《碩士博士畢業(yè)論文寫作教程》課件Chapter 7 Literature Review

ZhencongLiuWeek7LiteratureReviewDefinitionPurposesStructureStepsProblemsStrategies/GuidelinesContentsAliteraturereviewisanaccountofwhathasbeenpublishedonatopicbyaccreditedscholarsandresearchers.DefinitionDescribingthetheoreticalframeworktoastudySummarizingandcritiquingpreviousresearch,Adoptingastance，

UsingreportingandevaluativeverbsLiteratureReviewTheliteraturereviewaccomplishesseveralpurposes.Itshareswiththereadertheresultsofotherstudiesthatarecloselyrelatedtotheonebeingundertaken.Itrelatesastudytothelarger,ongoingdialogueintheliterature,fillingingapsandextendingpriorstudies(Cooper,1984;Marshall&Rossman,2006).Purposes“Oneimportantpurposeofaliteraturereviewistocontextualizethestudent’sresearch.”“describeandsynthesizethemajorstudiesrelatedtothetopicoftheresearch”“demonstratetherelationshipbetweenthestudent'sprojectandwhatelsehasbeendoneintheparticulararea”“anextensivereviewofpreviousresearch,rightuptotheirdateofexamination.”(Paltridage&Starfield,2007:99)PurposesDefinitionsTheoreticalFrameworkResearchQuestionsResearchStreams1MostRelatedStudiesStudy1SummaryCommentsResearchGapsResearchStreams2ResearchStreams3ResearchStreams4Study2SummaryCommentsStudy3SummaryCommentsResearchPurposeResearchSignificanceResearchMethods1.Informationseeking:theabilitytoscantheliteratureefficiently,usingmanualorcomputerizedmethods,toidentifyasetofusefularticlesandbooks.2.Criticalappraisal:theabilitytoapplyprinciplesofanalysistoidentifyunbiasedandvalidstudies.AbilityinLiteratureReview1.beingorganizedaroundandrelateddirectlytothethesisorresearchquestionyouaredeveloping2.synthesizingresultsintoasummaryofwhatisandisnotknown3.identifying

areasofcontroversyintheliterature4.formulating

questionsthatneedfurtherresearchAliteraturereviewmustdothesethings:Backgroundtothestudy:astate-of-the-artreviewofthefieldofstudy,includingcurrentdevelopments,controversiesandbreakthroughs,previousresearchandrelevantbackgroundtheory;Focusofthestudy:whatisbeingresearchedandwhy;Datausedinthestudy:justificationforthechoiceofdata;Contributionofthestudy:importanceoftheprojectforthefieldofstudy.WritingtheLiteratureReviewFocusofliteraturereviewBadPractice:Aliteraturereviewisapieceof

discursiveprose,notalistdescribingorsummarizingonepieceofliteratureafteranother.It’susuallyabadsigntoseeeveryparagraphbeginningwiththenameofaresearcher.Solution:Instead,organizetheliteraturereviewintosectionsthatpresentthemesoridentifytrends,includingrelevanttheory.Youarenottryingtolistallthematerialpublished,buttosynthesizeandevaluateitaccordingtotheguidingconceptofyourthesisorresearchquestion.ProblemandSolution1.IntegrativeReviews:Theresearcherssummarizebroadthemesintheliterature,accordingtothevarioustopicsandsub-topicsthatarecentraltothestudy.(Kirillovaetal.2014)2.TheoreticalReviews:Theresearcherfocusesonextanttheorythatrelatestotheproblemunderstudy.(TylerandEvans2001)3.MethodologicalReviews:Theresearcherfocusesonmethodsanddefinitions,providingbothasummaryofstudiesandacritiqueofthestrengthsandweaknessesofthemethodssections.)TypesofLiteratureReview4.Question-orientedReviews:accordingtothevariousquestionstobeasked.5.Variable-orientedReviews:accordingtothevariableinthestudy,especiallytrueforcorrelationstudies.6.ChronologicalReviews:fromtheoldesttomorecurrentresearch.7.Opinion-orientedReviews:accordingtodifferentpointsofview.TypesofLiteratureReviewTraditionalSystematicMeta-analysisTypesofLiteratureReviewReading,SummarizingandCritiquingPreviousResearchidentifytheresearchproblemhowtheresearchrelatestotheirownresearchlookfortheargumentinthereportthatexplainswhyitwasimportanttoconducttheresearchlookforsummariesofotherresearchontheirtopicread,tolearnaboutresearchdesign,datacollectionandanalysisprocedures,thekeyfindingsofaresearchstudyidentitytherelationshipbetweenthesefindingsandotherresearchonthetopichowthesefindingsrelatetopreviousresearchonthetopic,goodfortheDiscussionsection1.Centralreporting:anauthorisdirectlyreportedasbeingresponsibleforaparticularfindingorargumentandplacedinsubjectpositioninthesentence,e.g.Swales(1990)reports…“Burke(1986)discoveredthatmanystudentswouldliketobecomeintegratedintoAustraliansociety.”StylesofReporting2.Non-centralreporting:anauthorisreportedasbeingresponsibleforaparticularfindingorargumentbutwiththeirnamebeinggivenlessfocusbybeingplacedinbracketsattheendoftherelevantstatement,e.g.(Swales1990)…“Ithasbeenshownthatstudentshaveoftenperformedsuccessfullyintheirowneducationsystembeforetheyseekentrytotheparticularuniversity(Ballard1991).”StylesofReporting3.Non-reporting:theresultsofapieceofresearcharepresentedwithlessfocusbeinggiventotheauthorortheactualstudyandno“reportingverbs”suchas“claim”or“shown”areused,e.g.(vanDijk,2001)“Insteadofmotivationproducingachievement,itmaybethatachievementproducesmotivation(Spolsky1989).”StylesofReportingAvoidingPlagiarism:ParaphrasingandSummarizingAgoodparaphrase“issignificantlydifferentfromthewordingoftheoriginal,withoutalteringthemeaningatall”.(Bailey,2003:21)1.Changingtheword2.Changingthewordclass3.Changingthewordorder1.Identifykeywords.2.Searchthelibraryforholdings(i.e.,journalsandbooks),e.g.ERIC,PsycINFO,Sociofile,theSocialScienceCitationIndex,GoogleScholar,ProQuest,CD-ROM.3.Locateabout80/300reportsofresearchinarticlesorbooksrelatedtoresearchonyourtopic.4.Skimwhetherthearticleorchapterwillmakeausefulcontributiontoyourunderstandingoftheliterature.5.Designingaliteraturemap.6.Draftsummariesofthemostrelevantarticles.7.Assembletheliteraturereview,structuringitthematicallyororganizingitbyimportantconcepts.Endtheliteraturereviewwithasummaryofthemajorthemesandsuggesthowyourparticularstudyfurtheraddstotheliterature.StepsinConductingaLiteratureReviewALiteratureMapoftheResearch

Purpose:learners’testtakingperformanceundergenuinetestconditions.Problem:neitherfeasiblenordesirabletocollectdataduringtaskperformanceResearchdesign:Thesubjectsreadapassageinthetargetlanguage,andthencompletedamultiplechoicetest.Theresearchertheninterviewedthestudents,andencouragedthemtothinkaboutandreporttoherthereasonswhytheyhavegivenparticularresponses.Findings:Multiplechoicetestsdonotalwaysaccuratelyreflectthelanguageprocessingabilitiesofthetest-takers.SampleNote1Burke’s(1986)surveyoftheexperiencesofoverseasundergraduatestudentscarriedoutatTheUniversityofNewSouthWalesdiscoveredthatthemostcommondifficultyidentifiedbythesestudentswasaninabilitytospeakoutinclassroomdiscussions.SampleNote2Foraquantitativestudyorthequantitativestrandofamixedmethodsstudy,itisadvisabletowriteareviewoftheliteraturethatcontainssectionsabouttheliteraturerelatedtomajorindependentvariables,majordependentvariables,andstudiesthatrelatetheindependentanddependentvariables.QuantitativeLiteratureReviewPatternLiteratureReviewPatternpointout,argue,claim,state,doubt,Propose,observe,identify,report,agree(with),Add,describe,say,explain,present,Indicate,assert,believe,question,dispute,Maintain,support,think,challenge,dismiss,recommend,say,urge,suggest,disagree(with)Claim,assert,affirmLiteratureReviewVerbsSampleLiteratureReviewsKirillova,K.etal.2014.Whatmakesadestinationbeautiful?Dimensionsoftouristaestheticjudgment,TourismManagement,

42,282-293.Riniolo,T.C.,Johnson,K.C.,Sherman,T.R.,&Misso,J.A.2006.Hotornot:Doprofessorsperceivedasphysicallyattractivereceivehigherstudentevaluations?JournalofGeneralPsychology,133,19-35.1.LiteratureMap:Developaliteraturemapoftheliteratureonyourtopic.Includeinthemaptheproposedstudyanddrawlinesfromtheproposedstudytoothercategoriesofstudiessothatareadercaneasilyseehowyourswillextendexistingliterature.Assignment2.Writing

LiteratureReview:Supposeyouhavefinishedwritingyourintroductionpartofyourpaperandenterthestageofliteraturereview.PleasewritetheLiteratureReviewsectionofyourownpaperinaclearmanner.Assignment3.LiteratureReviewEvaluation:PleaseexchangeyourLiteratureReview