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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-安徽現(xiàn)代信息工程職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題
Thegiftofbeingabletodescribeafaceaccuratelyisarareone,aseveryexperiencedpoliceofficerknowstohiscost.AstheLancetputitrecently:“Whenwetrytodescribefacespreciselywordsfailus,andweresorttoidentikit(拼臉型圖)procedures.”
Yet,accordingtooneauthorityonthesubject,wecaneachprobablyrecognizemorethan1,000faces,themajorityofwhichdifferinfinedetails.This,whenonecomestothinkofit,isatremendousfeat,though,curiouslyenough,relativelylittleattentionhasbeendevotedtothefundamentalproblemsofhowandwhyweacquirethisgiftforrecognizingandrememberingfaces.Isitaninbornpropertyofourbrains,oranacquiredone?Assooftenhappens,theexpertstendtodiffer.
Thus,somearguethatitisinborn,andthatthereare“specialcharacteristicsaboutthebrain’sabilitytodistinguishfaces”.Insupportofthisthesetheynotehowmuchbetterweareatrecognizingafaceafterasingleencounterthanweare,forexample,inrecognizinganindividualhorse.Ontheotherhand,therearethose,andtheyareprobablyinthemajority,whoclaimthatthegiftisanacquiredone.
Theargumentsinfavorofthislatterview,itmustbeconfessed,areimpressive.Itisahabitthatisacquiredsoonafterbirth.Watch,forinstance,howaquiteyoungbabyrecognizeshismemberbysight.Grantedthathisothersenseshelp-thesoundothervoice,hissenseofsmell,thedistinctivewayshehandleshim.
Butofallthese,sightispredominant.Formedattheverybeginningoflife,theabilitytorecognizefacesquicklybecomesanestablishedhabit,andonethatis,essentialfordailyliving,ifnotnecessarilyforsurvival.Howessentialandvaluableitisweprobablydonotappreciateuntilweencounterpeoplewhohavebeendeprivedofthefaculty.
Thisunfortunateinabilitytorecognizefamiliarfacesisknowntoall,butsuchpeoplecanoftenrecognizeindividualsbytheirvoices,theirwalkingmannersortheirspectacles.Withtypicalhumaningenuitymanyoftheseunfortunatepeopleovercometheirhandicapbyrecognizingothercharacteristicfeatures.
1.Itisstatedinthepassagethat().
2.Whattheauthorfeelsstrangeaboutisthat().
3.Whatisthefirstsuggestedexplanationoftheoriginoftheability?
4.Accordingtothepassage,howimportantistheabilitytorecognizefaces?
5.Thispassageseemstoemphasizethat().
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.itisunusualforapersontobeabletoidentifyafacesatisfactorily
B.theabilitytorecognizefacesunhesitatinglyisanunusualgift
C.quitafewpeoplecanvisualizefacestheyhaveseen
D.fewpeoplecangiveexactdetailsoftheappearanceofaface
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.peoplehavethetremendousabilitytorecognizemorethan1,000faces
B.peopledon’tthinkmuchoftheproblemofhowandwhyweacquiretheabilitytorecognizeandrememberfaces
C.peopledon’trealizehowessentialandvaluableitisforthemtohavetheabilitytorecognizefaces
D.peoplehavebeenarguingmuchoverthewaypeoplerecognizeandremember
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.Itisoneofthecharacteristicspeculiartohumanbeings.
B.Itisacquiredsoonafterbirth.
C.Itissomethingwecandofromtheverymomentweareborn.
D.Itislearnedfromourenvironmentandexperiences.
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Itisusefulindailylifebutisnotnecessarilyessential.
B.Itsabsencewouldmakenormaleverydaylifeimpossible.
C.Undercertaincircumstanceswecouldnotexistwithoutit.
D.Normalsociallifewouldbedifficultwithoutit.
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.theabilitytorecognizeindividualsisdependentonothersensesaswellassight
B.sightisindispensabletorecognizingindividuals
C.theabilitytorecognizefacesisaspecialinbornabilityofthebrain
D.theimportanceoftheabilityofrecognizingfacesisfullyappreciatedbypeople
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:B
第3題:C
第4題:B
第5題:A
【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)選項(xiàng)和題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第一段第一句Thegiftofbeingabletodescribeafaceaccuratelyisarareone,aseveryexperiencedpoliceofficerknowstohiscost.(能準(zhǔn)確地描述一個(gè)人的面容這種天賦是很罕見(jiàn)的,每一個(gè)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的警官都知道這一點(diǎn)。)因此D選項(xiàng)“很少有人能給出一張臉的外貌的確切細(xì)節(jié)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人能令人滿意地辨認(rèn)人臉是不尋常的”不夠準(zhǔn)確;B選項(xiàng)“毫不猶豫地識(shí)別面孔的能力是一種不尋常的天賦”是推斷出來(lái)的,而不是文章直接的陳述;C選項(xiàng)“有些人能想象他們所見(jiàn)過(guò)的面孔”不是原文所提到的。
2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到第二段的第二句This,whenonecomestothinkofit,isatremendous...thisgiftforrecognizingandrememberingfaces.(然而,奇怪的是,對(duì)于我們是如何以及為什么會(huì)有這種識(shí)別和記憶面孔的天賦這一基本問(wèn)題,卻鮮有人關(guān)注。)因此B選項(xiàng)“人們很少思考我們是如何以及為什么獲得識(shí)別和記憶面孔的能力的”正確。A選項(xiàng)“人們有驚人的能力來(lái)識(shí)別超過(guò)1000張面孔”,在第二段第一句話Yet,accordingtooneauthorityonthesubject,wecaneachprobablyrecognizemorethan1,000faces,themajorityofwhichdifferinfinedetails.(然而,據(jù)某專家稱,我們每個(gè)人可能都能識(shí)別1000多張面孔,其中大多數(shù)在細(xì)節(jié)上都有所不同。)是專家說(shuō)的,并不是作者覺(jué)得好奇的;C選項(xiàng)“人們沒(méi)有意識(shí)到識(shí)別面孔的能力對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)是多么重要和有價(jià)值”,文章沒(méi)有提到;D選項(xiàng)“人們一直在爭(zhēng)論人們認(rèn)識(shí)和記憶的方式”,這個(gè)也不是作者覺(jué)得好奇的點(diǎn)。
3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第三段Thus,somearguethatitisinborn,andthatthereare“specialcharacteristicsaboutthebrain’sabilitytodistinguishfaces”.(因此,有些人認(rèn)為這是天生的,“大腦區(qū)分面孔的能力有特殊的特點(diǎn)”。)因此C選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)“是人類特有的特征之一”,B選項(xiàng)“它在出生后不久就獲得了”,與原文不符;D選項(xiàng)“它是從我們的環(huán)境和經(jīng)驗(yàn)中學(xué)來(lái)的”,這是另一種觀點(diǎn),但不是最先的。
4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到倒數(shù)第二段Howessentialandvaluableitisweprobablydonotappreciateuntilweencounterpeoplewhohavebeendeprivedofthefaculty.(它是多么重要和有價(jià)值,直到我們遇到那些被剝奪了能力的人,我們才會(huì)意識(shí)到。)因此可以推斷出B選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有它,正常的日常生活就不可能了”正確。A選項(xiàng)“它在日常生活中是有用的,但不是必要的”與原文意思不符;C選項(xiàng)“在某些情況下,沒(méi)有它我們就無(wú)法生存”,原文沒(méi)有提及;D選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有它,正常的社會(huì)生活將很難”,屬于過(guò)度推斷。
5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞定位到最后一段Thisunfortunateinabilitytorecognizefamiliarfacesisknowntoall,butsuchpeoplecanoftenrecognizeindividualsbytheirvoices,theirwalkingmannersortheirspectacles.(這種不幸的無(wú)法識(shí)別大眾都熟悉面孔的能力,但通??梢酝ㄟ^(guò)他們的聲音、走路方式或眼鏡來(lái)識(shí)別個(gè)人。)因此A選項(xiàng)“識(shí)別個(gè)體的能力不僅依賴視覺(jué),還依賴其他感官”正確。B選項(xiàng)“視覺(jué)對(duì)于識(shí)別個(gè)體是必不可少的”,這個(gè)不是文章想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的;C選項(xiàng)“識(shí)別面孔的能力是大腦天生的一種特殊能力”,不符合文章意思;D選項(xiàng)“人們充分認(rèn)識(shí)到人臉識(shí)別能力的重要性”,不是原文強(qiáng)調(diào)的;文章最后一段是想說(shuō)明,哪怕有的人沒(méi)有這種能力,他也可以通過(guò)其他的感官來(lái)感知。
2.單選題
Thedoctortoldmethemedicinecan()myheadachewithoutdoingmeanyharm.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.heal
B.improve
C.cure
D..treat
【答案】C
【解析】名詞詞義辨析。句意:醫(yī)生告訴我這種藥可以治愈我的頭痛而不傷害我。選項(xiàng)A,C,D均表示治療。heal多指創(chuàng)傷,外傷愈合;cure多指病后恢復(fù)健康;treat多指對(duì)傷口或者病情進(jìn)行診斷,強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)程。所以選項(xiàng)C符合語(yǔ)境。
3.單選題
Thereseemedlittledoubtthatthespreadofaparticularculturaltraitdidfollowaspecificregularpattern(
).
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.asasocietyadopted
B.whichasocietyadoptedit
C.asasocietyadoptedit
D.whenasocietyadopted
【答案】A
【解析】考查語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。選項(xiàng)中的as引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句,修飾前面的aspecificregularpattern,as在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),因此B和C選項(xiàng)從句中的it是多余的,且句中沒(méi)有提到任何時(shí)間詞,排除D。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。
4.單選題
Dr.Johnsonwasgrantedanhonoredtitlein____ofhisvaluableworkforthecollege.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.advancement
B.acquisition
C.announcement
D.acknowledgement
【答案】D
【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】
A.advancement促進(jìn);推動(dòng)B.acquisition(知識(shí)、技能等的)獲得;得到
C.announcement(指行動(dòng))宣布;宣告D.acknowledgement(對(duì)事實(shí)、現(xiàn)實(shí)、存在的)承認(rèn);感謝;謝禮
【答案】D
【考查點(diǎn)】名詞辨析。
【解題思路】句意:約翰遜博士被授予榮譽(yù)稱號(hào),以……他為學(xué)院所做的寶貴工作。根據(jù)邏輯,是由于約翰遜博士為學(xué)院做了貢獻(xiàn)所以被授予榮譽(yù)稱號(hào),這個(gè)稱號(hào)是用來(lái)感謝他的。因此選D。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、C選項(xiàng)均無(wú)法與空格前后構(gòu)成相應(yīng)邏輯關(guān)系。
【句意】約翰遜博士被授予榮譽(yù)稱號(hào),以表彰他為學(xué)院所做的寶貴工作。
5.單選題
Inthe1920sdemandforAmericanfarmproductsfell,asEuropeancountriesbegantorecoverfromWorldWarIandinstitutedausterity(緊縮)programstoreducetheirimports.Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices.Thisperiodwasmoredisastrousforfarmersthanearliertimeshadbeen,becausefarmerswerenolongerself-sufficient.Theywerepayingformachinery,seed,andfertilizer,andtheywerealsobuyingconsumergoods.Thepricesoftheitemsfarmersboughtremainedconstant,whilepricestheyreceivedfortheirproductsfell.ThesedevelopmentsweremadeworsebytheGreatDepression,whichbeganin1929andextendedthroughoutthe1930s.
In1929,underPresidentHerbertHoover,heFederalFarmBoardwasorganized.Itestablishedtheprincipleofdirectinterferencewithsupplyanddemand,anditrepresentedthefirstnationalcommitmenttoprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers.
PresidentHoover’ssuccessorattachedevenmoreimportancetothisproblem.OneofthefirstmeasuresproposedbyPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltwhenhetookofficein1933wastheAgriculturalAdjustmentAct,whichwassubsequentlypassedbyCongress.ThislawgavetheSecretaryofAgriculturethepowertoreduceproductionthroughvoluntaryagreementswithfarmerswhowerepaidtotaketheirlandoutofuse.Adeliberatescarcityoffarmproductswasplannedinanefforttoraiseprices.ThislawwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtonthegroundsthatgeneraltaxeswerebeingcollectedtopayonespecialgroupofpeople.However,newlawswerepassedimmediatelythatachievedthesameresultofrestingsoilandprovidingflood-controlmeasures,butwhichwerebasedontheprincipleofsoilconservation.TheRooseveltAdministrationbelievedthatrebuildingthenation’ssoilwasinthenationalinterestandwasnotsimplyaplantohelpfarmersattheexpenseofothercitizens.Laterthegovernmentguaranteedloanstofarmerssothattheycouldbuyfarmmachinery,hybrid(雜交)grain,andfertilizers.
6.WhatbroughtaboutthedeclineinthedemandforAmericanfarmproducts?
7.ThechiefconcernoftheAmericangovernmentintheareaofagricultureinthe1920swas______.
8.TheAgriculturalAdjustmentActencouragedAmericanfarmersto______.
9.TheSupremeCourtrejectedtheAgriculturalAdjustmentActbecauseitbelievedthattheAct______.
10.ItwasclaimedthatthenewlawspassedduringtheRooseveltAdministrationwereaimedat______.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.TheimpactoftheGreatDepression.
B.Theshrinkingofoverseasmarkets.
C.ThedestructioncausedbytheFirstWorldWar.
D.TheincreasedexportsofEuropeancountries.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.toincreasefarmproduction
B.toestablishagriculturallaws
C.topreventfarmersfromgoingbankrupt
D.topromotethemechanizationofagriculture
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.reducetheirscaleofproduction
B.makefulluseoftheirland
C.adjustthepricesoftheirfarmproducts
D.beself-sufficientinagriculturalproduction
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.mightcausegreaterscarcityoffarmproducts
B.didn’tgivetheSecretaryofAgricultureenoughpower
C.wouldbenefitneitherthegovernmentnorthefarmers
D.benefitedonegroupofcitizensattheexpenseofothers
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.reducingthecostoffarming
B.conservingsoilinthelong-terminterestofthenation
C.loweringtheburdenoffarmers
D.helpingfarmerswithoutshiftingtheburdenontoothertaxpayers
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:C
第3題:A
第4題:D
第5題:B
【解析】6.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
6.WhatbroughtaboutthedeclineinthedemandforAmericanfarmproducts?6.是什么導(dǎo)致了對(duì)美國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品需求的下降?
A.TheimpactoftheGreatDepression.
A.大蕭條的影響。
B.Theshrinkingofoverseasmarkets.B.海外市場(chǎng)的萎縮。
C.ThedestructioncausedbytheFirstWorldWar.C.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)造成的破壞。
D.TheincreasedexportsofEuropeancountries.D.歐洲國(guó)家出口的增加。
【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題
【解題思路】第一步,精準(zhǔn)定位,定位到第一段第一句“在20世紀(jì)20年代對(duì)美國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的需求下降,歐洲國(guó)家開(kāi)始從第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中恢復(fù)和制定緊縮項(xiàng)目以減少進(jìn)口”,第二步綜合理解,由此可知是歐洲從戰(zhàn)后恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)了對(duì)美國(guó)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品需求減少了(reducetheirimports),所以B選項(xiàng)“海外市場(chǎng)的萎縮”正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“大蕭條的影響”,定位到第一段最后一句話“大蕭條使這些發(fā)展變得更糟(madeworsebytheGreatDepression)”,大蕭條使情況變?cè)?,這不是美國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品對(duì)外出口減少的原因,這里屬于出處錯(cuò)誤;
C選項(xiàng)“第一次世界大戰(zhàn)造成的破壞”,見(jiàn)正確解析,是一戰(zhàn)的影響導(dǎo)致歐洲需要進(jìn)口美國(guó)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品從而美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展起來(lái)了,而不是一戰(zhàn)造成的破壞使美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)出口量下降,這里屬于反向干擾;
D選項(xiàng)“歐洲國(guó)家出口的增加”,文章沒(méi)有提及,這里屬于無(wú)中生有。
7.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
7.ThechiefconcernoftheAmericangovernmentintheareaofagricultureinthe1920swas______.
7.20世紀(jì)20年代,美國(guó)政府在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域最關(guān)心的是______。
A.toincreasefarmproductionA.增加農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)
B.toestablishagriculturallawsB.制定農(nóng)業(yè)法律
C.topreventfarmersfromgoingbankruptC.防止農(nóng)民破產(chǎn)
D.topromotethemechanizationofagricultureD.推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題
【解題思路】第一步,尋找句內(nèi)線索,定位到第二段第二句話“它確立了直接干預(yù)供求關(guān)系的原則,并代表了第一個(gè)為農(nóng)民提供更大經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定性(greatereconomicstabilityforfarmers)的國(guó)家承諾。”第二步,尋找上下文線索,經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定性就暗含著國(guó)家兜底保護(hù)農(nóng)民免于破產(chǎn)之災(zāi),所以C選項(xiàng)“防止農(nóng)民破產(chǎn)”正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“增加農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)”,文章沒(méi)有提及,屬于無(wú)中生有;
B選項(xiàng)“制定農(nóng)業(yè)法律”,見(jiàn)文章正確選項(xiàng)分析,從這里可知美國(guó)政府的主要考慮是為了保障農(nóng)民的經(jīng)濟(jì)的穩(wěn)定性而不是為了立法,立法只是實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定的手段,所以B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤,這里屬于偷換概念;
D選項(xiàng)“推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化”,文章沒(méi)有提及,屬于無(wú)中生有。
8.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
8.TheAgriculturalAdjustmentActencouragedAmericanfarmersto______.8.《農(nóng)業(yè)調(diào)整法案》鼓勵(lì)美國(guó)農(nóng)民______。
A.reducetheirscaleofproductionA.減少他們的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模
B.makefulluseoftheirlandB.充分利用他們的土地
C.adjustthepricesoftheirfarmproductsC.調(diào)整農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格
D.beself-sufficientinagriculturalproductionD.農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)自給自足
【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題
【解題思路】第一步,精準(zhǔn)定位,定位到第三段第三四句“這項(xiàng)法律賦予農(nóng)業(yè)部長(zhǎng)通過(guò)與農(nóng)民自愿達(dá)成協(xié)議來(lái)減少產(chǎn)量的權(quán)力,這些農(nóng)民收取費(fèi)用讓他們停止使用自己的土地(taketheirlandoutofuse)。故意造成農(nóng)產(chǎn)品短缺(deliberatescarcity)是為了提高價(jià)格?!钡诙剑C合理解,從這里可知《農(nóng)業(yè)調(diào)整法案》鼓勵(lì)美國(guó)農(nóng)民減產(chǎn),所以答案選A選項(xiàng)“減少他們的生產(chǎn)規(guī)?!?。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
B選項(xiàng)“充分利用他們的土地”,見(jiàn)正確選項(xiàng),這里屬于反向干擾;
C選項(xiàng)“調(diào)整農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格”,見(jiàn)正確選項(xiàng),讓農(nóng)民減產(chǎn)的目的是造成糧食緊缺的現(xiàn)象,從而通過(guò)供求關(guān)系用市場(chǎng)這只看不見(jiàn)的手達(dá)到調(diào)整農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的目的,不是鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)民自己調(diào)整農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格,這里屬于張冠李戴;
D選項(xiàng)“農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)自給自足”,定位到第一段第三行“這一時(shí)期對(duì)農(nóng)民來(lái)說(shuō)比以前更糟糕,因?yàn)檗r(nóng)民不再自給自足(self-sufficient)”,這里雖然有提到self-sufficient但是這里指的是農(nóng)民不能通過(guò)買賣自己的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品獲得足夠的收入養(yǎng)活自己,不是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品歉收的意思,這里屬于偷換概念。
9.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
9.TheSupremeCourtrejectedtheAgriculturalAdjustmentActbecauseitbelievedthattheAct______.9.最高法院否決了《農(nóng)業(yè)調(diào)整法案》因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為該法案______。
A.mightcausegreaterscarcityoffarmproductsA.可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更嚴(yán)重的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品短缺
B.didn’tgivetheSecretaryofAgricultureenoughpowerB.沒(méi)有給農(nóng)業(yè)部長(zhǎng)足夠的權(quán)力
C.wouldbenefitneitherthegovernmentnorthefarmersC.對(duì)政府和農(nóng)民都沒(méi)有好處
D.benefitedonegroupofcitizensattheexpenseofothersD.以犧牲他人為代價(jià)使一部分公民受益
【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題
【解題思路】第一步,精準(zhǔn)定位,定位到文章第三段第五、七句話“最高法院宣布這項(xiàng)法律違憲,理由是征收一般稅是為了補(bǔ)貼給一個(gè)特殊群體(payonespecialgroupofpeople)……羅斯福政府認(rèn)為,重建國(guó)家土地符合國(guó)家利益,而不僅僅是犧牲其他公民的利益(attheexpenseofothercitizens)來(lái)幫助農(nóng)民的計(jì)劃”。第二步,綜合理解,從這里可知,最高法院駁回法案的理由是這個(gè)法案是為了一個(gè)特殊的群體而立的是不符合憲法精神的,而羅斯福政府卻認(rèn)為農(nóng)業(yè)很重要,立法的目的并不僅僅是犧牲其他人的利益來(lái)支持農(nóng)民,所以答案選D選項(xiàng)“以犧牲他人為代價(jià)使一部分公民受益”。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更嚴(yán)重的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品短缺”,文章沒(méi)有提及,屬于無(wú)中生有,所以不選;
B選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有給農(nóng)業(yè)部長(zhǎng)足夠的權(quán)力”,文章沒(méi)有提及,屬于無(wú)中生有,所以不選;
C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)政府和農(nóng)民都沒(méi)有好處”,文章沒(méi)有提及,屬于無(wú)中生有,所以不選。
10.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
10.ItwasclaimedthatthenewlawspassedduringtheRooseveltAdministrationwereaimedat______.
10.有人聲稱,羅斯福政府時(shí)期通過(guò)的新法律旨在______。
A.reducingthecostoffarmingA.降低農(nóng)業(yè)成本
B.conservingsoilinthelong-terminterestofthenationB.從國(guó)家長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益出發(fā),保護(hù)土壤
C.loweringtheburdenoffarmersC.減輕農(nóng)民負(fù)擔(dān)
D.helpingfarmerswithoutshiftingtheburdenontoothertaxpayersD.幫助農(nóng)民而不將負(fù)擔(dān)轉(zhuǎn)嫁給其他納稅人
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題
【解題思路】第一步,尋找句內(nèi)信息,定位到第三段第六句話“然而,新的法律立即通過(guò),達(dá)到了同樣的休養(yǎng)土壤和提供防洪措施的結(jié)果,但這些是基于土壤保持的原則(theprincipleofsoilconservation)”,第二步,尋找上下文線索,從這里可知新法的目的是為了保護(hù)土地,所以B選項(xiàng)“從國(guó)家長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益出發(fā),保護(hù)土壤”正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“降低農(nóng)業(yè)成本”,文章沒(méi)有提及,所以不選,這里屬于無(wú)中生有;
C選項(xiàng)“減輕農(nóng)民負(fù)擔(dān)”,文章沒(méi)有提及,所以不選,這里屬于無(wú)中生有;
D選項(xiàng)“幫助農(nóng)民而不將負(fù)擔(dān)轉(zhuǎn)嫁給其他納稅人”,定位到第三段倒數(shù)第二句“羅斯福政府認(rèn)為,重建國(guó)家的土地符合國(guó)家利益,而不僅僅(notsimply)是犧牲其他公民的利益來(lái)幫助農(nóng)民的計(jì)劃?!边@里有個(gè)“不僅僅是”說(shuō)明其實(shí)幫助農(nóng)民這個(gè)負(fù)擔(dān)已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到其他公民頭上了,所有D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤,這里屬于反向干擾。
6.單選題
Thecontestantshadtostaywithinthe()oftheplayingfieldortheywouldbeeliminated.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.symptomatic
B.corollary
C.pundit
D.parameter
【答案】D
【解析】考查詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)symptomatic“有癥狀的;癥候的”;B選項(xiàng)corollary“推論;必然的結(jié)果”;C選項(xiàng)pundit“專家;博學(xué)者;梵文學(xué)者”;D選項(xiàng)parameter“參數(shù);起限定作用的因素;界限”。句意:參賽者必須停留在比賽場(chǎng)地的界限內(nèi),否則他們將被淘汰。結(jié)合此處語(yǔ)義,D選項(xiàng)正確。
7.單選題
Whetheryoulivetoeatoreattolive,foodisamajor()ineveryfamily’sbudget.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.routine
B.nutrition
C.provision
D.expense
【答案】D
【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)routine“慣例”;B選項(xiàng)nutrition“營(yíng)養(yǎng)”;C選項(xiàng)provision“規(guī)定,條款”;D選項(xiàng)expense“開(kāi)銷,費(fèi)用,損失,代價(jià)”。句意:無(wú)論你是為了吃而活,還是為了活而吃,食物都是每個(gè)家庭的預(yù)算當(dāng)中一項(xiàng)主要的開(kāi)銷。根據(jù)后半句提到的family’sbudget家庭預(yù)算,可知該處選擇D選項(xiàng)expense“開(kāi)銷”符合句意。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
8.單選題
Scientistshavelongarguedwhetherhypocrisyisdrivenbyemotionorbyreason.Inothermoraljudgments,brainimagingshows,regionsinvolvedinfeeling,notthinking,ruletheroleofemotioninmoraljudgmentshasoverturnedtheEnlightenmentnotionthatourethicalsenseisbasedonhigh-mindedphilosophyandcognition.Thatbringsustohypocrisy,whichisalmostridiculouslyeasytobringoutinpeople.
Inanewstudy,psychologistDavidDeStenoinstructed94peopletoassignthemselvesandstrangeroneoftwotasks:aneasyoneorahardone.Theneveryonewasasked,howfairlydidyouactfrom“extremelyunfairly”(1)to“extremelyfairly”(7).Nexttheywatchedsomeoneelsemaketheassignments,andjudgedthatperson'sethics.Selflessnesswasavirtualno-show:87outof94peopleoptedfortheeasytaskandgavethenextguythedifficultone.Hypocrisy,however,showedupwithbellson:everysinglepersonwhomadetheselfishchoicejudgedhisownbehaviorlessstrictly—onaverage,4.5vs.3.1—thanthatofsomeoneelsewhograbbedtheeasytaskforhimself.
Thegapsuggestshowhypocrisyispossible.Whenwejudgeourownmisbehaviorslessharshly,DeStenosaid,itmaybebecause“wehavethisautomatic,gut-level(本能)instincttopreserveourself-image.Inourheart,maybewe'rejustnotassensitivetoourownimmoralbehaviors.Peoplehavelearnedthatitpaystoseemmoral,sinceitletsyouavoidcriticismandguilt.Butevenbetterisappearingmoralwithouthavingtopaythecostofactuallybeingmoral—suchasassigningyourselfthetoughjob.”
Totesttheroleofcognitioninhypocrisy,DeStenohadvolunteersagainassignthemselvesaneasytaskandastrangeradifficultone.Butbeforejudgingthefairnessoftheiractions,theyhadtomemorizesevennumbers.Thistactickeepsthebrain’sthinkingregionstootieduptothinkmuchaboutanythingelse,anditworked:hypocrisyvanished.Peoplejudgedtheirown(selfish)behaviorasharshlyastheydidothers’,strongevidencethatmoralhypocrisyrequiresahigh-ordercognitiveprocess.Whenthethinkingpartofthebrainisotherwiseengaged,we’releftwithgut-levelreactions,andweintuitivelyandequallycondemnbadbehaviorbyourselvesaswellasothers.
Ifourgutknowswhenwehaveerredandjudgesourmisbehaviorsharshly,moralhypocrisymightnotbeasinevitableasifitwerethechildofemotionsandinstincts,whicharetoughertochangethanthinking.“Sinceit’sacognitiveprocess,wehavevolitional(意志的)controloverit,arguesDeSteno.Thewaytochangeheartsandmindsistofocusontheformer:appealtoourbetterangelsinthebrain’semotionareas,andtellcircuitsthataregoingthroughcognitivedistortionstoexcuseinourselveswhatwecondemninotherstojustshutup.
1.Accordingtoparagraph1,brainimagingisproofof(
).
2.Theconclusiondrawnfromthefirstexperimentisthatpeople
(
).
3.DeStenoattributesthesubjects’behaviorstothefactthatthey
(
).
4.Thesecondexperimentprovesthat(
).
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.emotionalbasisofmoraljudgments
B.emotion-drivenhypocrisy
C.reason-drivenhypocrisy
D.theEnlightenmentnotion
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.prefereasytasks
B.likepickingfaultsofothers
C.demandbothbenefitsandreputation
D.arehypocriticalinnature
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.areself-centered
B.areinsensitivetomisbehaviors
C.haverealizedthatitcoststobemoral
D.havereasonedthathypocrisyisbeneficial
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.selfishnessistheresultofcognition
B.humanaremoralandfairbynature
C.moraljudgmentsaremadebycognition
D.judgmentsbyintuitionarereliable
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:C
第3題:D
第4題:B
【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第一段的內(nèi)容為:長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),科學(xué)家們一直在爭(zhēng)論,偽善是由情感驅(qū)動(dòng)還是由理性驅(qū)動(dòng)。在其他道德判斷中,大腦成像顯示,情緒在道德判斷中所起的作用所涉及的是情感而不是思維的區(qū)域,顛覆了啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)的觀念。這給我們帶來(lái)了偽善,這在人身上幾乎是可笑的。可知腦成像是道德判斷的情感基礎(chǔ),因此選A。
2.推理判斷題。文章第二段介紹了心理學(xué)家們做的實(shí)驗(yàn):實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象給自己和陌生人分配任務(wù),并為自己和別人分配的公平性打分。得到的結(jié)果是:一方面,無(wú)私的現(xiàn)象完全沒(méi)有出現(xiàn),人們都為自己選擇了輕松的任務(wù)而把難的任務(wù)分給別人。另一方便,偽善倒是大張旗鼓地出現(xiàn)了,人們對(duì)自己的自私行為比對(duì)別人的自私行為更為寬容。因此從第一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)得出的結(jié)論是人們既要利益又要維護(hù)形象,選C。
3.推理判斷題。由文章第三段中的Peoplehavelearnedthatitpaystoseemmoral,sinceitletsyouavoidcriticismandguilt.Butevenbetterisappearingmoralwithouthavingtopaythecostofactuallybeingmoral—suchasassigningyourselfthetoughjob(人們已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到,看起來(lái)道德是值得的,因?yàn)樗梢宰屇惚苊馀u(píng)和內(nèi)疚。但更好的是,在不付出實(shí)際道德代價(jià)的情況下,表現(xiàn)得很有道德——比如給自己分配一份艱苦的工作)可知D選項(xiàng)“有理由認(rèn)為偽善是有益的”符合題意。
4.推理判斷題。由文章倒數(shù)第二段中的Peoplejudgedtheirown(selfish)behaviorasharshlyastheydidothers'...andweintuitivelyandequallycondemnbadbehaviorbyourselvesaswellasothers(人們像對(duì)待別人一樣嚴(yán)厲地判斷自己(自私的)行為……我們直覺(jué)地和同樣譴責(zé)自己和他人的不良行為)可知B選項(xiàng)“人的本性是道德的和公平的”符合題意。
9.單選題
13.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Youmayfindmanyofthemonthebookseller’shelves.
B.Youcanbuyitfromalmosteverybookstore.
C.It’saverypopularmagazine.
D.Itdoesn’tsellverywell.
【答案】C
【解析】M:HaveyouheardofthemagazineTheWorldofEnglish?
W:Ofcourse.ItisoneofmanyEnglishmagazinesthatarenowflyingoffbooksellershelves.
Q:WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutTheWorldofEnglish?
【解析】固定詞組。女士說(shuō):ItisoneofmanyEnglishmagazinesthatarenowflyingoffbooksellershelves,即WorldofEnglish是熱銷英語(yǔ)雜志之一。
10.單選題
The()ofolderpersonsisrelativelylowindevelopingcountries,butitisgrowingmuchfasterthanintheWest.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.addition
B.majority
C.percentage
D.statistic
【答案】C
【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)addition“添加,增加物”;B選項(xiàng)majority“多數(shù),成年”;C選項(xiàng)percentage“百分比”;D選項(xiàng)statistic“統(tǒng)計(jì)資料,統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)”。句意:發(fā)展中國(guó)家的老年人()相對(duì)較低,但其增長(zhǎng)速度卻比西方國(guó)家快得多。這里要表達(dá)的是“老年人的比例相對(duì)較低”這個(gè)意思,因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
11.單選題
Themoneyspentonmedicalinsurancelastyearwasfourtimes___tenyearsago.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.muchmore
B.asmuchas
C.thatasmuchofthat
D.asmuchasthatof
【答案】B
【解析】考查平行結(jié)構(gòu)。平行結(jié)構(gòu)指and,but,aswellas,or,orelse,both...and,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…but(also),asmuchas等并列連詞連接兩個(gè)對(duì)等的詞或者對(duì)等的結(jié)構(gòu):1.所連接的謂語(yǔ)形式必須一致,2.所連接的詞或短語(yǔ)形式必須一致,3.連接的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式必須一致;整個(gè)題干有省略的部分,把句子展開(kāi)Themoneyspentonsocialinsurancelastyearwasfourtimes___thatspentonsocialinsurancetenyearsago.句意:去年花在社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)上的錢是十年前花在社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)上的四倍,即可以看出句子中的平行結(jié)構(gòu)themoney與省略的that平行,spentonsocialinsurancelastyear與省略的spentonsocialinsurancetenyearsago平行。A選項(xiàng):muchmore后邊接多音節(jié)形容詞或者副詞,也能接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或者不可數(shù)名詞,more是much或者many的比較級(jí),代入后不符合題干;C,D選項(xiàng)代入后可以看到that重復(fù),破壞平行結(jié)構(gòu);B選項(xiàng)代入后符合平行結(jié)構(gòu)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
12.單選題
Inanattemptto______astrike,thetwosidesagreedtonegotiatethroughthenight.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.arbitrate
B.herald
C.trigger
D.avert
【答案】D
【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】
A.arbitrate仲裁,公斷B.herald是(某事)的前兆,預(yù)示
C.trigger引起,觸發(fā)D.avert防止,避免(危險(xiǎn)、壞事)
【答案】D
【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析。
【解題思路】根據(jù)句子意思“為了______罷工,雙方同意徹夜談判”可知,空格處表示“避免,防止”符合句子前后意思。因此,該題選擇D項(xiàng)。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A、B項(xiàng)不符合句意;
C選項(xiàng)trigger“引起,觸發(fā)”,一般和off搭配,尤指使某事突然發(fā)生,且與句子中“徹夜談判(negotiatethroughthenight)”不相配,排除。
【句意】為了避免罷工,雙方同意徹夜談判。
13.單選題
Thepolicechiefannouncedthatthedeathsoftwoyounggirlswouldsoonbeinquired(
).
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.about
B.of
C.into
D.after
【答案】C
【解析】考查詞組辨析。inquireabout“詢問(wèn);查問(wèn);打聽(tīng)”;inquireof“詢問(wèn);打聽(tīng)”inquireinto“調(diào)查;追究”;inquireafter“問(wèn)候;詢問(wèn)起”。句意:警察局長(zhǎng)宣布著兩位年輕女孩的死因?qū)ⅠR上被調(diào)查。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。
14.單選題
Hehadaclearpictureofasadandlonelyman,deeplyconcernedabouthishealthwhichseemedtopromiseonlyafairlyrapiddeclineinto().
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.convalesce
B.recovery
C.senility
D.relapse
【答案】C
【解析】名詞詞義辨析。convalesce“漸漸恢復(fù)”;recovery“恢復(fù)”;senility“衰老,老態(tài)龍鐘”;relapse“復(fù)發(fā),恢復(fù)原狀”。句意:他很清楚地了解到一個(gè)悲傷孤獨(dú)的老人,非常關(guān)心自己的身體健康狀況,這種健康狀況似乎預(yù)示著會(huì)迅速進(jìn)入衰老狀態(tài)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。
15.單選題
Thevastmajorityofpeopleinanygivenculturewill()totheestablishedstandardsofthatculture.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.confine
B.conform
C.confront
D.confirm
【答案】B
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)confine“限制;禁閉”;B選項(xiàng)conform“符合;遵照;適應(yīng)環(huán)境”;C選項(xiàng)confront“面對(duì);遭遇;比較”;D選項(xiàng)confirm“確認(rèn);確定;證實(shí)”。句意:在任何特定文化中的絕大多數(shù)人都將遵守該文化既定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)??崭裉幍膭?dòng)詞既要符合句意,又要與to構(gòu)成搭配。因此B項(xiàng)正確。Conformto表示“符合,遵照”。
16.單選題
Mendifferfromanimals()theycanthinkandspeak.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.forwhich
B.forthat
C.inthat
D.inwhich
【答案】C
【解析】考查原因狀語(yǔ)從句。A選項(xiàng)forwhich和D選項(xiàng)inwhich引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句,排除A,D;B選項(xiàng)forthat不能引導(dǎo)從句,排除B。C選項(xiàng)inthat意思是“因?yàn)椤?,引?dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。句意:人不同于動(dòng)物,因?yàn)槿藭?huì)思考和說(shuō)話。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
17.單選題
Resourcescanbesaidtobescarceinbothanabsoluteandrelativesense:ThesurfaceoftheEarthisfinite,imposingabsolutescarcity;butthescarcitythatconcernseconomistsistherelativescarcityofresourcesindifferentuses.Materialsusedforonepurposecannotatthesametimebeusedforotherpurposes;ifthequantityofaninputislimited,theincreaseduseofitinonemanufacturingprocessmustcauseittobecomelessavailableforotheruses.
Thecostofaproductintermsofmoneymaynotmeasureitstruecosttosociety.Thetruecostof,say,theconstructionofasupersonicjetisthevalueoftheschoolsandrefrigeratorsthatwillneverbebuiltasaresult.Everyactofproductionusesupsomeofsociety’savailableresources;itmeanstheforegoingofanopportunitytoproducesomethingelse.Indecidinghowtouseresourcesmosteffectivelytosatisfythewantsofthecommunity,thisopportunitycostmustultimatelybetakenintoaccount.
Inamarketeconomy,thepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplieddependonthecostofmakingit,andthatcost,ultimately,isthecostofnotmakingothergoods.Themarketmechanismenforcesthisrelationship.Thecostof,say,apairofshoesisthepriceoftheleather,thelabor,thefuel,andotherelementsusedupinproducingthem.Butthepriceoftheseinputs,inturn,dependsonwhattheycanproduceelsewhere—iftheleathercanbeusedtoproducehandbagsthatarevaluedhighlybyconsumers,thepricesofleatherwillbebidupcorrespondingly.
1.Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss?
2.Accordingtothepassage,whataretheopportunitycostsofanitem?
3.Accordingtothepassage,whatistherelationshipbetweenproductionandresources?
4.Whatdeterminesthepriceofagoodinamarketeconomy?
5.WhichofthefollowingexamplesBESTreflectsacosttosocietyasdefinedinthepassage?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Thescarcityofmanufacturedgoods.
B.Thevalueofscarcematerials.
C.Themanufacturingofscarcegoods.
D.Thecostofproducingshoes.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.Theamountoftimeandmoneyspentinproducingit.
B.Theopportunitiesapersonhastobuyit.
C.Thevalueofwhatcouldhavebeenproducedinstead.
D.Thevalueoftheresourcesusedinitsproduction.
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.Availableresourcesstimulateproduction.
B.Resourcesaretotallyindependentofproduction.
C.Productionincreasesasresourcesincrease.
D.Productionlessenstheamountofavailableresources.
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Thecostofallelementsinproduction.
B.Thecostofnotmakingothergoods.
C.Theefficiencyofthemanufacturingprocess.
D.Thequantityofmaterialssupplied.
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.Afamilybuyingadog.
B.Eatinginarestaurantinsteadofathome.
C.Usinglandforahouseinsteadofapark.
D.Stayingathomeinsteadofgoingtoschool.
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:C
第3題:D
第4題:A
第5題:C
【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文可知文章三段均圍繞短缺原料的價(jià)值進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。文章第一段說(shuō)明了什么叫原料相對(duì)短缺,第二段說(shuō)明了什么叫機(jī)會(huì)成本,第三段說(shuō)明了原料的價(jià)格是由什么決定的。A選項(xiàng)“制成品的缺乏”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤,文章更多的是描寫原料的短缺,而非制成品;B選項(xiàng)“稀有材料的價(jià)值”符合題意;C選項(xiàng)“稀有商品的制造”文章沒(méi)有提到;D選項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)鞋子的成本”可定位到文章第三段“Thecostof,say,apairofshoesisthepriceoftheleather,thelabor,thefuel,andotherelementsusedupinproducingthem.(比如說(shuō),一雙鞋的成本就是皮革、勞動(dòng)力、燃料和其他生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中所消耗的元素的價(jià)格。)”,由此可知D選項(xiàng)只是文章中列舉的一個(gè)例子,并不能概括全文。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“Everyactofproductionusesupsomeofsociety’savailableresources;itmeanstheforegoingofanopportunitytoproducesomethingelse.(每一種生產(chǎn)行為都會(huì)消耗一些社會(huì)可用資源;它意味著放棄一個(gè)生產(chǎn)其他東西的機(jī)會(huì)。)”,由此可知機(jī)會(huì)成本是用可生產(chǎn)的其他商品來(lái)衡量的,所以C選項(xiàng)“可生產(chǎn)的其他商品的價(jià)值”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)它所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和金錢”只能說(shuō)是生產(chǎn)成本,不是機(jī)會(huì)成本;B選項(xiàng)“人們必須購(gòu)買它的機(jī)會(huì)”;D選項(xiàng)“在生產(chǎn)中使用的資源的價(jià)值”文中都沒(méi)有提到。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Materialsusedforonepurposecannotatthesametimebeusedforotherpurposes;ifthequantityofaninputislimited,theincreaseduseofitinonemanufacturingprocessmustcauseittobecomelessavailableforotheruses.(用于一個(gè)目的產(chǎn)品的材料不能同時(shí)用于其他產(chǎn)品;如果投入的材料數(shù)量是有限的,那么在另一個(gè)制造過(guò)程中增加投入材料的使用量必然會(huì)導(dǎo)致投入的其他用途的可用性降低。)”,由此可知社會(huì)總資源是有限的,用掉其中一些就會(huì)使總量減少并限制其他商品的生產(chǎn),所以D選項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)減少了可用資源的數(shù)量”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“可用資源刺激生產(chǎn)”文中沒(méi)有提
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