiththepredictionoftheSteadyStatetheory,thatthedensityofradiosourcesshouldbeconstantinspaceandtime.ThefinalblowtotheSteadyStatetheorywasthediscovery,in1965,ofabackgroundofmicrowaves.Thesehadthecharacteristicspectrumofradiationemitedbyahotbody,though,inthiscase,theterm,hot,ishardlyappropriate,sincethetemperaturewasonly2.7degreesaboveAbsoluteZero.Theuniverseisacold,darkplace!Therewasnoreasonablemechanism,intheSteadyStatetheory,togeneratemicrowaveswithsuchaspectrum.Thetheorythereforehadtobeabandoned.Anotherideatoavoidasingularity,wassuggestedbytwoRussians,LifshitzandKhalatnikov.Theysaid,thatmaybeastateofinfinitedensity,wouldoccuronlyifthegalaxiesweremovingdirectlytowards,orawayfrom,eachother.Onlythen,wouldthegalaxiesallhavemetupatasinglepointinthepast.However,onemightexpectthatthegalaxieswouldhavehadsomesmallsidewaysvelocities,aswellastheirvelocitytowardsorawayfromeachother.Thismighthavemadeitpossiblefortheretohavebeenanearliercontractingphase,inwhichthegalaxiessomehowmanagedtoavoidhittingeachother.Theuniversemightthenhavere-expanded,withoutgoingthroughastateofinfinitedensity.WhenLifshitzandKhalatnikovmadetheirsuggestion,Iwasaresearchstudent,lookingforaproblemwithwhichtocompletemyPhDthesis.Twoyearsearlier,IhadbeendiagnosedashavingALS,ormotorneurondisease.IhadbeengiventounderstandthatIhadonlytwoorthreeyearstolive.Inthissituation,itdidn'tseemworthworkingonmyPhD,becauseIdidn'texpecttofinishit.However,twoyearshadgoneby,andIwasnotmuchworse.Moreover,Ihadbecomeengagedtobemarried.Inordertogetmarried,Ihadtogetajob.Andinordertogetajob,Ineededtofinishmythesis.視需要減點(diǎn)吧宇宙的起源的問題,是像舊的疑問一樣的一點(diǎn)點(diǎn):哪一個(gè)首先來了,小雞,或蛋。換句話說,什么代理商產(chǎn)生了宇宙。而且什么產(chǎn)生了那代理商。或也許,宇宙或產(chǎn)生了它,永遠(yuǎn)地存在了的代理商,和做不需要是產(chǎn)生。向上的到最近,科學(xué)家有傾向到害羞離開從如此的疑問,感覺他們屬于形而上學(xué)或宗教,并非對(duì)科學(xué)。然而，在最近幾年內(nèi)，它有出現(xiàn)科學(xué)的法律可能把握甚至從最初的地方宇宙。在情況,宇宙可能是自己的包含,和堅(jiān)決的完全地藉由科學(xué)的法律。針對(duì)是否的辯論,和如何,宇宙開始,有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行到處記錄的歷史。根本上，有想法的二所學(xué)校。多數(shù)早的傳統(tǒng)和猶太人者，基督徒和回教的宗教,拿著宇宙是產(chǎn)生在非常最近的過去內(nèi)。為例證,主教引導(dǎo)員有方案的一日期四千零四西元前,為宇宙的創(chuàng)造,藉由增加在那上面年齡人在舊的圣約中。一被用了的事實(shí)到支持最近起源的主意,是人類顯然地進(jìn)化的在文化和技術(shù)。我們記得誰第一運(yùn)行行為,或開展了這技術(shù)。因此,爭(zhēng)論奔跑,我們不能有是在附近所有的長(zhǎng)。另外，我們會(huì)已經(jīng)已經(jīng)促進(jìn)了比我們有的更多。事實(shí)上,那圣經(jīng)的日期為創(chuàng)造,是不遠(yuǎn)的走開那日期那結(jié)束那最后的冰年齡,哪一個(gè)是當(dāng)現(xiàn)代的人類似乎第一到有出現(xiàn)。另一方面,一些人,像是希臘人哲學(xué)家,亞里斯多德,做不同類主意宇宙有一開始。他們毛氈哪一會(huì)暗示神學(xué)家干預(yù)。他們偏愛相信宇宙,有存在了,而且會(huì)存在,永遠(yuǎn)地。永恒的某事,是更完美的超過必須是的某事產(chǎn)生。他們有對(duì)關(guān)于人類的爭(zhēng)論一個(gè)答案進(jìn)步,我描述。它是,已經(jīng)有周期性的洪水,或其他的天災(zāi),重復(fù)地組人類正確地反面到那開始。想法的學(xué)校兩者拿著宇宙本質(zhì)上正在不變更在時(shí)間。任一它有是產(chǎn)生以它的現(xiàn)在形式,或它有存在永遠(yuǎn)地,像它是今天。這在那些時(shí)代內(nèi)是天然的信念,因?yàn)槿祟惿?和,確實(shí)那全部記錄歷史,是如此短以便宇宙有不改變重要地在他們期間。在一靜電,不變更宇宙,疑問是否宇宙有存在永遠(yuǎn)地,或是否它是產(chǎn)生在有限之物時(shí)間過去，真的一物質(zhì)為形而上學(xué)或宗教:任一理論可以解釋如此的宇宙。確實(shí)，在1781年，哲學(xué)家,以馬內(nèi)利Kant,寫了紀(jì)念碑和非常微暗的工作,批評(píng)純粹的理由。在它里面,他總結(jié)有相等有效的爭(zhēng)論,兩者的為有信仰的宇宙有一開始,和為相信它做不。當(dāng)做他的名稱建議,他的結(jié)論是根底的只是在理由之上。換句話說，他們沒有采取關(guān)于宇宙的觀察的任何的帳戶。畢竟,在不變更宇宙,什么在那里觀察?在19世紀(jì)內(nèi)，然而，證據(jù)開始累積那地球和宇宙的其它局部,正在事實(shí)上變更與時(shí)間。在一方面,地質(zhì)學(xué)者了解那形成那巖石,和化石在他們里面，會(huì)花數(shù)百或數(shù)以千計(jì)的百萬年。依照Creationists,這遙遠(yuǎn)地比地球的年齡長(zhǎng)。另一方面,德國(guó)人物理學(xué)者，Boltzmann,被發(fā)現(xiàn)那所謂的秒熱力學(xué)的法律。它州那總數(shù)數(shù)量混亂在宇宙(是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的被量呼叫熱力學(xué)之函數(shù)),總是增加與時(shí)間。這,像關(guān)于人類的爭(zhēng)論進(jìn)步,建議宇宙能有去得只有為一有限的時(shí)間。另外,宇宙到如今會(huì)有退化進(jìn)入一之內(nèi)州完全的混亂,在哪一個(gè)每件事物會(huì)在相同的溫度。另外的一種困難用主意一靜電宇宙,是依照地心引力的牛頓法律，每個(gè)在宇宙以星狀物裝飾應(yīng)該是吸引向每一其他的星。因此如何可以他們?cè)趤碜员舜说某?shù)距離的停留。不他們一起的整秋天。牛頓知道關(guān)于星吸引彼此的這一個(gè)問題。在一封給理查Bentley的信中,一領(lǐng)先哲學(xué)家那時(shí)間,他同意一有限的收集星無法保持不動(dòng):他們整會(huì)秋天一起,至一些中央的點(diǎn)。然而,他主張無限收集星,不秋天一起:因?yàn)闀?huì)沒有任何的中央點(diǎn)為他們到秋天到。這爭(zhēng)論是陷阱的一個(gè)例子一能相會(huì)當(dāng)一談?wù)摕o限系統(tǒng)。藉由使用不同的方法有道理那軍隊(duì)在每個(gè)星身上,從無限數(shù)字其他的星在宇宙,一能變得不同答案到那疑問:他們能保持在來自彼此的常數(shù)距離嗎。我們現(xiàn)在知道那正確的pr